346 resultados para Fertilization (15N)
Resumo:
ABSTRACT Management of boron fertilization depends on the magnitude of B leaching in the soil profile, which varies proportionally with the concentration of B in the soil solution, which, in turn, decreases as the soil pH increases due to the higher sorption of B on soil solid surfaces. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of liming and rates of B applied to the soil on B leaching. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory in 2012, and treatments consisted of a factorial combination of two rates of liming (without and with lime to raise the soil pH to 6.0) and five rates of B (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg kg-1, as boric acid). A Typic Rhodudalf was used, containing 790 g kg-1 clay and 23 g kg-1 organic matter; the pH(H2O) was 4.6. Experimental units were composed of PVC leaching columns (0.10 m in diameter) containing 1.42 kg of soil (dry base). Boron was manually mixed with the top 0.15 m of the soil. After that, every seven days for 15 weeks, 300 mL of distilled water were added to the top of each column. In the percolated solution, both the volume and concentration of B were measured. Leaching of B decreased with increased soil pH and, averaged across the B rates applied, was 58 % higher from unlimed (pH 4.6) than from limed (pH 6.6) samples as a result of the increase in B sorption with higher soil pH. In spite of its high vertical mobility, the residual effect of B was high in this oxisol, mainly in the limed samples where 80 % of B applied at the two highest rates remained in the soil, even after 15 water percolations. Total recovery of applied B, including leached B plus B extracted from the soil after all percolations, was less than 50 %, showing that not all sorbed B was quantified by the hot water extraction method.
Resumo:
ABSTRACT Organic acids present in organic matter and, or, exudates by microorganisms and plants can increase the liberation of potassium present in minerals. The objective of this study was to characterize the residue from ornamental rocks and evaluate the release of K from these residues after the application of organic acids. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions and followed a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial design with three replicates. The studied factors were: two organic acids (citric acid and malic acid), three ornamental rock residues (R1, R2 and R3) and five organic acid rates (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mmol L-1). After agitation, K concentrations were determined in the equilibrium solution. Successive extractions were performed (1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 days after the start of the experiment). The organic acids used (citric and malic) promoted the release of up to 4.86 and 4.34 % of the total K contained in the residue, respectively, reinforcing the role of organic acids in the weathering of minerals and in providing K to the soil. The K quantities were, on average, 6.1 % higher when extracted with citric acid compared to malic acid.
Resumo:
With the objective of studying the effect of increasing phosphorus and potassium doses on the agronomical and technological characteristics of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cultivar IAC 20, an experiment was carried out during 1994/95 on a Red-Dark Latossol at the Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Oeste (CPAO) in Ponta Porã, MS, Brazil. A randomized bloch design was used in a 3 x 5 factorial arrangement with four replications. The doses were 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5, applied as triple superphosphate, and 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 of K2O as KCl. The K2O doses used had a significant influence on the seed cotton yield, plant height and weight of 100 seeds and of bolls.
Resumo:
The productivity and the translocation of assimilates and nitrogen (N) were compared after inoculation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. BR-23) seeds with two strains of Azospirillum brasilense (strains 245 and JA 04) under field conditions. The inoculation of wheat seeds was done with a peat inoculant at sowing time. Plant material for evaluations were collected at anthesis and maturity. No differences in grain yield and in the translocation of assimilates resulting from inoculation were detected. Differences were observed in relation to N rates (0, 15, and 60 kg ha-1). N content in the grain increased significantly in the bacteria-inoculated treatments in which N was not added. This increase in N content in the grain with inoculation was probably due to higher N uptake after anthesis without any significant contribution on the grain yield. Such increment was of 8.4 kg ha-1 of N representing 66% more N than in no inoculated treatment. Regardless of the inoculation and the rate of N applied, it was observed that about 70% of the N accumulated at anthesis was translocated from vegetative parts to the grain.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as perdas de N do sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar, nos ciclos de cana-planta e de cana-soca. Desenvolveram-se dois experimentos em vasos de 220 L, contendo solo de classe textural arenosa. Os fatores de estudo do experimento com cana-planta foram dois tipos de restos culturais incorporados ao solo e quatro doses de N no plantio. No experimento com cana-soca, estudaram-se duas formas de aplicação da uréia em superfície: sobre a palha ou sobre o solo descoberto, ou na profundidade de 15 cm, e duas fontes de K: KCl ou vinhaça. Utilizou-se uréia marcada com 15N. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Em cana-planta, as perdas foram de 12% do N-uréia (recuperação de 88%), que ocorreram, principalmente, por desnitrificação no solo. Em cana-soca, a aplicação da uréia em profundidade resultou em 81% de recuperação do N-fertilizante, enquanto na superficial, somente em 50%. Perdas de 50% do N-uréia aplicado em superfície representam aquelas que ocorreram no solo, principalmente, por volatilização de amônia, e, também, pela parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar. Com aplicação em profundidade, as perdas foram de 19% e se deram pela parte aérea das plantas para a atmosfera, sendo a perda total de N (da uréia e de outras fontes) assimilado pela cultura da ordem de 90 kg ha-1.
Resumo:
A lysimeter experiment was carried out with sugarcane aiming to evaluate the leaching of nitrogen derived from either urea (15N) or the soil/sugarcane crop residues. The leaching of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ was also evaluated. The experiment was a factorial 2x4. The influencing factors were: firstly, the differential addition of two kinds of sugarcane remains to the soil, simulating conditions of cane- plantation renewal after the cane crop harvest, with and without previous straw removal by burning; secondly, four doses of N: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1. During the experimental period the total volume of water received by the sugarcane-soil system was 2,015 mm, with 1,255 mm as precipitation and 760 mm as irrigation. The loss of N by leaching from the fertilizer (15N) was not detected. In the first three weeks the largest losses of N by leaching occurred, originating from the soil/sugarcane remains-N. The mean of leached N during the experimental period of 11 months was of 4.5 kg ha-1. The mean losses of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were of 13, 320 and 80 kg ha-1, respectively.
Resumo:
A associação de adubos verdes a fertilizantes minerais, como fonte de N para as culturas, visa à racionalização no uso das fontes minerais, sem prescindir de produtividades elevadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica do N proveniente de adubos verde e mineral, aplicados de forma exclusiva ou combinada, na cultura do milho. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de mucuna-preta marcada com 15N (113,5 kg ha-1 de N), uréia marcada com 15N (50 e 100 kg ha-1 de N) e as possíveis combinações de mucuna-preta e uréia, marcadas ou não com 15N. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. O milho foi semeado após a incorporação do adubo verde ao solo, parcelando-se a aplicação da uréia na semeadura e em cobertura. O aproveitamento do N da uréia pelo milho (43% em média) foi maior que o da mucuna-preta (12% em média), evidenciando superioridade da uréia como fonte de N para o milho. A quantidade de N, que permaneceu no solo após o cultivo do milho, proveniente da mucuna-preta (em média 50%) foi superior a da uréia (em média 33%). A recuperação média de N da mucuna-preta no sistema solo-planta foi de 61%, ao passo que a da uréia foi de 76%; o restante foi perdido no sistema. A combinação com o adubo verde favorece a recuperação de N da uréia no sistema solo-planta.
Sweet orange trees grafted on selected rootstocks fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
Resumo:
The majority of citrus trees in Brazil are grafted on 'Rangpur lime' (Citrus limonia Osb.) rootstock. Despite its good horticultural performance, search for disease tolerant rootstock varieties to improve yield and longevity of citrus groves has increased. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield efficiency of sweet oranges on different rootstocks fertilized with N, P, and potassium. Tree growth was affected by rootstock varieties; trees on 'Swingle' citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. paradisi Macf.] presented the smallest canopy (13.3 m³ in the fifth year after tree planting) compared to those on 'Rangpur lime' and 'Cleopatra' mandarin [C. reshni (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] grown on the same grove. Although it was observed an overall positive relationship between canopy volume and fruit yield (R² = 0.95**), yield efficiency (kg m-3) was affected by rootstocks, which demonstrated 'Rangpur lime' superiority in relation to Cleopatra. Growth of citrus trees younger than 5-yr-old might be improved by K fertilization rates greater than currently recommended in Brazil, in soils with low K and subjected to nutrient leaching losses.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) por adubos verdes em pré-cultivo e consorciados com berinjela em sistema orgânico, a utilização do N pela berinjela, e o impacto da adubação verde na produtividade de berinjela e no balanço de N do solo. Parcelas com crotalária, milheto e vegetação espontânea foram estabelecidas antes do plantio da berinjela. Após 60 dias, a FBN respondia por 53% do N da crotalária. Como grande porcentagem da vegetação espontânea correspondia a uma leguminosa, um total de 48 kg/ha de N acumulados nessas parcelas originaram-se da FBN. Os pré-cultivos foram roçados para o plantio direto da berinjela, exceto metade das parcelas com vegetação espontânea, que foi incorporada ao solo. Plantou-se a berinjela em consórcio com crotalária e caupi, e de forma "solteira". Aos 52 dias, as leguminosas foram cortadas e deixadas nas entrelinhas de berinjela. A FBN para as leguminosas consorciadas variou com os pré-cultivos, situando-se entre 20% e 90% do N acumulado na planta. Com a técnica de 15N constatou-se que a berinjela se beneficiou do N da adubação verde em pré-cultivo e consórcio. Embora sem efeito sobre a produtividade da berinjela, a FBN nas leguminosas foi suficiente para repor todo o N retirado do sistema através dos frutos.
Resumo:
Chemical fertilisers are rarely avaiable to poor farmers, for whom the nitrogen (N) is often the most limiting element for cereal grain production. The objective of this study was to quantify the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) crops using the 15N natural abundance (delta15N) technique and to determine their residual effect and that of a natural fallow, on growth and N accumulation by two rustic maize varieties. The contribution of BNF calculated from delta15N data was 40.9, 59.6 and 30.9 kg ha-1, for groundnut, velvet bean and the natural fallow, respectively. The only legume grain harvested was from the groundnut, which yielded approximately 1.000 kg ha-1. The subsequent maize varieties ("Sol de Manhã" and "Caiana Sobralha") yielded between 1.958 and 2.971 kg ha-1, and were higher after velvet bean for both maize varieties and "Sol da Manhã" groundnut, followed by "Caiana" after groundnut and, finally, the natural fallow. For a small-holder producer the most attractive system is the groundnut followed by maize, as, in this treatment, both groundnut and maize grain harvest are possible. However, a simple N balance calculation indicated that the groundnut-maize sequence would, in the long term, deplete soil N reserves, while the velvet bean-maize sequence would lead to a build up of soil nitrogen.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes sistemas de manejo na absorção de nitrogênio pelo milho em um Latossolo Vermelho no Cerrado. O nitrogênio total (Ntotal), derivado do fertilizante mineral (Ndfm) e do solo (Ndsolo), foi determinado, além da eficiência de recuperação do nitrogênio fertilizante (ERNF) pelo milho. Os tratamentos foram compostos de oito sistemas de manejo do solo, constituídos de diferentes implementos e épocas de incorporação de restos culturais. O plano de amostragem foi realizado por amostragem aleatória simples. O solo foi a principal fonte de N para as plantas. Sob os sistemas plantio direto ou cultivo mínimo, com escarificação, a cultura do milho apresentou maiores teores de N nos grãos (Ntotal, Ndfm e Ndsolo), assim como maiores ERNF do que no sistema com duplo revolvimento anual com arado de aivecas. O modo de ação dos arados de discos e de aivecas, bem como a época de incorporação dos restos culturais, pré-plantio e pós-colheita, não causaram diferenças nas quantidades de N (Ntotal e Ndfm) nos grãos de milho, embora tenham apresentado diferenças nas dinâmicas de absorção destes conforme a época de aplicação.
Resumo:
The objectives of this study were to evaluate nitrogen utilization by sugarcane ratoon from two sources, applied urea and sugarcane straw covering soil surface (trash blanket), besides the recovery of N from both sources in the soil-plant system. The following treatments were established in a randomized block design with four replicates: T1, vinasse-urea (100 kg ha-1 of urea-N) mixture applied on the total area of the soil covered with cane trash labeled with 15N; T2, vinasse-urea mixture (urea labeled with 15N; 100 kg ha-1 of urea-N) applied on the total area of the soil covered with non-labeled sugarcane trash; and T3, urea-15N (100 kg ha-1 of urea-N) applied in furrows at both sides of cane rows, with previous surface application of vinasse, onto soil without trash covering. The vinasse was applied at a rate of 100 m³ ha-1 in all treatments. The experiment was carried out on a Yellow Red Podzolic soil (Paleudalf), from October 1997 to August 1998, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The nitrogen use efficiency of urea by the sugarcane ratoon was 21%, while that of the sugarcane straw was 9%. The main contributions of N from sugarcane trash, during one cycle, are the preservation and increase of the organic N in soil. The tendency for a lower accumulation of urea-N in the sugarcane plant, in the soil surface covered with sugarcane residue, was compensated by the assimilation of N from trash mineralization. Nitrogen derived from cane trash was more available to plants in the second half of the ratoon cycle
Resumo:
The objective of this work was to identify the most competitive and effective Rhizobium strains in order to increase common bean yield by nitrogen fixation as alternative or complementation to the nitrogen fertilization. Competitiveness tests were lead in axenic conditions, in Cerrado soil pots and in three field experiments, with native Rhizobium strains that were previously identified, according to their effectiveness and genetic variability. The identification of strains in nodules was performed using serological tests (axenic conditions) - agglutination and enzyme linked immunosorbent (Elisa) assays - and random amplified polymorfic DNA (RAPD) (Cerrado soil). Plant yield was determined using the dry weight (greenhouse conditions), total N and grain yield (field experiments). Among the analyzed Rhizobium strains, native strain SLA 2.2 and commercial strain CIAT 899 were the dominant nodules in plants of the most productive plots, presenting yield productivity similar or higher to those obtained in treatments where 20 kg ha-1 of N were applied.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) da cultura da soja, e a eficiência do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados (EUFN) pelas culturas de milho e algodão, no balanço de N de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob plantio direto, em Dourados, MS. O estudo foi feito em dois anos, concentrando-se nas safras de verão. A contribuição da FBN para a soja foi avaliada pela técnica de abundância natural de 15N. A EUFN foi avaliada mediante a substituição dos fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais pelos enriquecidos com 15N, nas culturas do milho e algodão. No primeiro ano, foram adicionados 115 kg ha-1 de N, de forma parcelada, para ambas as culturas; somente a parte aérea das plantas foi avaliada. No segundo ano, somente a cultura do milho foi avaliada, tendo recebido 70 kg ha-1 de N aos 29 DAE. Nesse ano, além da parte aérea do milho, amostrou-se também o solo, na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Nos dois anos de avaliação, a FBN foi superior a 80% do N nas plantas de soja, o que resultou em alta produtividade e em balanço positivo de N para o solo. A EUFN na parte aérea de milho e algodão, no primeiro ano, foi de 48 e 61%, respectivamente. No segundo ano, a EUFN, na parte aérea do milho, foi de 46%, tendo-se observado que 24% do N do fertilizante permaneceu nos primeiros 20 cm de solo. Para os níveis de produtividade das culturas de milho e algodão, o manejo do fertilizante nitrogenado resulta em balanços negativos de N para o solo.
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir a melhor dose e época de aplicação, e a eficiência de utilização do N, utilizando-se uréia marcada com 15N, pelo milho cultivado sob plantio direto, em sucessão à crotalária (Crotalaria juncea), ao milheto (Pennisetum americanum) e à vegetação espontânea (pousio), em um Latossolo Vermelho no Cerrado. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 24 tratamentos e quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial incompleto, 3x3x2 + 6: três doses de N (80, 130 e 180 kg ha-1); três sistemas de cobertura do solo (crotalária, milheto e pousio); duas épocas de aplicação do N (estádio quatro ou oito folhas); e seis tratamentos adicionais (três sem aplicação de N e três que receberam 30 kg ha-1 de N na semeadura). O cultivo do milho em sucessão à crotalária proporciona maior quantidade na planta e aproveitamento pela planta do N proveniente do fertilizante e maior produtividade de grãos. A aplicação do N ao milho com quatro folhas proporciona maior produtividade de grãos, comparada à aplicação com oito folhas, quando em sucessão ao milheto.