Partial characterization and inactivation of peroxidases and polyphenol-oxidases of umbu-cajá (Spondias spp.)

A crude extract of Spondias spp. was evaluated for the influence of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of its peroxidases and polyphenol-oxidases. In order to evaluate the conditions for the inactivation of the enzymes by heat treatment and by addition of a reducing agent, a factorial experimental design (n = 3) was employed using the Statistica (6.0) software package for data analysis. The optimal conditions found for peroxidases were: pH = 5.0 and temperature = 40 ºC, and for polyphenol-oxidases they were pH = 7.0 and temperature = 40 ºC. The peroxidases and polyphenol-oxidases were stable at all pH values tested (3.0 - 10.0) and maintained more than 60% of their activity at temperatures above 30 and 40 ºC, respectively. To achieve the total inactivation of these enzymes, two alternatives can be suggested: incubation at 92 ºC for 3.15 minutes with 200 mg.L-1 of ascorbic acid or incubation at 96 ºC for 2.80 minutes with 100 mg.L-1 of ascorbic acid.

Effect of extracts from araticum (Annona crassiflora) on CCl4-induced liver damage in rats

The influence of ethanolic extracts of Annona crassiflora on the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes was examined. Extracts of A. crassiflora seeds and peel were administered orally (50 mg of galic acid equivalents.kg-1) to Wistar rats for 14 consecutive days followed by a single oral dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 2 g.kg-1). Lipid peroxidation and the activities of hepatic catalase (CAT), cytochromes P450 (CP450) and b5, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRed), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the content of glutathione equivalents (GSH) were evaluated. The treatment with CCl4 increased lipid peroxidation, the level of GSH equivalents and the content of cytochrome b5 by 44, 140 and 32%, respectively, with concomitant reductions of 23, 34 and 39% in the activities of CAT, SOD, and CP450, respectively. The treatment with A. crassiflora seeds and peel extracts alone inhibited lipid peroxidation by 27 and 22%, respectively without affecting the CP450 content. The pretreatment with the A. crassiflora extracts prevented the lipid peroxidation, the increase in GSH equivalents and the decrease in CAT activity caused by CCl4, but it had no effect on the CCl4-mediated changes in CP450 and b5 and SOD. These results show that A. crassiflora seeds and peel contain antioxidant activity in vivo that could be of potential therapeutic use.

Biosensor for determination of glucose in real samples of beverages

A biosensor was developed for spectrophotometric determination of glucose concentrations in real samples of orange juice energetic drinks, and sport drinks. The biosensor consisted of glucose oxidase (GOD) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilized onto polyaniline activated with glutaraldehyde (PANIG). Immobilization parameters were optimized for GOD, and maximum immobilization yield was 16% when 5.0 mg of PANIG and 8.9 U prepared in 0.1 mol.L-1 sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) reacted for 60 minutes at 4 °C with gentle stirring. The linear operational range for glucose determination using optimized operational parameters was between 0.05 and 6.0 mg.mL-1 with a very good reproducibility of response. The results obtained in the biosensor were compared with those obtained using free enzymes (commercial kits) and then validated through statistical analysis using the Tukey test (95% confidence interval).

Effects of peeling methods on the quality of cubiu fruits

Cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal) is an Amazonian Basin native fruit. Its importance comes from its high contents of pectin. Currently, processing technologies are necessary for the substitution of the traditional system (small crops and small-scale processing) for a larger scale system and thus increase the use of biodiversity and promote the implementation of Local Productive Arrangements of agribusiness in the Amazon. This research aims to evaluate the methods of peeling cubiu. Ripe fruits were divided into lots (150 each) and subjected to the following treatments: immersion in 2.5% NaOH boiling solution for 5 minutes, exposure to water vapor, and immersion in water at 96 ºC for 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The peel released during heat treatment and immediately removed under running tap water. In the control treatment, the fruits were manually peeled (unheated) with a stainless steel knife. The treatments were evaluated for completeness and ease of peeling, tissue integrity, texture, and peroxidase activity. The immersion in 2.5% NaOH boiling solution (5 minutes) stood out as the best treatment since it inhibited the enzymatic browning and intensified the natural yellow color of the cubiu fruit and easily and fully peeled the whole fruit more rapidly without damaging its tissues. This treatment was chosen as the most advantageous because it can promote simultaneous peeling and bleaching. Therefore, it is recommended for cubiu industrial processing.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fermented rice (Oryza sativa) bran

This study investigated the content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in fermented rice bran in order to evaluate the effect of solid state fermentation on these properties. The process was performed with the fungus Rhizopus oryzae CTT 1217 in tray reactors at 30 °C for 120 hours. Samples of fermented rice bran were collected every 24 hours. Antioxidant property was evaluated by the diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method and through the inhibition of enzymatic oxidation and lipid peroxidation of olive oil. The methanol extract of the biomass obtained at 96 hours of fermentation inactivated 50% of free radical in 15 minutes. The same extract reduced the peroxide value in the olive oil by 57% after 30 days of storage. The aqueous extract of the biomass obtained at 120 hours was the most efficient inhibitor of the darkening reaction catalyzed by peroxidase.

Studies of chemical and enzymatic characteristics of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and its flours

Due to the importance of studies on yacon related to health, its in natura pulp, in natura peel, pulp flour, and peel flour were chemically analyzed in terms of its centesimal composition, specific minerals, total dietary fiber and fractions, pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, tannins, oxalic acid, and nitrate. The polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymatic activities were evaluated for in natura pulp and peel only. Yacon pulp and peel flour presented average yield of 7.94% and 10.86%, respectively. The in natura pulp presented a higher moisture and carboydrate content and lower lipid, protein, total dietary fiber, and ash than those of the peel flour. The same pattern was observed for pulp flour when compared to peel flour. The highest tannin, nitrate, and oxalic acid levels were found in the peel flour, 15,304.5 mg.kg-1, 1,578.3 mg.kg-1, and 7,925.0 mg.kg-1 (wet weight), respectively. The polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes presented higher enzymatic activity in the yacon peel. Based on the results obtained, it can be said that the yacon and its derivatives are important dietary carbohydrate and mineral sources and contain antinutritional substance contents lower than those harmful to health.

Oxidative enzymes activity in sugarcane juice as a function of the planting system

In Brazil, the largest producer of sugarcane in the world, the industrial process transforms this crop into ethanol and/or granulated sugar. Some cultivars exhibit enzymatic browning in the extracted sugarcane juice at levels harmful to the manufacturing process of white granulated sugar. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sugarcane straw used as soil coverage, the use of different planting systems, and treatments with hydrogel polymer on enzymatic activity. The cultivar RB 86 7515 was sampled for 8 months; the first sample was obtained by cutting the upper portion of the stalk at the internode, which was taken to the laboratory for determination of the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The soil coverage with different forms of straw as well as the planting systems did not change the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity increased with the use of a polymer due to increased polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity in the groove system. The enzymes studied showed changes in activity during the experimental period. The production of sugar at the end of the season (August to November) avoids the periods of highest enzymatic activity.

Ultrafiltration performance of PVDF, PES, and cellulose membranes for the treatment of coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.)

Ultrafiltration (UF) inhibits the enzymatic activity which is responsible for color changes of coconut water without the need for heat treatment. In the present study, UF performance in terms of the permeate flux and enzymatic retention of the coconut water was evaluated at laboratory unit (LU) and pilot unit (PU). The membranes studied were polyethersulfone 150 kDa (UP150), polyvinylidene fluoride 150 kDa (UV150) and cellulose 30 kDa (UC030). The UP150 membrane showed the best permeate flux. The UC030 membrane showed the lowest flux, but it resulted in 100% enzymatic retention, while the other membranes showed enzymatic retentions between 71 and 85%. The application of the UC030 in the pilot unit (PU) resulted in a flux value higher than that obtained in the LU due to the tangential velocity effect. The UC030 membrane has proved adequate for industrial applications.

Influence of levels and forms of selenium associated with levels of vitamins C and E on the performance, yield and composition of tilapia fillet

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE), and two selenium sources on the performance, yield, and composition of Nile tilapia fillet. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments with the addition of 100, 200, and 400 mg kg-1 VC and VE and 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 of two sources of selenium. Each treatment had five replicates of 30 fish each. The diet with 200 mg kg-1 VC and VE + 0.2 mg.k-1 organic selenium resulted in weight gain, length gain, and feed conversion ratio similar to that of the treatment with 400 mg kg-1 VC and VE + 0.4 mg kg-1 organic or inorganic selenium. The addition of organic selenium to the diet improved the weight gain and feed conversion ratio in comparison with the addition of inorganic selenium. The diet with 0.2 mg kg-1 organic selenium showed glutathione peroxidase level equal to the diet with 0.4 mg kg-1 of inorganic selenium. Carcass and fillet yields were not affected by treatments; however, there was treatment effect on the fillet's chemical composition.

Selenium plasma levels in hemodialysis patients: Comparison between North and Southeast of Brazil

Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease present selenium (Se) plasma deficiency which is an essential trace element with important biological functions and, the best known biological role is attributed to its presence in the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The Se content of foods depends on soil and some authors have suggested that Amazon soil (North Brazilian region) has high Se concentrations when compared to other regions of Brazil. Objective: The objective of this work was to compare the Se status in hemodialysis (HD) patients from North and Southeast of Brazil. Methods: Thirty-eight patients from Southeast region (22 men and 16 women, 15% diabetic, 53.5 ± 26.4 yrs) were compared to 40 patients from North region (28 men and 12 women, 22.5% diabetic, 63.5 ± 11.9 yrs). Se in plasma was determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation. Results: The plasma Se levels in patients from Southeast region were significantly lower (17.5 ± 11.9 μg/L) when compared to patients from the North (37.1 ± 15.8 μg/L) (p < 0.001). However, both patient groups presented low Se plasma levels when compared to recommended values (60- 120 μg/L). There was no correlation between plasma Se levels and analyzed parameters. Conclusion: We concluded that patients from North (Amazon) region present higher plasma Se levels when compared to the patients from Southeast of Brazil. However, independently of the region, HD patients presented Se deficiency.

Effects of grape powder supplementation on inflammatory and antioxidant markers in hemodialysis patients: A randomized double-blind study

Introduction: Polyphenols contained in natural sources such as grapes, have been considered pharmacological agents to combat oxidative stress and inflammation, common features in Chronic Kidney Disease patients. Objective: To evaluate the effects of grape powder supplementation on inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: The double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial evaluated non-diabetic HD patients that received grape powder (500 mg of polyphenols/day) (n = 16, 9 men, 53.0 ± 9.8 years of age, 111.6 ± 58.2 HD months) or placebo (n = 16, 9 men, 52.7 ± 13.7 years of age, 110.4 ± 93.1 HD months) for five weeks. The glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were evaluated by ELISA method. Results: After the intervention period, the patients receiving grape powder showed an increase in the GSH-Px activity (16.5 (41.0) to 42.0 (43.3) nmol/min/ml) (p < 0.05) and they did not have the CRP levels increased as seen in placebo group (2.6 (0.28) to 2.8 (0.23 mg/L) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of grape powder as phenolic source could play an important role as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in non-diabetic HD patients.

Detecção de soja geneticamente modificada tolerante ao glifosato por métodos baseados na atividade de enzimas

Avanços na engenharia genética permitiram a obtenção de plantas geneticamente modificadas tolerantes a determinados herbicidas. O uso de sementes de plantas geneticamente modificadas está aumentando rapidamente, havendo a necessidade de desenvolver métodos de identificação e detecção rápidos, práticos e de baixo custo, que possam ser padronizados.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver um método bioquímico de deteccção de soja tolerante ao glifosato. Foram comparados dois genótipos de soja, um tolerante ao glifosato e seu parental não geneticamente modificado. As sementes foram submetidas a tratamentos de pré-embebição por 16 horas, em água e em solução de herbicida contendo 0,6% do ingrediente ativo e, mantidas a seguir em germinador à temperatura de 25°C por sete dias. Após, foi realizada a extração e a determinação da atividade da enzima peroxidase pela avaliação dos eletroforegramas e de reação colorimétrica. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que é possível diferenciar cultivares de soja quanto à tolerância ao herbicida glifosato através da reação colorimétrica. Há diferença nos eletroforegramas de atividade da enzima peroxidase entre os cultivares tolerante e suscetível ao glifosato.

Enzimas removedoras de radicais livres e proteínas lea associadas à tolerância de sementes milho à alta temperatura de secagem

Sementes de milho tornam-se tolerantes à dessecação à medida que secam naturalmente no campo e, após a maturidade fisiológica, pré-secagem a 35ºC pode induzir tolerância à temperatura de secagem de 50ºC. Nesse trabalho, sementes da cultivar BRS-3060, colhidas com teor de água de 42,2%, submetidas a períodos crescentes de pré-condicionamento apresentaram tolerância crescenteà temperatura de 50ºC, até atingirem o teor de água de 25,9%, quando exibiram o máximo desempenho fisiológico, avaliado por meio de testes de germinação, vigor e atividade de enzimas a-amilase. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de investigar o padrão eletroforético de enzimas removedoras de radicais livres e de proteínas lea, em sementes tolerantes e intolerantes a alta temperatura de secagem. As atividades das enzimas removedoras superóxido dismutase, peroxidase e catalase, foram detectadas em hipocótilos de plântulas após cinco dias de germinação e a atividade de proteínas lea detectada em eixos embrionários. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a tolerância de sementes de milho à temperatura de 50ºC está associada à atividade da enzima catalase e pouco relacionada à atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase e peroxidase. Proteínas lea estavam ausentes em sementes de milho intolerantes e sua presença foi associada ao desempenho fisiológico das sementes tolerantes.

Avaliação de genótipos de milho para semeadura precoce sob influência de baixa temperatura

O milho (Zea mays L.) é uma planta de clima tropical que exige calor e umidade para produzir satisfatoriamente e proporcionar rendimentos compensadores. Diversos fatores podem comprometer a germinação das sementes e a emergência de plântulas no campo, merecendo destaque a semeadura em solos com baixas temperaturas. Em regiões que predominam condições de baixas temperaturas, seria importante o uso de sementes mais tolerantes a essa condição de estresse. Sementes de milho apresentam variabilidade genética para a germinação a baixas temperaturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar genótipos de milho quanto a tolerância das sementes à baixa temperatura de germinação, identificando àqueles com potencial para utilização em semeadura precoce. Avaliaram-se 16 genótipos provenientes do programa de melhoramento de milho da empresa KSP Sementes e Pesquisas Ltda., sendo 10 linhagens em diferentes estádios endogâmicos, seis populações de fecundação aberta e três híbridos simples comerciais, recomendados para semeadura precoce na Região Sul do Brasil. A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi feita pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento de plântula, biomassa seca, área foliar e radicular nas temperaturas de 25°C e 10°C. Foram realizadas análises eletroforéticas para os sistemas isoenzimáticos da fosfatase ácida, esterase e peroxidase. Os resultados permitiram classificar os genótipos quanto à tolerância das sementes à baixa temperatura, evidenciando que há variabilidade entre eles e potencialidades para serem usados em semeadura precoce na região sul do Brasil.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho, feijão, soja e alface na presença de extrato de tiririca

A espécie Cyperus rotundus (tiririca) é perene e de difícil controle. Os órgãos subterrâneos dessa ciperácea produzem inibidores capazes de interferir na germinação e no crescimento de plântulas e de plantas de várias espécies, fenômeno chamado de alelopatia. A inibição na germinação de sementes pode estar associada à interferência de substâncias alelopáticas na atividade de enzimas chaves no processo de germinação. Nesse trabalho foi avaliada a qualidade fisiológica assim como a atividade de enzimas envolvidas no processo de germinação em sementes de milho, feijão, soja e alface submetidas ao extrato de bulbos de tiririca. As sementes foram germinadas em substrato contendo extrato de bulbos de tiririca, nas concentrações de 10 g L-1 e 100 g L-1 e água destilada. A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica foi feita por meio de testes de germinação e vigor. Avaliou-se a atividade das enzimas superóxido-dismutase e esterase para todas as espécies, catalase para as sementes de milho e feijão, peroxidase e endo-b-mananase para as de alface, glutamato-oxalacetato-transaminase e a-amilase para as de milho e glicose-6-fosfato-desidrogenase para as de soja. Observou-se uma diminuição da germinação das sementes de alface com o aumento da concentração do extrato, inibição da germinação das sementes de milho e de feijão quando submetidas ao extrato na concentração de 10 g L-1 e um estímulo da germinação de sementes de soja na presença do extrato na concentração de 10 g L-1 e uma inibição em extrato na concentração de 100 g L-1. Foi observada redução da atividade das enzimas superóxido-dismutase, endo-b-mananase, peroxidase e a-amilase com o aumento da concentração do extrato. Para glutamato-oxalacetato-transaminase e glicose-6-fosfato-desidrogenase observou-se aumento da atividade da enzima com o aumento da concentração do extrato, indicando a perda da qualidade das sementes. Para esterase foi verificada menor atividade da enzima nas sementes de alface submetidas à germinação em substrato contendo 100 g L-1 e em soja menor atividade dessa enzima foi observada nas concentrações de 0 e 100 g L-1. Para catalase, observou-se padrões diferenciados de bandas sob concentrações de 10 e 100 g L-1 para o milho. O extrato de bulbos de tiririca interfere na qualidade fisiológica na atividade das enzimas envolvidas no processo de germinação de sementes de milho, feijão, soja e alface.