309 resultados para absorção de Ni
Resumo:
Estudou-se o processo de eletrodeposição de uma camada amorfa de liga Ni-W-B sobre um cátodo, utilizando um banho contendo sulfato de níquel 0,0185 M, tungstato de sódio 0,0155 M, fosfato de boro 0,0364 M, citrato de sódio 0,0161 M, 1-docecilsulfato de sódio 0,017 g/L e hidróxido de amônio para pH 8,5. Estudos detalhados sobre a influência da temperatura do banho, agitação mecânica e densidade de corrente catódica conduziram as condições ótimas para obtenção de depósitos de ligas satisfatórias. Observou-se que esta liga apresentou, elevada resistência à corrosão e ao desgaste quando comparadas com o cromo duro, além de se comprovar, através da difratometria de raios X, sua característica amorfa. Estas ligas podem ter grande utilidade em várias aplicações nas indústrias químicas, petrolíferas, petroquímicas, navais, de construções civis e automobilísticas em decorrência de algumas características especiais, como alta resistência à corrosão e desgaste e à capacidade de manter suas propriedades mecânicas em altas temperaturas.
Resumo:
This work describes the development of an alternative acetate bath for the electrochemical codeposition of Ni-Cu-Fe electrodes at low pH that is stable for several weeks and produces electrodes with good performance for chlor-alkali electrolysis. Physical characterization of the electrode surface was made using X ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis (EDX). The evaluation of the material as electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (her) was carried out in brine solution (160 g L-1 NaCl + 150 g L-1 NaOH) at different temperatures through steady-state polarization curves. The Ni-Cu-Fe electrodes obtained with this bath have shown low overpotentials for the her, around 0.150 V at 353 K, and good stability under continuous long-term operation for 260 hours. One positive aspect of this cathode is that the polarization behavior of the material shows only one Tafel slope over the temperature range of 298 - 353 K.
Resumo:
A determinação de selênio utilizando a geração de hidretos acoplada às técnicas atômicas vêm sendo utilizada com sucesso em amostras de urina. Devido a necessidade de se dispor de um método analítico capaz de determinar pequenas quantidades de selênio; é proposto o sistema de fluxo, por zonas coalescentes, utilizando a técnica de geração de hidretos, seguida da detecção por espectrometria de absorção atômica para a determinação de selênio em amostras de urina. O limite de detecção obtido é 0,3 ng mL-1, correspondendo a 30 pg de selênio e a freqüência analítica de 140 determinações por hora. A precisão (d.p.r.) do método foi de 2,0% para 1,0 ng mL-1. A quantidade de reagente (0,5 mg de NaBH4 para cada determinação) e de resíduo químico gerado no laboratório (170 mL h-1) é mínima. A aplicação do método proposto para análises de amostras de urina evidenciou a presença média de 4,0 ng mL-1 de selênio para pacientes que não ingeriram nenhum medicamento contendo selênio. Para pacientes que ingeriram uma dose única de medicamento contendo selênio, o teor encontrado nas amostras de urina analisadas variaram de 5,0 a 16,0 ng mL-1. Estudos de recuperação mostraram valores de 90,0% e 103,0% para 1,0 e 10,0 ng mL-1 de selênio adicionado, respectivamente, nas amostras de urina. A certificação do método foi avaliada para análises de material de referência de urina SRM 2670 (valor certificado: 30,0±8,0 ng mL-1 e valor obtido: 27,0±2,0 ng mL-1).
Resumo:
No presente estudo, foram investigadas diferentes substâncias para atuarem como modificadores químicos na determinação direta de cádmio em soro e urina humanos sem digestão prévia das amostras. A preparação da amostra foi feita diretamente nos copos do amostrador automático por diluição 1+4 de soro e 1+1 de urina com ácido nítrico 1% v/v contendo 0.02% v/v de cloreto de tricetil metil amônio (CTAC). Foram investigadas as melhores condições de determinação por meio de curvas de temperatura de pirólise e atomização na presença da matriz e do analito levando-se em conta a forma do pulso de absorção, baixas temperaturas na atomização, fundo corrigido e sensibilidade. Foram efetuados estudos na ausência de modificador e com a mistura universal em solução de Pd e Mg (10 e 15 µg, respectivamente) e com rutênio (500 µg) e irídio (500 µg) como modificadores permanentes. Para Ir permanente, as massas características foram 0.8 pg para soro e 0.7 pg para urina (recomendado de 2 pg). Na investigação do uso de Ir permanente, foi observado que o pico foi simétrico, retornando à linha de base em 3s e com fundo corrigido completamente com valores ótimos por pirólises e atomização de 300 e 1000°C para soro e 300 e 1100ºC para urina. A calibração foi feita por ajuste de matriz e apresentou coeficiente de correlação de regressão linear típico de 0.999. Análises de soro e urina fortificados mostraram recuperações que variaram entre 99.3 e 103.2 com um desvio padrão relativo (RSD, n=3) menor que 12% para soro e entre 93.1 e 102.2% com um RSD menor que 3% para urina. O limite de detecção (k=3, n=10) foi de 8 e 9 pg para soro e urina, respectivamente.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar a análise exploratória de dados, no caso, a técnica de análise de componentes principais (PCA) como ferramenta na avaliação de modificadores químicos na determinação direta e simultânea de Al, As, Cu, Fe, Mn e Ni em álcool etílico combustível por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite (GFAAS). Os modificadores químicos avaliados foram: Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2; W/Rh; W+ co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 e para cada modificador foram utilizadas trintas amostras de álcool etílico combustível. Como dados experimentais foram utilizados os resultados dos testes de adição e recuperação dos analitos frente aos diferentes modificadores químicos estudados. O emprego da técnica de PCA possibilitou a separação dos tipos de modificadores em função do intervalo de recuperação do analito. Dentre os modificadores avaliados, W+ co-injeção de Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 apresentou-se como a espécie de maior correlação positiva, pois apresenta os maiores teores de recuperação, e sendo assim, foi o escolhido para o desenvolvimento de metodologia para determinação direta e simultânea de Al, As, Cu, Fe, Mn e Ni em álcool etílico combustível por GFAAS.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho reporta um método para a determinação de cromo (VI) por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS) após a extração e pré-concentração no ponto nuvem. O cromo (VI) é complexado com 1,5-difenilcarbazida (DFC) em meio ácido (pH 2,0) e é extraído para um volume de fase rica de 25 µL, com o uso do surfactante Triton X-114. As variáveis que afetam a formação do ponto nuvem, tais como a concentração de surfactante (0,1-1,0% m/v) e de complexante (0,01-0,80% m/v), o tempo de complexação (0-60 min) e o efeito da adição do eletrólito NaCl (0-20% m/v), são avaliadas. Sob condições otimizadas, são utilizados o Triton X-114 a 0,3% m/v, a DFC a 0,05% m/v e o NaCl a 10% m/v para a extração do cromo (VI). Esse método fornece limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,4 µg L-1 e 1,5 µg L-1, respectivamente, e uma faixa linear de calibração de 5 a 500 µg L-1. O fator de pré-concentração obtido é igual a 27 e a eficiência de extração varia de 87 a 99,3%.
Resumo:
The complexes of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid anion with ions of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) have been synthesized as polycrystalline solids, and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, magnetic studies, and also by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements. The analysed complexes have following colours: pink for Co(II), green for Ni(II), and blue for Cu(II) compounds. The carboxylate group binds as monodentate, and bidentate bridging and chelating ligands. On heating in air to 1173 K the complexes decompose in four, three or two steps. At first, they dehydrate in one or two steps to anhydrous salts, that next decompose to oxides of the respective metals. The solubility of the investigated dimethoxybenzoates in water at 293 K is of the order of 10-2 mol/dm3. Their magnetic moments were determined in the temperature range of 76-303 K. The results reveal the compounds of Co(II) and Ni(II) to be high-spin complexes and that of Cu(II) to form dimer.
Resumo:
Complexes of Ni(II) 2,3-, 3,5- and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoates have been synthesized, their physico-chemical properties have been compared and the influence of the position of -OCH3 substituent on their properties investigated. The analysed compounds are crystalline, hydrated salts with green colour. The carboxylate ions show a bidentate chelating or bridging coordination modes. The thermal stabilities of Ni(II) dimethoxybenzoates were investigated in air in the range of 293-1173 K. The complexes decompose in three steps, yelding the NiO as the final product of decomposition. Their solubilities in water at 293 K are in the order of 10-2-10-4 mol×dm-3. The magnetic susceptibilities for the analysed dimethoxybenzoates of Ni(II) were measured over the range of 76-303 K and the magnetic moments were calculated. The results reveal that the complexes are the high-spin ones and the ligands form the weak electrostatic field in the octahedral coordination sphere of the central Ni(II) ion. The various position -OCH3 groups in benzene ring cause the different steric, mesomeric and inductive effects on the electron density in benzene ring.
Resumo:
Physico-chemical properties of 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) were synthesized and studied. The complexes were obtained as mono- and dihydrates with a metal ion to ligand ratio of 1 : 2. All analysed 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates are polycrystalline compounds with colours depending on the central ions: pink for Co(II), green for Ni(II) and blue for Cu(II) complexes. Their thermal decomposition was studied in the range of 293 523 K, because it was found that on heating in air above 523 K 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates decompose explosively. Hydrated complexes lose crystallization water molecules in one step and anhydrous compounds are formed. The final products of their decomposition are the oxides of the respective transition metals. From the results it appears that during dehydration process no transformation of nitro group to nitrite takes place. The solubilities of analysed complexes in water at 293 K are of the order of 10-4 10-2 mol / dm³. The magnetic moment values of Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions in 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoates experimentally determined at 76 303 K change from 3.67µB to 4.61µB for Co(II) complex, from 2.15µB to 2.87µB for Ni(II) 3-chloro-2-nitrobenzoate and from 0.26µB to 1.39µB for Cu(II) complex. 3-Chloro-2-nitrobenzoates of Co(II) and Ni(II) follow the Curie-Weiss law. Complex of Cu(II) forms dimer.
Resumo:
The crystal and molecular structures of [bis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate)tetraaquamanganese(II)], [pentaaqua(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoato)cobalt(II)] (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate), [pentaaqua(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoato)nickel(II)] (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate) and [aquabis(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate)zinc(II)] monohydrate were determined by a single-crystal X-ray analysis. Mn(H2O)4L2 (where L = C8H6ClO3) crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c. [Co(H2O)5L]L and [Ni(H2O)5L]L both are isostructural, space group P212121. The crystals of [Zn(H2O)L2] H2O are monoclinic, space group Pc. Mn(II) ion is positioned at the crystallographic symmetry center. Mn(II) and Co(II) ions adopt the distorted octahedral coordination but Zn(II) tetrahedral one.The carboxylate groups in the complexes with M(II) cations function as monodentate, bidentate and/or free COO-groups. The ligands exist in the crystals as aquaanions. The complexes of 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoates with Mn(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) form bilayer structure.
Resumo:
Electrode kinetics and study of 'transition state' with applied potential in case of [M - antibiotics - cephalothin] system were reported at pH = 7.30 ± 0.01 at suitable supporting electrolyte at 25.0ºC. The M = Co or Ni and antibiotics were doxycycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, minocycline, amoxicillin and chloramphenicol used as primary ligands and cephalothin as secondary ligand. Kinetic parameters viz. transfer coefficient (a), degree of irreversibility (l), diffusion coefficient (D) and rate constant (k) were determined. The values of a and k varied from 0.41 to 0.59 and 2.60 X 10-3 cm s-1 to 9.67 X 10-3 cm s-1 in case of [Co - antibiotics - cephalothin] system. In case of [Ni - antibiotics - cephalothin], a and k varied from 0.41 to 0.58 and 2.34 X 10-3 cm s-1 to 9.19 X 10-3 cm s-1 respectively confirmed that transition state behaves between oxidant and reductant response to applied potential and it adjusts it self in such a way that the same is located midway between dropping mercury electrode and solution interface. The values of rate constant confirmed the quasireversible nature of electrode processes. The stability constants (logb) of complexes were also determined.
Resumo:
The complexes of 4-chlorophenoxyacetates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) have been synthesized as polycrystalline solids, and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, magnetic studies and also by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements. The analysed complexes have the following colours: pink for Co(II), green for Ni(II), blue for Cu(II) and a pale pink for Mn(II) compounds. The carboxylate group binds as monodentate and bidentate ligands. On heating to 1173K in air the complexes decompose in several steps. At first, they dehydrate in one step to anhydrous salts, that next decompose to the oxides of respective metals. Their magnetic moments were determined in the range of 76-303K. The results reveal them to be high-spin complexes of weak ligand fields.
Resumo:
National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) established in the decree number 54 maximum allowed levels for Ni and Pb in mineral and natural waters at 20 µg L-1 and 10 µg L-1, respectively. For screening analysis purposes, the high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry technique (HR-CS FAAS) was evaluated for the fast-sequential determination of nickel and lead in mineral waters.Two atomic lines for Ni (232.003 nm - main and 341.477 nm - secondary) and Pb (217.0005 nm - main and 283.306 nm - secondary) at different wavelength integrated absorbance (number of pixels) were evaluated. Sensitivity enhanced with the increase of the number of pixels and with the summation of the atomic lines absorbances. The main figures of merit associated to the HR-CS FAAS technique were compared with that obtained by line-source flame atomic absorption spectrometry (LS FAAS). Water samples were pre-concentrated about 5-fold by evaporation before analysis. Recoveries of Pb significantly varied with increased wavelength integrated absorbance. Better recoveries (92-93%) were observed for higher number of pixels at the main line or summating the atomic lines (90-92%). This influence was irrelevant for Ni, and recoveries in the 92-104% range were obtained in all situations.
Resumo:
A direct spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of Co(II) and Ni(II), with diethanoldithiocarbamate (DEDC) as complexing agent, is proposed using the maximum absorption at 360 and 638 nm (Co(II)/DEDC) and 390 nm (Ni/DEDC). Adjusting the best metal/ligand ratio, supporting eletrolite, pH, and time of analysis, linear analytical curves from 1.0 10-6-4.0 10-4 for Co(II) in the presence of Ni 1.0 10-6-1.0 10-4 mol L-1 were observed. No further treatment or calculation processes have been necessary. Recoveries in different mixing ratios were of 99%. Interference of Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II), and anions as NO3-, Cl-, ClO4-, citrate and phosphate has been evaluated. The method was applied to natural waters spiked with the cations.
Resumo:
The complexes of 2-methoxyhenoxyacetates of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)with the general formula: M(C9H9O4)3·4H2O, where M(II) = Mn, Co, Ni and Cu have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, magnetic and thermogravimetric studies and also X-ray diffraction measurements. The complexes have colours typical for M(II) ions (Mn(II) - a pale pink, Co(II) - pink, Ni(II) - green, and Cu(II) - blue). The carboxylate group binds as monodentate and bidentate ligands. On heating to 1273K in air the complexes decompose in the same way. At first, they dehydrate in one step to anhydrous salts, that next decompose to the oxides of respective metals with the intermediate formation of the oxycarbonates. Their solubility in water at 293K is of the order of 10-5 mol·dm-3. The magnetic moments of analysed complexes were determined in the range of 76-303K. The results reveal them to be high-spin complexes of weak ligand fields.