Distúrbios neurológicos em trabalhadores com baixos níveis de chumbo no sangue. I: Neuropatia periférica

Trata-se de estudo observacional, transversal, em população aleatorizada, cujo objetivo foi contribuir para a avaliação da validade dos limites de tolerância biológica (LTB) estabelecidos no Brasil para a plumbemia (Pb-S) e a concentração urinária do ácido delta-aminolevulínico (ALA-U). Para tanto, um grupo de trabalhadores expostos ao chumbo, cujos valores de Pb-S e ALA-U encontravam-se no momento do estudo ¾ bem como nos 2 anos precedentes ¾ abaixo dos LTB brasileiros, foi submetido a exame eletroneurográfico dos nervos mediano direito, ciático-popliteo externo direito, radial direito, radial esquerdo e sural direito. Os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos por intermédio da aplicação do mesmo conjunto de exames em um grupo-controle não exposto ao chumbo. No grupo exposto foram encontrados sinais de comprometimento dos nervos radiais - que diferiam significativamente dos resultados obtidos no grupo-controle (p = 0,0067). Os resultados apontam contra a validação dos LTB estabelecidos no Brasil para a Pb-S e a ALA-U.

Morbidade da esquistossomose e sua relação com a contagem de ovos de Schistosoma mansoni em uma zona hiperendêmica do Estado de Minas Gerais

Um estudo seccional da esquistossomose foi desenvolvido em Comercinho, cidade de 1474 habitantes situada em Minas Gerais. Foram feitos exame de fezes pelo método de KATO-KATZ e exame clínico em, respectivamente, 90 e 80% da população da cidade. Foram estudados os sinais e sintomas apresentados pelos pacientes com diferentes contagens de ovos de S. mansoni, verificando-se que as alterações do tamanho e da consistência do fígado estavam relacionadas à maior eliminação de ovos (> 1000/gr fezes) nos pacientes com 2-14 anos de idade, mas não nos pacientes mais velhos. Os seguintes sinais clínicos foram mais freqüentes nos pacientes que eliminavam ovos de S. mansoni nas fezes, quando comparados ao grupo controle (sem ovos do parasita nas fezes, sem história de tratamento e com reação intradérmica negativa): a) nos pacientes com 2-14 anos, sangue nas fezes, fígado palpável, aumento da consistência e aumento do tamanho dos lobos direito e esquerdo do fígado; b) nos maiores de 15 anos, presença de fígado palpável; c) em ambos os grupos etários, as esplenomegalias estiveram exclusivamente relacionadas à infecção pelo S. mansoni.

Immunoperoxidase technique in experimental chronic chagasic myocarditis

Chagas'disease has been described as the commonest form of chronic myocarditis. An immunologic pathogenesis has been discribed for this form of the disease. So far, no immunoperoxidase technique has been used for the detection of immunological deposits in chronic experimental Chagas'myocardiopathy. Forty-one Swiss mice, three months old were inoculated intraperitoneally with doses between 10 and 10(5) Tulahuen trypomastigotes. Mice were reinoculated one month after with doses between 10² and 10(5) and sacrificed at 6 (n=21) and 9 months (n=9) after the first inoculation. ECGs were recorded before sacrifice. Immunoperoxidase technique (peroxidase-antiperoxidase method), immunofluorescence (direct and indirect) as well as histological studies were performed in myocardiums and skeletal muscles of the surviving animals. The most sensitive methods for detecting chronic chagasic infection were the routine histologic studies (73%) and the ECGs 83% and 89% on 6 and 9 mo. post-infected mice, respectively. Myocardial involvement varied from interstitial mild focal lymphocyte infiltrates up to replacement of myocytes by loose connective tissue. Atrial myocardiums (21/23, 91%) were more affected than ventricles (9/23, 39%). Typical chagasic nests were rarely found. Skeletal muscle involvement (11/18 and 7/9) varied from mild to extensive lymphocyte and plasmacell infiltrates, and necrotic fibers. The involved antigen were shown in skeletal muscles by the immunoperoxidase technique as diffusely arranged granular intracytoplasmatic deposit for both IgC and total immunoglobulins. The coincidence between this technique and histologic muscle lesions was 11/18 (61(%) in 6 mo. and 6/8 (75%) at 9 mo. post-infection. In heart, delicate granular deposits of total immunoglobulins were seen diffusely arranged within the ventricular myocytes; coincidence between immunoperoxidase technique anl histologic involvement increased from 36 to 66% in animals sacrifeced 6 and 9 mo. post-infection. This strongly stressed the increase of immunologic phenomena with the chronification of infection. Concerning sensitivity, immunoperoxidase and direct immunofluorescence were highly sensitive in skeletal muscle (100%, p < 0.01). Conversely, direct immunofluorescence technique showed poor results in heart while immunoperoxidase increased its sensitivity from 21.4% (at 6 mo.) to 66.6% (at 9 mo.) post-infection (p < 0.001). Considering the necessity of obtaining an adequate vaccine in order to prevent this disease an experimental model like this, rendering immunological reactions as revealed by the immunoperoxidase technique, would be useful.

Neuronal counting and parasympathetic dysfunction in the hearts of chronically Trypanosoma cruzi - infected rats

Ten male Wistar rats, chronically infected with Colombian, São Felipe (12SF) and Y strains of Trypanosoma cruzi and ten non-infected control animals were submitted to the bradycardia responsiveness test, an assessment of heart parasympathetic function, after phenylephrine injection. Six chagasic animals showed heart parasympathetic dysfuntion characterized by reduction in the index of bradycardia baroreflex responsiveness, as compared with the control group. Microscopic examination of the atrial heart ganglia of chagasic rats showed ganglionitis, but no statiscally significant reduction in the number of neurons.

Possible oral transmission of acute Chagas' disease in Brazil

In October, 1986, 7 to 22 days after a meeting at a farm in Paraíba state, 26 individuals presented with a febrile illness associated with bilateral eyelid and lower limb edema, mild hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and, occasionally a skin rash. A 11-year-old boy exhibited atrial premature complexes and a 74-year-old patient developed acute heart failure. In two patients hospitalized in São Paulo city, acute Chagas' disease was diagnosed by the demonstration of circulating Trypanosoma cruzi. At autopsy in a fatal case, acute Chagas' cardiomyopathy was demonstrated. Xenodiagnosis were positive in 9 out of 14 tested patients. A specific IgG immune response was found in all patients and specific IgM antibodies were identified in 20 out of 22 tested patients. A epidemiological survey showed the existence of Triatoma brasiliensis in the outbuildings of this farm, but none in the house where most of the guests stayed. A high rate of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi was found in opossums. These observations together with those related to the food consumed by the patients, lead the authors to suggest that the human infections resulted from oral contamination probably originating from naturally infected marsupials in the area or crushed infected bugs.

Micetoma por Actinomadura madurae: relato de dois casos

São relatados dois casos de micetoma por Actinomadura madurae, atendidos no Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (UFRJ), em 1990, e no Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro (UFF), em 1984. Caso 1: paciente masculino, pardo, de 27 anos, iniciou o quadro em 1988, após traumatismo no pé esquerdo, com aumento de volume com nódulos apresentando fistulas drenando secreção e grãos branco-amarelados. A radiografia mostrou lesões líticas nos ossos do tarso e 2º e 3º metatarsianos do pé esquerdo. O exame histopatológico evidenciou grãos basofílicos recobertos por franja eosinofílica, arredondados, medindo até 1mm. Ao exame micológico foi isolado em cultivo A. madurae. Diante do fracasso de outras tentativas, foi instituida terapêutica com tetraciclina oral por 6 meses; contudo, como não houve resolução do quadro clínico-radiológico, foi indicada a amputação do membro. Caso 2: paciente masculino, branco, de 70 anos, iniciou quadro em 1974, após traumatismo no pé direito, que evoluiu com aumento de volume e fístulas. Ao exame histopatológico, grãos basofílicos com franjas eosinofílicas ao redor, tamanho grande, de 1 a 2mm de diâmetro, características de A. madurae. Discreta melhora com tetraciclina e sulfamídicos. Sem controle posterior. O primeiro caso adquiriu a infecção no Rio de Janeiro e o segundo caso a adquiriu em Pernambuco. Além de aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos, é comentada a ocorrência dos micetomas nas Américas, destacando a freqüência dos actinomicetomas por A. madurae.

Quantitative analysis of cardiac lesions in chronic canine chagasic cardiomyopathy

Lesions observed in chronic chagasic cardiopathy frequently produce electrocardiographic alterations and affect cardiac function. Through a computerized morphometrical analysis we quantified the areas occupied by cardiac muscle, connective and adipose tissues in the right atrium of dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. All of the infected dogs showed chronic myocarditis with variable reduction levels of cardiac muscle, fibrosis and adipose tissue replacement. In the atrial myocardium of dogs infected with Be78 and Be62 cardiac muscle represented 34 and 50%, fibrosis 28 and 32% and adipose tissue 38 and 18%, respectively. The fibrosis observed was both diffuse and focal and mostly intrafascicular, either partially or completely interrupting the path of muscle bundles. Such histological alterations probably contributed to the appearance of electrocardiographic disturbances verified in 10 out 11 dogs which are also common in human chronic chagasic cardiopathy. Fibrosis was the most important microscopic occurrence found since it produces rearrangements of collagen fibers in relation to myocardiocytes which causes changes in anatomical physiognomy and mechanical behavior of the myocardium. These abnormalities can contribute to the appearance of cardiac malfunction, arrythmias and congestive cardiac insufficiency as observed in two of the analyzed dogs. Strain Be78 caused destruction of atrial cardiac muscle higher than that induced by strain Be62.