367 resultados para Índice de acidez
Resumo:
Natural or modified chondroitin sulfate was incorporated in to polymethacrylate to obtain isolated films. The addition of polysaccharide to synthetic polymers occurred at different rates. Isolated films were micro and macroscopically characterized and swelling index and water vapor transmission were determined. Results indicated changed transparency and flexibility, coupled to their dependence on increase in polysaccharide concentration. A similar occurrence was reported in the permeability to water vapor and swelling degree. Films composed of modified chondroitin sulfate, 90:10 concentration, showed hydration levels, permeability and morphological properties which allow them to be applied as excipients in the development of new drug delivery systems.
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A comparison of the phenolic content of several Chilean honeys showed great variations in flavonoid concentration among the samples analysed. Higher amounts of phenolics are found in honey from dry climates. The antioxidant effect of extracts, using ORAC analysis, did not correlate with the flavonoid content or with the total phenolic concentration.
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Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is widely used for the characterization of volatile compounds. However, due to the complexity of the soluble coffee matrix, a complete identification of the components should not be based on mass spectra interpretation only. The linear index of retention (LRI) is frequently used to give support to mass spectra. The aim of this work is to investigate the characterization of the volatile compounds in soluble coffee samples by GC-MS using LRI values found with a HP-INNOWAX column. The method used allows a significant increase of the reliability of identifying compounds.
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This study explores the similarities between solid and liquid acid catalysts highlighting the advantages and the main challenges of heterogeneous catalytic processes. We describe the main developments in technical procedures like selection of compounds and reaction models involved in: increasing acidity, characterization of solid acidity and in coke formation.
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In this work a new experiment using HPLC is proposed in order to explore the role of acidity and the organic modifiers in the determination of methylxanthines in tea and coffee. Multivariate and univariate optimizations of the experimental conditions were used.
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This study aimed the use of coal mining waste as a new adsorbent for H3O+ and removal of Al (III), Fe (III) and Mn (II) from acid mine drainage. Data from kinetic and equilibrium of the adsorption of H3O+ followed the pseudo second-order and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of H3O+ was 316 mmol kg-1. The adsorbent removed 100% of Al (III), 100% of Fe (III) and 89% of Mn (II), suggesting its use as an alternative for the treatment of acid mine drainage.
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The hummus composition and it redox properties have been used to evaluate the organic matter quality from natural systems. The objectives of this study were the fractionation of the organic matter and the determination of the oxidation capacity of humic acids to evaluate the organic matter quality of sediments from a gradient fluvial-estuarine in the Brazilian Southeast. The carbon/nitrogen and humic acid/fulvic acid relationships of the organic matter and of the oxidation capacity of humic acids were positively correlated and followed the order: estuarine bordered mangroves ≅ fluvial bordered urban center and pasture > estuarine bordered pasture ≅ marine.
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This work describes the creation of an very simple calculation algorithm, based in basic chemical and mathematic principles, for the calculation of weak diprotic acid dissociation constants as, for example, amino acids, from potentiometric titrations. For an easier understanding of the algorithm the logical reasoning of this calculus is schematized in a diagram of blocks. In the second part of the work the algorithm is applied to an Excel calculation sheet to determine the dissociation constants of Nicotinic Acid and Glycine, from the respective potentiometric titration curves. The values obtained using this algorithm are compared with those estimated by Hyperquad2008 (program generally used for this type of calculus) and also with the values of a stability constants database.
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This work propose a recursive neural network to solve inverse equilibrium problem. The acidity constants of 7-epiclusianone in ethanol-water binary mixtures were determined from multiwavelength spectrophotmetric data. A linear relationship between acidity constants and the %w/v of ethanol in the solvent mixture was observed. The proposed method efficiency is compared with the Simplex method, commonly used in nonlinear optimization techniques. The neural network method is simple, numerically stable and has a broad range of applicability.
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Analytical Chemistry books lack a clear link between thermodynamic and equilibrium approaches involving acids and bases. In this work, theoretical calculations were performed to search for these relations. An excellent relationship was found between difference in Gibbs free energy, ∆G of acid dissociation reaction and ∆G of hydrolysis reaction of the corresponding conjugate base. A relationship between ∆G of hydrolysis reaction of conjugate acids and their corresponding atomic radius was also identified, showing that stability plays an important role in hydrolysis reactions. Finally, the importance of solvation in acid/base behavior was demonstrated when comparing the corresponding theoretical and experimental ∆Gs.
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O Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) transmitido pelo fungo de solo Polymyxa graminis. Em ensaios conduzidos a campo, por dois anos, avaliaram-se a incidncia, severidade e presena do vetor do vrus no sistema radicular das gramneas: aveia (Avena sativa e A. strigosa), azevm (Lilium multiforum), cevada (Hordeum vulgare), milh (Digitaria sp.), milheto (Pannisetum americanum), milho (Zea mays), papu (Brachiaria sp.), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), trigo (Triticum aestivum) e triticale (Triticum secale). A incidncia da virose foi calculada com base no percentual de plantas sintomticas, sendo atribudo notas de 0-5 para determinar o ID (%) . Os segmentos radiculares foram coletados, corados com soluo de lactofenol-azul de algodo e visualizados em microscpio luminoso, atribuindo-se nveis de infestao pela quantidade de grupos de esporos de resistncia de P. graminis. Em espcies de aveia, no foram observados sintomas e esporos de resistncia do vetor. Na cultura da cevada, no foram observados sintomas, mas sim esporos de resistncia no sistema radicular. Para o triticale e o trigo, na primeira poca de plantio, a incidncia e ID (%) foram mais elevados quando comparados segunda poca. Observou-se uma relao direta entre o ID (%) e a quantidade de esporos de resistncia. Nas gramneas de vero, no foram observados sintomas de SBWMV nem esporos de resistncia no sistema radicular.
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O ndice de rea foliar (IAF) uma das principais variveis biofsicas de um dossel florestal, estando diretamente relacionado com a sua evapotranspirao e sua produtividade. Este trabalho apresenta um levantamento da variabilidade temporal do IAF em cinco diferentes clones (designados para efeito deste trabalho como MG1, MG2, MG3, MG4 e MG5) de plantaes de eucalipto (hbridos de Eucalyptus grandis), na regional de produo de Aracruz-ES, Brasil. Utilizou-se o equipamento LAI-2000 para medir o IAF em 98 talhes, com didade variando de 12 a 84 meses. o IAF variou de 1,7 a 4,3. Houve correlao negativa significativa entre IAF e idade para os clones MG1, MG2, e MG3. Para os clones MG4 e MG5 foi constatado que no houve relao significativa entre IAF e idade, o que evidencia que sejam adotados valores mdios de IAF destes clones como descritores estruturais do dossel para fins de modelagem ou outros (2,57 e 3,04, respectivamente).
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Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da toxidez de Cd, Ni e Pb, mudas de cedro e de ip-roxo foram cultivadas em soluo nutritiva de Clark, em condies de casa de vegetao do Departamento de Cincia do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, com doses crescentes de Cd (0, 22, 44, 88 e 132 mimol/l), de Ni (0, 42, 84, 169 e 252 mimol/l) e de Pb (0, 48, 96, 192 e 288 mimol/l), adotando-se para tal um delineamento estatstico de blocos ao acaso, para os trs ensaios. Ao final de 60 dias de exposio ao metal pesado, foram feitas avaliaes do ndice de translocao de macro e de micronutrientes da raiz para a parte area, tendo sido constatado que o aumento das doses de Cd, Ni e Pb exerceu efeitos sobre os ndices de translocao de P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, ora positivos, ora negativos, variando com a espcie, o metal pesado e o nutriente.
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Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficincia dos mtodos da curva-guia, equao das diferenas e predio de parmetros para construir curvas de ndices de local em povoamentos de eucalipto desbastados. Os dados utilizados foram provenientes de um experimento de desbastes pertencente empresa Copener Florestal, atualmente Bahia Pulp, BA. Para ajuste dos modelos, utilizaram-se dados de sete remedies (27, 40, 50, 61, 76, 87 e 101 meses) de 48 parcelas, com rea mdia de 2.600 m. Na avaliao individual dos mtodos, analisaram-se os coeficientes de determinao, de correlao e erros mdios porcentuais, bem como anlises grficas das curvas de ndices de local. Para testar a identidade entre os mtodos, empregou-se o teste de Leite e Oliveira (2002). Para efetuar o teste, o mtodo da curva-guia foi escolhido como mtodo-padro e comparado aos outros dois mtodos alternativos. Na anlise individual, os trs mtodos se enquadraram no critrio adotado para avaliao da eficincia para construir as curvas de ndices de local, porm o mtodo da curva-guia foi o que apresentou melhor ajuste. A partir dos resultados do teste de identidade de modelos, constatou-se que as estimativas de ndices de local, obtidas pelos mtodos alternativos, diferiram estatisticamente do mtodo-padro, ou seja, no se confirmou a identidade entre os mtodos testados. Dessa forma, o mtodo da curva-guia foi considerado o mais adequado para construo das curvas de ndices de local de povoamentos de eucalipto submetidos a desbaste.