Control de Commelina erecta L. con herbicidas postemergentes con el objetivo de su uso en cultivos de soja transgénica

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia dos herbicidas aplicados em pósemergência em plantas de soja, para o controle de Commelina erecta L. O experimento foi conduzido sob condições de casa-de-vegetação. A aplicação foi realizada quando as plantas encontravam-se no estádio de seis folhas. Foram feitas 6 repetições com os seguintes tratamentos, com as doses em i.a./ha: 1) glyphosate (1494 g), 2) tifensulfuron methyl (6 g), 3) chlorimuron ethyl (10 g), 4) benazolin (300 g), 5) flumiclorac pentil (30 g), 6) bentazon (480 g), 7) lactofen (156 g), 8) fomesafen ( 200 g), 9) oxifluorfen (480 g), 10) imazethapyr (80 g), 11) fluoroglicofen (48 g) e testemunha sem aplicação. Foram feitas avaliações visuais e medições da altura das plantas aos 7 e aos 14 dias e, avaliação de matéria seca aos 28 dias após da aplicação. Os dados avaliados foram analisados através do ANOVA. Todos os tratamentos diferiram significativamente em relação à testemunha, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade (Teste LSD). Os herbicidas glyphosate (100% de mortalidade) e imazethapyr (67% de mortalidade de plantas) diferiram com os demais tratamentos. Chlorimuron ethyl, bentazon e lactofen também mostraram ser eficientes causando reduções maiores de 80% do peso de massa seca das plantas daninhas. Benazolin e flumiclorac pentil foram os de menor eficácia até quando causaram reduções de 50 e 60% de matéria seca da planta daninha.

Potencial alelopatico de Wedelia glauca: efecto sobre especies hortícolas

Wedelia glauca (Asteraceae) popularmente conocida como sunchillo, es una maleza perenne ampliamente difundida en Argentina. Las observaciones realizadas en campo revelan la existencia de comunidades dominadas por W. glauca, donde logra reducir la densidad de otras especies herbáceas asociadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la acción de extractos acuosos de rizomas y hojas de W. glauca sobre la germinación y elongación de radícula de tres cultivos hortícolas: Lycopersicon esculentum, Cucumis sativus y Raphanus sativus. Los extractos se prepararon a partir de rizomas y de hojas molidas a las que se adicionó 600 ml de agua destilada, respectivamente. Los tratamientos fueron, extracto puro y diluciones con agua destilada al 25, 50 y 75%. El diseño fue completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones. Se determinó porcentaje de germinación y longitud de radícula (cm). Los datos se analizaron mediante ANOVA y Test de Tukey para la comparación de medias. Los resultados alcanzados proveen evidencia de que W. glauca tiene potencial alelopático bajo condiciones controladas. Los extractos acuosos de hojas, presentaron actividad potencialmente alelopática más intensa que los extractos de rizomas, efecto este demostrado a través de inhibiciones marcadas en germinación y crecimiento de radícula de las especies test.

Monitoramento da composição específica da comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas no reservatório Luis Eduardo Magalhães

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição e distribuição espacial e temporal da comunidade de macrófitas aquáticas diante de algumas variáveis abióticas no reservatório Luis Eduardo Magalhães, localizado no rio Tocantins. As coletas foram bimestrais, no período de março de 2005 a janeiro de 2006, em cinco regiões. Em cada região foram demarcados 15 pontos de coleta. Foram mensuradas a transparência da água e a condutividade elétrica em cada ponto de amostragem. Para avaliar a composição da comunidade e a distribuição das espécies, foi percorrida uma distância de cerca de 100 m de margem com embarcação em baixa velocidade, por aproximadamente 10 minutos. As espécies submersas foram inventariadas com um rastelo até 4 m de profundidade. Foi calculada a frequência de ocorrência e a diversidade beta. Os dados de presença e ausência das espécies foram analisados utilizando Análise de Correspondência Destendenciada DCA. Uma ANOVA One-Way foi empregada para avaliar o efeito dos períodos e regiões sobre as variáveis abióticas e bióticas. Foi aplicado o teste a posteriori de Tukey quando houve diferenças significativas entre as variáveis analisadas (P<0,05). Foi registrado um total de 50 espécies. As espécies com maior frequência foram Salvinia auriculata, Oxycaryum cubense e Najas microcarpa (submersa). A maior riqueza de espécies foi registrada nas regiões fluviais do reservatório (Areias e Tocantins). Os resultados evidenciam, ainda, que a variação espacial na composição das assembleias foi mais acentuada que a variação temporal.

Índice de agresividad espacial (IAE) de Chenopodium album en el cultivo de algodón para santiago del estero, Argentina

El Índice de Agresividad Espacial (IAE) es un parámetro bioecológico que indica las características de la distribución de malezas. No existen antecedentes sobre el tema en el cultivo de algodón. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el IAE para Chenopodium album (CHEAL) y relacionarlo con las pérdidas de rendimiento. Se trabajó durante la campaña 2007-2008 en el Campo Experimental de la EEA INTA Santiago del Estero, con el cultivar Guazuncho-INTA. Para el cálculo del IAE, se utilizó un modelo que emplea: altura de planta sobresaliente, su biomasa seca y superficie infestada; número de descendientes, biomasa seca y altura media de los mismos. Dentro del cultivo, en 200 m², fueron marcadas 10 áreas de 1 m². Se realizaron análisis estadísticos paramétricos, ANOVA y Tukey (0,05). Los resultados fueron: a) Algodón: peso de parcela medio: 105.000 g; peso por planta: 597 g; el total de plantas: 79,30; altura media: 0,5951 m; rendimiento medio: 2592 kg ha-1 y, b) CHEAL: peso por parcela: 4920 g; nº de plantas por parcela media: 18,7; altura media: 2,72 m; altura de planta madre de maleza: 3,45 m; 187 plantas hijas, medias con 2,40 m de altura y 58 g de biomasa seca, en la parcela de la planta sobresaliente. El rendimiento de algodón fue de 2.329,50 kg ha-1 en el testigo y las pérdidas medias fueron de 89,76%. El IAE obtenido fue de 3,76 (bajo-intermedio) e indica que, en la distribución, actúan numerosas plantas que se desarrollan en torno a una maleza principal. Con un menor IAE, son mayores las pérdidas producidas en el cultivo de algodón.

Germination and Dormancy in Seeds of Sorghum halepense and Sorghum arundinaceum

Light, temperature and dormancy are factors that influence the germination of seeds and are strictly linked to the emergence of weeds. The objective of this work was to assess the germination of Sorghum arundinaceum and Sorghum halepense subjected to different conditions of temperature and luminosity, as well as assessing seed dormancy breaking mechanisms. For this, two experiments were conducted, both arranged in a completely randomized design. Experiment 1 was installed in a 2 x 5 double factorial design. The first factor was the absence or presence of light for 12 hours, and the other was composed of five constant temperatures: 15, 20, 30, 40 and 45 oC. In experiment 2, the efficiency of nine treatments used for breaking dormancy of seeds was assessed. The variables analyzed for both experiments were germination percentage and germination speed index (GSI). For the statistical analysis were performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and all the necessary consequences, as well as regression, when relevant. In experiment 1 for both species greater germination occurred in the presence of light. For S. arundinaceum the temperatures at which there was the highest percentage of germination were 33.13 and 31.24 oC for presence and absence of light respectively. As for S. halepense these temperatures were 31.98 and 29.75 oC for presence and absence of light respectively. As for the treatments for breaking dormancy, the mechanical scarification of seeds with sandpaper presented the highest germination and GSI. It is concluded that the Sorghum species studied are neutral photoblastic seeds and present mechanical type dormancy.

EFFECTS OF PLANTING DATE AND SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT ON COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris) YIELD UNDER WEED-FREE AND WEEDY CONDITIONS

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the effect of planting date and spatial pattern on common bean yield under weed-free and weed-infested conditions, an experiment was conducted in Kelachay, Northern Iran, in 2013. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement with three replicates. Factors were planting date (10 August and 20 August), spatial pattern (square and rectangular planting pattern, with a planting distance of 30 x 30 cm and 45 x 20 cm, respectively), and weed management regime (weed-free and weedy conditions, weeded and not weeded throughout the growing season, respectively). Results showed that the main effect of planting date was significant only for pod number per plant and seed number per pod. At the same time, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, pod length, and grain yield were influenced significantly by spatial pattern. Results of ANOVA have also indicated that all traits, except pod length, were influenced significantly by weed-management regimes. Moreover, effect of planting date and spatial pattern were nonsignificant for weed dry weight. Mean comparison has expressed a significant increment in seed yield for square planting arrangement (1,055 kg ha-1) over rectangular (971 kg ha-1). Weeding has also presented an overall 12% and 8% improvement in grain and pod yield over control (weedy check), respectively. Based on the results of this study, weed control, as well as square planting pattern, are recommended for obtaining the highest seed yield in common bean.

Fungos filamentosos em folhas do ambiente terrestre e aquático da Ilha dos Eucaliptos, Represa do Guarapiranga, São Paulo, SP

A diversidade e a ocorrência de fungos em folhas em decomposição nos ambientes terrestre e aquático foram estudadas durante o verão e inverno sob floresta de Eucalyptus spp., mata secundária e mata de interseção na Ilha dos Eucaliptos, Represa do Guarapiranga, São Paulo, SP. Um total de 41 táxons de fungos filamentosos (98 ocorrências) foram encontrados, dos quais 36 pertenciam ao grupo dos fungos mitospóricos, quatro à Zygomycota e um à Ascomycota, através do método de lavagem de discos de folhas seguido por plaqueamento em meio de cultura. Deste total, foram registrados 28 táxons (37 ocorrências) na área dos Eucalyptus spp., 21 táxons (33 ocorrências) na área da mata secundária e 20 táxons (28 ocorrências) na mata intermediária. As folhas submersas apresentaram micota mais diversificada, composta por 35 táxons (58 ocorrências), enquanto que a micota das folhas sobre o solo aumentou somente 19 táxons (40 ocorrências). O índice de Sorensen revelou uma maior similaridade (58,54%) entre as micotas da mata de interseção e a da mata secundária, seguida pela mata de interseção e a floresta dos Eucalyptus spp. (54,17%). As micotas da floresta de Eucalyptus spp. e a da mata secundária foram as mais diferentes entre si (similaridade = 44,9%). Concomitantemente às coletas das folhas submersas, foram determinados alguns parâmetros abióticos na água, como temperatura a 10 cm de profundidade, pH e teor de oxigênio dissolvido. As médias foram comparadas por análise de variância (ANOVA). No verão, estas variáveis foram significativamente mais elevadas na mata secundária do que nas outras áreas. Há indícios de que o tipo de vegetação e a sazonalidade atuem significativamente sobre os fungos decompositores das folhas. De acordo com os resultados, observa-se que a Ilha dos Eucaliptos oferece condições para o desenvolvimento de uma micota diversificada e com elevados índices de ocorrências, sendo local adequado para estudos mais amplos sobre os fungos sapróbios em sistemas lênticos.

Produção de serapilheira em três trechos de uma floresta semidecídua com diferentes graus de perturbação na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí, Ouro Preto, MG

Foram estudados três trechos de uma floresta semidecídua na Estação Ecológica do Tripuí com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de diferenças na produção de serapilheira de acordo com o grau de perturbação. A serapilheira foi coletada entre julho de 1997 e agosto de 1998, usando-se dez coletores de 0,36 m², em cada trecho. A produção anual nos trechos A1 (6,78 ± 0,65 t.ha-1) e A2 (6,58 ± 0,49 t.ha-1) foi significativamente superior à estimada no trecho A3 (5,09 ± 0,58 t.ha-1) (ANOVA, p < 0,01). Os três trechos apresentaram padrão semelhante de produção da serapilheira, com o pico máximo ocorrendo em setembro (teste Tukey, p < 0,0001). A abundância de espécies pioneiras foi menos importante que a estatura do dossel na determinação da produção de serapilheira nas três áreas.

Spatial variation in the structure and floristic composition of "restinga" vegetation in southeastern Brazil

We examined large-scale spatial variation of structural parameters and floristic composition in open Clusia scrub, a vegetation type of the Brazilian "restingas" (sandy coastal plain vegetation). This vegetation is organized in islands separated by sandy stretches with sparse herbaceous vegetation. We located 12 sample areas on three consecutive beach ridges, lying parallel to the coastline and at different distances from the ocean, in close proximity to two lagoons (Cabiúnas and Comprida). Each sample area was divided into three strips. We used the line intercept method to sample all woody plants ³ 50 cm tall. We used nested ANOVA to verify structural variation between different sampling scales. TWINSPAN analysis was performed to examine the variation in floristic composition between areas. The overall diversity index was 3.07. Six species are repeatedly dominant throughout the entire sampling area. There was homogeneity in relation to diversity and species richness between beach ridges but not within beach ridges. Floristic composition and structural parameters did not vary in relation to distance from the sea but floristic composition did vary as a function of proximity to Cabiúnas or Comprida lagoon. Differences in plant cover between sample areas may be related to the paleoformation of this sandy coastal plain.

Efeitos alelopáticos de extratos aquosos de Crinum americanum L.

Investigamos a ação de extratos aquosos de Crinum americanum L. sobre a germinação e crescimento inicial de Lactuca sativa L., Sesamum indicum L. e Raphanus sativus L. e das espécies invasoras: Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv., Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donell e Bidens pilosa L. Preparamos os extratos aquosos a partir de exemplares de um estuário cego em Caraguatatuba, São Paulo. Montamos controles osmóticos com PEG 6000. Analisamos os dados de germinação com Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn, e os dados de crescimento inicial com ANOVA e pós-teste de Tukey. Para todas as espécies testadas obtivemos diminuição na porcentagem e no crescimento inicial e aumento do tempo médio da germinação. O controle osmótico indicou pouca influência da osmolaridade na germinação. Concluímos que C. americanum possui potencial alelopático sobre as espécies testadas.

Ethanol-induced hypothermia in rats is antagonized by dexamethasone

The effect of dexamethasone on ethanol-induced hypothermia was investigated in 3.5-month old male Wistar rats (N = 10 animals per group). The animals were pretreated with dexamethasone (2.0 mg/kg, ip; volume of injection = 1 ml/kg) 15 min before ethanol administration (2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 g/kg, ip; 20% w/v) and the colon temperature was monitored with a digital thermometer 30, 60 and 90 min after ethanol administration. Ethanol treatment produced dose-dependent hypothermia throughout the experiment (-1.84 ± 0.10, -2.79 ± 0.09 and -3.79 ± 0.15oC for 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 g/kg ethanol, respectively, 30 min after ethanol) but only the effects of 2.0 and 3.0 g/kg ethanol were significantly antagonized (-0.57 ± 0.09 and -1.25 ± 0.10, respectively, 30 min after ethanol) by pretreatment with dexamethasone (ANOVA, P<0.05). These results are in agreement with data from the literature on the rapid antagonism by glucocorticoids of other effects of ethanol. The antagonism was obtained after a short period of time, suggesting that the effect of dexamethasone is different from the classical actions of corticosteroids

Effect of gamma irradiation on the behavioral properties of crotoxin

Crotoxin has been detoxified with gamma radiation in order to improve crotalic antiserum production. Nevertheless, present knowledge of the biological characteristics of irradiated crotoxin is insufficient to propose it as an immunizing agent. Crotoxin is known to increase the emotional state of rats and to decrease their exploratory behavior (Moreira EG, Nascimento N, Rosa GJM, Rogero JR and Vassilieff VS (1996) Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 29: 629-632). Therefore, we decided 1) to evaluate the effects of crotoxin in the social interaction test, which has been widely used for the evaluation of anxiogenic drugs, and 2) to determine if irradiated crotoxin induces behavioral alterations similar to those of crotoxin in the social interaction, open-field and hole-board tests. Male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were used. Crotoxin (100, 250, and 500 µg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 2 h before the social interaction test. Similarly, irradiated crotoxin (2000 Gy gamma radiation from a 60Co source) was administered at the doses of 100, 250, and 500 µg/kg for the hole-board test, and at the doses of 1000 and 2500 µg/kg for the open-field and social interaction tests. ANOVA complemented with the Dunnett test was used for statistical analysis (P<0.05). Crotoxin decreased the social interaction time (s) at the doses of 100, 250 and 500 µg/kg (means ± SEM) from 51.6 ± 4.4 to 32.6 ± 3.7, 28.0 ± 3.6 and 31.6 ± 4.4, respectively. Irradiated crotoxin did not induce behavioral alterations. These results indicate that 1) crotoxin may be an anxiogenic compound, and 2) in contrast to crotoxin, irradiated crotoxin was unable to induce behavioral alterations, which makes it a promising compound for the production of crotalic antiserum

Sucrose ingestion causes opioid analgesia

The intake of saccharin solutions for relatively long periods of time causes analgesia in rats, as measured in the hot-plate test, an experimental procedure involving supraspinal components. In order to investigate the effects of sweet substance intake on pain modulation using a different model, male albino Wistar rats weighing 180-200 g received either tap water or sucrose solutions (250 g/l) for 1 day or 14 days as their only source of liquid. Each rat consumed an average of 15.6 g sucrose/day. Their tail withdrawal latencies in the tail-flick test (probably a spinal reflex) were measured immediately before and after this treatment. An analgesia index was calculated from the withdrawal latencies before and after treatment. The indexes (mean ± SEM, N = 12) for the groups receiving tap water for 1 day or 14 days, and sucrose solution for 1 day or 14 days were 0.09 ± 0.04, 0.10 ± 0.05, 0.15 ± 0.08 and 0.49 ± 0.07, respectively. One-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference (F(3,47) = 9.521, P<0.001) and the Tukey multiple comparison test (P<0.05) showed that the analgesia index of the 14-day sucrose-treated animals differed from all other groups. Naloxone-treated rats (N = 7) receiving sucrose exhibited an analgesia index of 0.20 ± 0.10 while rats receiving only sucrose (N = 7) had an index of 0.68 ± 0.11 (t = 0.254, 10 degrees of freedom, P<0.03). This result indicates that the analgesic effect of sucrose depends on the time during which the solution is consumed and extends the analgesic effects of sweet substance intake, such as saccharin, to a model other than the hot-plate test, with similar results. Endogenous opioids may be involved in the central regulation of the sweet substance-produced analgesia.

Lung tissue mechanics in the early stages of induced paracoccidioidomycosis in rats

Pulmonary dysfunction represents the most important cause of death in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (PBM). In order to investigate the functional changes of the lungs in the early stages of PBM, a model of benign disease was developed by intratracheal challenge of 12-week old isogenic Wistar rats with 1 x 106 yeast forms of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Animals were studied 30 and 60 days after infection, when fully developed granulomas were demonstrable in the lungs. Measurements of airway resistance, lung elastance and tissue hysteresis were made during sinusoidal deformations (100 breaths/min, tidal volume = 2 ml) with direct measurement of alveolar pressure using the alveolar capsule technique. Infection caused a significant increase in hysteresis (infected: 1.69, N = 13; control: 1.13, N = 12, P = 0.024, ANOVA), with no alterations in airway resistance or lung elastance. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of fully developed granulomas located in the axial compartment of the lung interstitial space. These results suggest that alterations of tissue mechanics represent an early event in experimental PBM

Paraquat poisoning: an experimental model of dose-dependent acute lung injury due to surfactant dysfunction

Since the most characteristic feature of paraquat poisoning is lung damage, a prospective controlled study was performed on excised rat lungs in order to estimate the intensity of lesion after different doses. Twenty-five male, 2-3-month-old non-SPF Wistar rats, divided into 5 groups, received paraquat dichloride in a single intraperitoneal injection (0, 1, 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg body weight) 24 h before the experiment. Static pressure-volume (PV) curves were performed in air- and saline-filled lungs; an estimator of surface tension and tissue works was computed by integrating the area of both curves and reported as work/ml of volume displacement. Paraquat induced a dose-dependent increase of inspiratory surface tension work that reached a significant two-fold order of magnitude for 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight (P<0.05, ANOVA), sparing lung tissue. This kind of lesion was probably due to functional abnormalities of the surfactant system, as was shown by the increase in the hysteresis of the paraquat groups at the highest doses. Hence, paraquat poisoning provides a suitable model of acute lung injury with alveolar instability that can be easily used in experimental protocols of mechanical ventilation