Manejo e viabilidade econômica da irrigação por gotejamento na cultura do cafeeiro acaiá considerando seis safras

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar técnica e economicamente o efeito da irrigação por gotejamento na produção do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) Acaiá MG-1474. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: L0 = sem irrigação; L40 = 40%; L60 = 60%; L80 = 80% e L100 = 100% da Evaporação do Tanque Classe A (ECA). Para realizar a análise econômica, utilizou-se dos dados de produção acumulada das seis primeiras safras: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 e 2004. A análise dos custos da lavoura irrigada foi baseada na teoria dos custos de produção. A produtividade média dos tratamentos foi de 52,88; 66,99; 70,00; 71,93 e 79,50 sacas por hectare, para L0, L40, L60, L80 e L100, respectivamente. Considerando o preço da saca de café a R$ 212,00, a situação econômica analisada mostrou que, neste nível de preço, é economicamente viável a produção de café, quer seja irrigado, quer não, sendo que, para os tratamentos irrigados, o manejo da irrigação, com a lâmina de reposição de 100% da Evaporação do Tanque Classe A, proporcionou maiores lucros.

Efeito da aplicação de água residuária da lavagem dos frutos de café sobre as propriedades químicas do solo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações químicas de solos tratados com água residuária de café (ARC). O experimento foi conduzido em colunas de PVC, onde foram avaliadas quatro doses de ARC (0; 174; 522 e 870 t ha-1), em dois Argissolos Amarelos subdivididos em quatro camadas, para dois períodos de incubação (30 e 60 dias). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial, e as variáveis analisadas foram cálcio, magnésio, potássio, sódio, pH e condutividade elétrica do extrato da pasta saturada. As doses de ARC alteraram as propriedades químicas dos solos nos dois períodos de incubação estudados, aumentando os teores de Ca++, Na+ e, principalmente, K+ nos dois solos. A dose de aplicação de 174 t ha-1 de ARC elevou a concentração de K+ no solo para a faixa ideal, de acordo com as exigências nutricionais da cultura. A camada superficial apresentou maior concentração de K+, Na+, Ca++ e, consequentemente, maior CEes.

Determination of the influence of the variation of reducing and non-reducing sugars on coffee quality with use of artificial neural network

The present study aimed at evaluating the use of Artificial Neural Network to correlate the values resulting from chemical analyses of samples of coffee with the values of their sensory analyses. The coffee samples used were from the Coffea arabica L., cultivars Acaiá do Cerrado, Topázio, Acaiá 474-19 and Bourbon, collected in the southern region of the state of Minas Gerais. The chemical analyses were carried out for reducing and non-reducing sugars. The quality of the beverage was evaluated by sensory analysis. The Artificial Neural Network method used values from chemical analyses as input variables and values from sensory analysis as output values. The multiple linear regression of sensory analysis values, according to the values from chemical analyses, presented a determination coefficient of 0.3106, while the Artificial Neural Network achieved a level of 80.00% of success in the classification of values from the sensory analysis.

Irrigation management in pruned coffee tree crop

It was evaluated the effect of irrigation management on the production characteristics of coffee cultivar Acaiá MG-1474, planted in spacing of 3.00 m x 0.60 m, pruned in 2004, and irrigated by drip since the planting, in 1997. The experimental designed used was of randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of irrigation management strategies, applying or not applying controlled moisture deficit in layer of 0 to 0.4m, in dry seasons of the year: A = no irrigation (control), B = irrigation during all year considering the factor of water availability in the soil (f) equal to 0.75, C = irrigation during all year considering f = 0.25, D = irrigation during all year, but in January /February /March /July /October /November /December with f = 0.25 and April /May /June /August /September with f = 0.75, E = irrigation only during April /May /June /August /September with f = 0.25. From July /2005 to June /2007 the applied water depth was defined based on Class A pan evaporation (ECA) and the period from July/2007 to June/2008 based on readings of matric potential of soil obtained from Watermark® sensors. Each plot consisted of three rows with ten plants per row, considering as useful plot five plants of center line. The results indicated that the E irrigation management was the most suitable for technical reasons.

Soil water potential during different phenological phases of coffee irrigated by center pivot

Irrigation management can be established, considering the soil water potential, as the limiting factor for plant growth, assuming the soil water content between the field capacity and the permanent wilting point as available water for crops. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish the soil water potential interval during four different phenological phases of coffee irrigated by center pivot. The experiment was set at the experimental area of the Engineering Department at the Federal University of Lavras, in Brazil. The coffee variety planted is designated as Rubi, planted 0.8 meters apart, with rows spaced 3.5 meters apart. The treatments corresponded to the water depths applied based on different percentages of Kc and reference evapotranspiration (ET0) values. Sensors were used to measure the soil water potential interval, installed 25 centimeters depth. In order to compare the results, it was considered as the best matric potential the one that was balanced with the soil water content that resulted in the largest coffee productivity. Based on the obtained results, we verified that in the phases of fruit expansion and ripening, the best results were obtained, before the irrigations, when the soil water potential values reached -35 and -38 kPa, respectively. And in the flowering, small green and fruit expansion phases, when the values reached -31 and -32 kPa, respectively.

KINETICS OF MASS LOSS OF ARABICA COFFEE DURING ROASTING PROCESS

ABSTRACT Roasting is one of the most complex coffee processing steps due to simultaneous transfers of heat and mass. During this process, beans lose mass because of fast physical and chemical changes that will set color and flavor of the commercial coffee beverage. Therefore, we aimed at assessing the kinetics of mass loss in commercially roasted coffee beans according to heating throughout the processing. For that, we used samples of 350-g Arabica coffee processed grains with water content of 0.1217 kga kg-1, in addition to a continuous roaster with firing gas. The roaster had initial temperatures of 285, 325, 345 and 380 °C, decreasing during the process up to 255, 285, 305 and 335 °C respectively. Mass loss was calculated by the difference between grain weight before and after roasting. We observed a linear variation directly dependent on roaster temperature. For each temperature during the process was obtained a constant mass loss rate, which was reported by the Arrhenius model with r2 above 0.98. In a roaster in non-isothermal conditions, the required activation energy to start the mass loss in a commercial coffee roasting index was 52.27 kJ mol -1.

Eficiência de uma barra de pulverização para aplicação de herbicida em lavouras de café em formação

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de uma barra de pulverização com um protetor contra deriva de um pulverizador de transporte animal, para aplicação de herbicida não-seletivo, em lavouras de café em formação. Foram utilizados bicos de pulverização de jato plano e distribuição uniforme do tipo 80-EF-015, três volumes de calda e duas doses de glyphosate. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em uma lavoura de café com 18 meses de plantio. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram valores de eficácia de controle de plantas daninhas, na entrelinha, superiores a 98%. O equipamento proporcionou proteção total contra a deriva, não sendo observado nenhum sinal de impacto de gotas da calda na cultura, bem como não foi observado nenhum sinal de toxicidade do herbicida até 30 dias após as aplicações.

Weed control in young coffee plantations through post emergence herbicide application onto total area

This study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of several herbicides under field conditions, by post-emergence application onto the entire area, their effect on the control of weeds in young coffee plantations and commercial coffee and bean intercropping system, as well as on both crops. Seedlings of Coffea arabica cv. Red Catuaí with four to six leaf pairs were transplanted to the field and treated according to conventional agronomic practices. A bean and coffee intercropping system was established by sowing three lines of beans in the coffee inter-rows. At the time the herbicides were sprayed, the coffee plants had six to ten leaf pairs; the bean plants, three leaflets; and the weeds were at an early development stage. Fluazifop-p-butyl and clethodim were selective for coffee plants and controlled only Brachiaria plantaginea and Digitaria horizontalis efficiently. Broad-leaved weeds (Amaranthus retroflexus, Bidens pilosa, Coronopus didymus, Emilia sonchifolia, Galinsoga parviflora, Ipomoea grandifolia, Lepidium virginicum, and Raphanus raphanistrum) were controlled with high efficiency by sole applications of fomesafen, flazasulfuron, and oxyfluorfen, except B. pilosa, C. didymus, and R. raphanistrum for oxyfluorfen. Sequential applications in seven-day intervals of fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl, or clethodim, and two commercial mixtures of fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl simultaneously controlled both types of weed. Cyperus rotundus was only controlled by flazasulfuron. Except for fluazifop-p-butyl and clethodim, all herbicide treatments caused only slight injuries on younger coffee leaves. However, further plant growth was not impaired and coffee plant height and stem diameter were therefore similar in the treatments, as evaluated four months later. Fomesafen, fluazifop-p-butyl, and clethodim, at sole or sequential application, and the commercial mixtures of fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl were also highly selective for bean crop; thus at doses recommended for bean crop, these herbicides may be applied to control weeds in coffee and bean intercropping systems by spraying the entire area.

Períodos de interferência de Commelina benghalensis na cultura do café recém-plantada

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar os períodos de interferência de Commelina benghalensis sobre o crescimento inicial de mudas de Coffea arabica, sob condições de inverno e verão. Para isso, mudas de café e, posteriormente, de trapoeraba foram transplantadas para caixas de cimento-amianto com capacidade de 70 L, utilizando solo como substrato. Os períodos de convivência ou controle foram de 0-15, 0-30, 0-45, 0-60, 075 e 0-90 dias após o plantio do cafeeiro, totalizando 12 tratamentos, dispostos em blocos casualizados, em quatro repetições. Ao término de cada período, avaliaram-se algumas características de crescimento das plantas. As características do cafeeiro mais afetadas pela trapoeraba foram a área foliar e a biomassa seca de folhas das mudas de café, sendo essas as únicas características que apresentaram reduções significativas no verão. No inverno, o número de folhas e a biomassa seca do caule também tiveram reduções significativas. Os períodos críticos de prevenção da interferência foram de 15 a 88 e 22 a 38 dias após o plantio das mudas de café, para condições de inverno e verão, respectivamente.

Effects of weed species competition on the growth of young coffee plants

The effects of competition of seven weed species on the growth of coffee plants were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Thirty days after coffee seedling transplantation into 12 L pots with soil level area of 6.5 dm², weeds were transplanted into or sown in those pots, at densities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 plants per pot. Competition or weedy periods from weed transplantation or emergence to plant harvesting, at weed pre-flowering stage, were: 77 days - Bidens pilosa, 98 days - Brachiaria decumbens, 180 days - Commelina diffusa, 82 days - Leonurus sibiricus, 68 days - Nicandra physaloides, 148 days - Richardia brasiliensis and 133 days - Sida rhombifolia. Coffee plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and shoot dry matter were determined. Effects of competition by N. physaloides and S. rhombifolia against coffee plants were among the lowest, since only a slight decrease in all the characteristics evaluated in coffee plants was observed. The other weed species caused severe decrease in growth, mainly with increasing weed plant densities. Competition degree was found to depend on weed species and density.

Growth and nutrient concentration in coffee root system under weed species competition

The effects of competition of six weed species on growth, nutrient concentration and nutrient content of coffee plant root system under greenhouse conditions were evaluated. Thirty days after coffee seedling transplantation into 12 L pots with soil level area of 6.5 dm². Weeds were transplanted or sowed in these pots, at densities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 plants per pot. The duration of competition (or weedy periods) from weed transplantation or emergence until plant harvesting, at the weed preflowering stage, were (in days): 77 (Bidens pilosa), 180 (Commelina diffusa), 82 (Leonurus sibiricus), 68 (Nicandra physaloides), 148 (Richardia brasiliensis) and 133 (Sida rhombifolia). Dry matter of coffee plants was linearly reduced with increasing B. pilosa and S. rhombifolia density, with pronounced effect of B. pilosa. C. diffusa was the only weed species whose increasing density in the pots did not diminish crop root dry matter. L. sibiricus, N. physaloides and R. brasiliensis reduced root dry matter of coffee plants by 75, 52 and 47%, respectively, as compared to the weed-free treatment, regardless of weed density. Under competition, even though weed species showed lower macronutrient concentration in the roots (except for P), they accumulated 4.2 (N), 12.3 (P), 4.3 (K), 5.5 (Ca), 7.6 (Mg) and 4.4 (S) times more nutrients in the roots than the coffee plants. Crop and weed nutrient concentration, as well as competition degrees greatly varied depending on both weed species and densities.

Seed bank from soil of coffee plantations associated with grevillea trees

This study aimed to study the composition and dynamics of seed bank from soil of coffee plantations associated with grevilea trees in the experimental fields of the Southwest Bahia State University, on Vitória da Conquista campus. The experiments were carried out from September 2006 to May 2007. The coffee trees (Coffea arabica) were sown at three x one m spacing, associated with grevillea trees (Grevillea robusta) and maintained at densities of 277, 139, 123, 69, 62 and 31 plants ha-1, under direct sunlight. One hundred grams of soil were taken from each treatment with four repetitions and later identified and counted with a 10x magnifying glass. To determine seedling emergence, four soil samples of 1000 g were collected from each experimental field and transported to the greenhouse. Seedling emergence was observed by counts after 15, 30 and 45 days. The experimental design was randomized blocks of seven treatments (soil from different tree densities) and four replicates; the experimental unit consisted of a plastic tray (0, 30 x 0.22 x 0.06 m) containing 1.000 g of soil. The variables utilized to characterize the bank and its dynamics were: relative frequency, relative density, relative abundance, importance index and species diversity (Shannon-Weaver index).Increased number of monocotyledon seeds and sprouts were verified in the treatments maintained under full sunlight.

Controle de Commelina benghalensis, C. erecta e Tripogandra diuretica na cultura do café

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes herbicidas/misturas no controle de três espécies de trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis, C. erecta e Tripogandra diuretica) e a tolerância de plantas jovens de café aos herbicidas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por dez diferentes herbicidas/misturas e uma testemunha, associados a três espécies de trapoeraba. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 21 e 50 dias após a aplicação (DAP) dos herbicidas, por meio de análise visual, seguindo-se escala de nível de controle. Avaliou-se a tolerância das mudas de café aos herbicidas (escala de avaliação visual da fitotoxicidade) e as características de crescimento (diâmetro, número de folhas e estatura) das mudas de café. A espécie C. benghalensis foi melhor controlada quando se utilizaram os herbicidas: diuron, 2,4-D + picloram, atrazine + metolachlor, metribuzin, glyphosate WG e acetochlor. A espécie C. erecta foi controlada pelos herbicidas diuron, 2,4-D + picloram, atrazine + metolachlor, glyphosate CS e acetochlor. Os herbicidas diuron, 2,4-D + picloram, atrazine + metolachlor, metribuzin, glyphosate WG e paraquat + diuron foram os que melhor controlaram T. diuretica. Metribuzin, diuron e acetochlor mostraram-se mais fitotóxicos para a cultura do café. O diuron reduziu a massa da matéria seca e o número de folhas do cafeeiro. O diâmetro do caule e a estatura foram afetados pelos herbicidas metribuzin e 2,4-D. O metribuzin foi o herbicida que maior prejuízo causou às características de crescimento da planta de café.

Crescimento de cultivares de café arábica submetidos a doses do glyphosate

Avaliaram-se, neste trabalho, os efeitos do glyphosate sobre o crescimento de três cultivares de café arábica. Utilizou-se o esquema fatorial (3 x 5) em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos compostos por três cultivares de café: Catucaí Amarelo (2 SL), Oeiras (MG-6851) e Topázio (MG-1190) e cinco doses de glyphosate (0; 57,6; 115,2; 230,4; e 460,8 g ha-1). O herbicida foi aplicado quando as plantas de café se apresentavam com 21 pares de folhas e de forma que não atingisse o terço superior delas. Aos 45 e 120 dias após a aplicação do glyphosate (DAA), avaliaram-se os incrementos na altura, na área foliar, no diâmetro do caule, no número de folhas e nos ramos plagiotrópicos, sendo eles mensurados inicialmente no dia da aplicação do herbicida; aos 10, 45 e 120 DAA, avaliou-se a porcentagem de intoxicação das plantas. A massa da matéria seca de folhas, raízes e caule, a densidade e o comprimento radicular foram avaliados aos 120 DAA. Os sintomas de intoxicação das plantas de café causados pelo glyphosate foram semelhantes nos diferentes cultivares, sendo caracterizados por clorose e estreitamento do limbo foliar. Os incrementos no número de folhas e ramos plagiotrópicos e no diâmetro do caule, independentemente do cultivar, não foram alterados pelo glyphosate. O cultivar Topázio foi o mais sensível ao glyphosate quanto a acúmulo de área foliar, de massa de matéria seca e densidade radicular.

Teores de nutrientes em cultivares de café arábica submetidos à deriva de glyphosate

Avaliaram-se, neste trabalho, os efeitos do glyphosate sobre os teores foliares de nutrientes em três cultivares de café (Coffea arabica). Utilizou-se o esquema fatorial (3 x 5) em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos compostos por três cultivares de café: Catucaí Amarelo (2 SL), Oeiras (MG-6851) e Topázio (MG-1190); e cinco doses de glyphosate (0; 57,6; 115,2; 230,4; e 460,8 g ha-1). Aos 45 e 120 DAA, coletaram-se folhas (terceiro par) de ramos plagiotrópicos, contidos na parte mediana das plantas. Os sintomas de intoxicação foram caracterizados por clorose e estreitamento do limbo foliar para os três cultivares de café. Houve redução nos teores foliares de N, P, K, Cu e Zn aos 45 DAA e de N, K, Mn e Zn aos 120 DAA nas plantas de café tratadas com glyphosate, independentemente do cultivar utilizado. O cultivar Topázio apresentou as maiores reduções nos teores foliares de Fe e Mn, aos 45 DAA, e de P e Fe, aos 120 DAA.