Two competitive enzyme immunoassays for the detection of IgG class antibodies to hepatitis a antigen

Two competitive enzyme immunoassays (EIA) techniques were developed: in the first (COMP-1), test sera were added together with HAV antigen on anti-HAV IgG-coated wells followed by an anti-HA VHRP conjugate; in the second (COMP-2), test sera and anti-HA VHRP conjugate competed for HAV epitopes previously adsorbed to anti-HA V IgG-coated wells. Both procedures used tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate. Both competitive tests were shown to be reproducible and suitable for routine diagnosis and research purposes.

Trypanosoma cruzi and experimental Chagas' disease: characterization of a stock isolated from a patient with associated digestive and cardiac form

A new Trypanosoma cruzi stock isolated from a patient in the chronic phase of Chagas' disease with the digestive and cardiac fortn of the disease was characterized by experimental infection in isogenic, susceptible, A/Sn strain mice. Parasitemia curves showed up to 1.7x10(6) parasites/ml and no mortality was observed up to 300 days post infection. Specific IgM was found in mice in the acute phase up to 40 days and also in the chronic phase. IgG antibodies yvere detected in the acute and chronic phase. Histopathology examination demonstrated myotropism to the digestive tract muscle layers and to the heart.

Soroepidemiologia da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite A em "meninos de/na rua" de Goiânia-Goiás

Um estudo soroepidemiológico, para anticorpos contra o vírus da hepatite A (anti- VHA total - IgM e IgG), foi realizado no período de 1991-1992, em 397 "meninos de/na rua" em Goiânia. Destes, 313 apresentavam vínculo familiar e desmvolviam, em sua maioria, atividades de trabalho informal, eitquanto que 84 não possuíam vínculo familiar e se encontravam na rua ou em Instituições do Governo Estadual. A taxa média de prevalência foi de 90,4%, variando de 80,0% a 92,9%, sem contudo apresentar diferença estatística significante relativa à idade (7-21). Também não se evidenciou qualquer diferença quando este grupo foi estratificado para presença ou ausência de vínculo familiar ou mesmo quando analisado em relação a outras variáveis sócio-demogrãficas. Estes dados sugerem que a hepatite A ê endêmica na população de baixa condição sócio-econômica da região e que nesta faixa etãria a maioria dos indivíduos já adquiriu a infecção. Outras investigações em grupos e camadas sociais diferentes são necessárias a fim de parametrar estratégias vacinais em países subdesenvolvidos.

Incidence of anti-toxoplasma antibodies in women with high-risk pregnancy and habitual abortions

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite. In pregnant women on the worldwide scale, there are seroprevalences from 7% to 51.3% and in women with abnormal pregnancies and abortions the seroprevalences vary from 17.5% to 52.3%. In Mexico, seropositivity has been found to vary from 18.2% to 44.8% in women with abnormal deliveries or abortions. This study's aim was to determine the incidence oflgG and IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in women at the Gineco-Obstetrics Hospital of the Western Medical Center of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Three hundred and fifty women with high-risk pregnancies were studied, and 122 (34.9%) were found to be IgG seropositive and 76 (20.7%) were IgM positive. In one group of women with habitual abortions there were 48 (44.9%) with the preseiwe of IgG antibodies and 33 (33-3%) were IgM seropositive. Seropositivity was analyzed according to age, occupation, socio-economic level, eating raw or poorly cooked meat, and living with cats.

Acute exacerbation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection

A case of an acute exacerbation of liver injury in a chronic HBV infected young male is reported. The correlation between the severe symptomatic hepatitis is done with the histopathologic findings of extense areas of bridging necrosis on the Iwer biopsy. The serological pattern for markers of HBV (HBsAg +, anti HBs g -, HBeAg -, anti HBe +, anti HBcIgG + and IgM -) confirm a chronic infection, ana the authors propose that the episode of severe hepatitis relates to the recent spontaneous seroconvertion of HBe Ag to anti HBe. Other causes of hepatitis were excluded, and the control liver biopsy (6 months later) showed normalization of hepatic architecture and absence of markers of viral replication in tissue and serum. A review of literature is done in an attempt to elucidate the diagnostic possibilities in this case, with emphasis on new immunoassays useful in differentiating between acute hepatitis B and acute exacerbation of a chronic hepatitis by the same virus.

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the edta extract of Leptospira interrogans, serovar icterohaemorrhagiae

Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) ivere produced against an etbylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) extract of Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae being characterized by gel precipitation as IgM and IgG (IgGl and IgG2b). The EDTA extract was detected as several bands by silver staining in SDS-PAGE. In the Western blot the bands around 20 KDa reacted with a monoclonal antibody, 47B4D6, and was oxidized by periodate and was not digested by pronase, suggesting that the determinant is of carbohydrate nature, lmmunocytochemistry, using colloidal gold labeling, showed that an EDTA extract determinant recognized by monoclonal antibody 47B4D6, is localized under the outer envelope of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Hoe AIAB raised against the EDTA extract was not able to protect hamsters from lethal challenge with virulent homologous leptospires.

Epidemia de febre do Oropouche em Serra Pelada, município de Curionópolis, Pará, 1994

No final de novembro de 1994, o Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Belém, Pará, foi notificado de um surto de doença febril na população do garimpo de Serra Pelada, município de Curionôpolis (5°35'S; 49°30'W), no Estado do Pará. Vinte amostras de soro de pessoas, com hemoscopia negativa para tnalária, foram recebidas para esclarecimento diagnóstico. Estudos laboratoriais comprovaram que os casos eram devido ao vírus Oropouche (grupo Simbu. gênero Bunyavirus, família Bunyaviridae). Esses achados, induziram d ida de um grupo de técnicos para realização de investigações ecoepidemíológicas entre 8 e 22 de dezembro. Foram coletadas 296 amostras de sangue, de 73 grupos familiares, sendo 54 para pequisa de vírus (casos febris) e 242para sorologia, bem como, procedeu-se a coleta de artrópodes hematófagos. As amostras para pesquisa de vírus foram inoculadas em camundongos recém-nascidos e os soros testados por inibição da hemaglutinação (1H) e MAC ELISA. Foram isoladas dez amostras do vírus Oropouche e obtidas seis soroconversões. Ademais, 245 (82,8%) amostras foram positivas por sorologia e 71 (97,3%) grupos familiares apresentaram pelo menos um membro positivo. Considerando a elevada positividade de anticoipos IH e IgM específica para Oropouche na população de Serra Pelada, concluímos que a epidemia foi extensa e apresentou taxa de ataque em torno de 83%, que correspondeu a infecção de cerca de 5.000 pessoas.

Human parvovirus B19 infections among exanthematic diseases notified as measles

A total of 1397 sera collected from 1095 cases of exanthematic disease notified as measles in ES and RJ states during July 1992 to December 1994 were investigated. These sera were first tested for measles and rubella specific IgM. When they proved negative, they were tested for B19 specific IgM by an enzyme immunoassay. B19 infection was confirmed in 27 (2.5%) of these cases. Sera from 194 negative cases for measles and rubella IgM received from other Brazilian states were also investigated and B19 infection was confirmed for 11 of them. Sera from these 38 IgM positive cases for B19, were tested for anti-B19 IgG by an enzyme immunoassay and for B19 DNA by dot blot hybridization. Anti-B19 IgG antibodies were detected in most of the acute sera. B19 DNA was detected in the acute serum of one patient that had been splenectomized before. As the exanthem caused by human parvovirus infection may be clinically diagnosed as rubella, it could be important to diagnose B19 infection in Brazil since it is becoming prevalent as the cause of rash in countries where rubella is controlled by vaccination.

Anticorpos anti-hantavírus em escolares de Salvador, Bahia

As hantaviroses são doenças emergentes nas Américas e, em todo o mundo, os casos clínicos descritos foram infreqüentes entre crianças. O objetivo de investigar a freqüência de escolares portadores de anticorpos (IgG) anti-hantavírus justifica-se porque poucos estudos soroepidemiológicos pesquisaram a infecção por hantavírus no grupo pediátrico. Nos espécimes séricos de 379 escolares, de duas Escolas públicas da cidade do Salvador, Bahia, foram pesquisados os anticorpos anti-Hantaan (HTN) e anti-Sin Nombre (SN). A soropositividade de anticorpos anti-HTN foi de 13,2% (50/379) e todos os escolares foram soronegativos para o vírus SN. A soropositividade anti-HTN aumentou proporcionalmente com a idade. Não houve associação entre a soropositividade anti-HTN e as características relacionadas à exposição a roedores urbanos. A soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-HTN nos escolares estudados foi elevada e reforçou a hipótese de circulação de hantavírus em Salvador. A não observação de portadores de anticorpos anti-SN indica, provavelmente, a circulação de outros sorotipos nesta região, mais relacionados antigenicamente ao sorotipo Hantaan.

Presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in humans and their cats in the urban zone of Guadalajara

Cats are the definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii. Infected cats excrete oocysts in their feces, infecting humans and other animals. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in cat owners and their pets, and determine if there was a relationship between Toxoplasma infection and humans who live with infected cats. IgG anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in sera of 59 cat owners were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in 24 sera from their cats, IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies were found using Burney's ELISA. Thirty-eight (64%) of 59 cat owners were positive to IgG anti-Toxoplasma. Seropositivity for cats was 70.8% IgG, 8.3% IgM, and 62.5% IgA. Cohabitation with cats infected by T. gondii, feeding with leftovers or raw viscera, and lack of control over how their feces were handled are risk factors conducive for humans to become infected by T. gondii.

Diagnóstico de sífilis congênita: comparação entre testes sorológicos na mãe e no recém-nascido

Para determinarmos as freqüências de sífilis materna e congênita, procedemos ao estudo da resposta aos testes treponêmicos e não treponêmicos de 1.000 parturientes e seus respectivos conceptos. As amostras de sangue venoso da mãe e do recém-nascido e do cordão umbilical foram testadas pelo método de VDRL. Os testes TPHA e ELISA (IgG, IgM) foram utilizados para confirmar os resultados positivos; entre as mães VDRL positivas foi feita a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HIV. Encontramos 24 (2,4%) mães VDRL reativas (da população estudada), todas HIV negativas e, entre seus recém-nascidos, 18 (1,8%) sangue de cordão e 19 (1,9%) sangue venoso positivos. Não houve caso de reatividade nos recém-nascidos sem correspondente positividade materna. O teste de VDRL materno pôde, portanto, ser utilizado, isoladamente, na seleção dos casos de sífilis gestacional e congênita, já que não houve maior sensibilidade diagnóstica através da utilização dos testes treponêmicos, que comparados entre si, mostraram-se semelhantes.

Diagnosis of rubella infection by detecting specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in saliva samples: a clinic-based study in Niterói, RJ, Brazil

This study was designed to investigate whether saliva could be a feasible alternative to serum for the diagnosis of recent rubella infection in a clinic setting. Forty-five paired blood and saliva samples collected 1 to 29 days after onset of illness were tested for specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M by antibody-capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA). Rubella IgM was detected in all serum samples and in 38 (84.4%) saliva specimens. Forty-six serum and saliva samples from other patients with rash diseases were tested by MACRIA for control purposes and two saliva specimens were reactive. The saliva test had specificity of 96%. These results indicate that salivary IgM detection may be a convenient non-invasive alternative to serum for investigation of recent rubella cases, especially for disease surveillance and control programmes.

Aplastic crisis caused by parvovirus B19 in an adult patient with sickle-cell disease

We describe a case of aplastic crisis caused by parvovirus B19 in an adult sickle-cell patient presenting with paleness, tiredness, fainting and dyspnea. The absence of reticulocytes lead to the diagnosis. Anti-B19 IgM and IgG were detected. Reticulocytopenia in patients with hereditary hemolytic anemia suggests B19 infection.

Prevalência de tripanossomíase americana, sífilis, toxoplasmose, rubéola, hepatite B, hepatite C e da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana, avaliada por intermédio de testes sorológicos, em gestantes atendidas no período de 1996 a 1998 no Hospital Universitário Regional Norte do Paraná (Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil)

Com o objetivo de determinar a soroprevalência de tripanossomíase americana, sífilis, toxoplasmose, rubéola, hepatite B, hepatite C e infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes atendidas no Hospital Universitário Regional Norte do Paraná, da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos resultados dos testes sorológicos efetuados no período de junho de 1996 a junho de 1998. As taxas de positividade encontradas foram: 0,9% para tripanossomíase americana, 1,6% para sífilis, 67% (IgG) e 1,8% (IgM) para toxoplasmose, 89% (IgG) e 1,2% (IgM) para rubéola, 0,8% para hepatite B (AgHBs), 0,8% para hepatite C e 0,6% para infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Observou-se associação entre o aumento da soroprevalência de tripanossomíase americana com a idade das gestantes (p = 0,006). Os resultados reafirmam a importância da realização destes testes sorológicos no atendimento pré-natal, com a finalidade de realizar o diagnóstico e, eventualmente, adotar medidas para prevenir a transmissão congênita ou perinatal dessas doenças.

Human parvovirus B19 infection in HIV-positive patients

Parvovirus B19 infects predominantly erythroid cells, leading to transient inhibition of erythropoiesis. Immunocompromised patients may be unable to produce neutralizing antibodies and may develop severe chronic anemia. Epidemiological studies done on Niterói population showed that B19 infection occurs periodically in late spring and summer. We report a study from 55 HIV infected patients attending an infectious diseases outpatient clinic in this city during a 5-month period in which B19 circulation was well documented. All patients were under anti-retroviral therapy. No anti-B19 IgM was found, but a high prevalence of IgG anti-B19 (91%) was observed. In six patients, B19 DNA was found by dot-blot hybridization techniques, but this was not confirmed by PCR. None of these 6 patients manifested anemia and only one had CD4 cell count below 200 x 10(7)/L. We conclude that persistent infection causing anemia is an infrequent finding in our HIV positive patients under drug therapy.