Análise do tamanho e da forma do ôvo em galinhas das raças Rhode Island Red e Light Sussex e do híbrido entre essas duas raças

Size and shape in eggs of Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex breeds and in the hibrid Rhode x Sussex were studied. These characters are influenced by quantitative genes. Major and minor diameter were used for estimating size of the eggs and the ratio minor/major diameter for shape indice. It was found, in the material analyzed, that: a) the eggs laid by the sa- me chick are pratically uniform; b) the correlation coeficient between major and minor diameter is weak; c) Rhode Island Red has short eggs than Light Sussex; d) short eggs is dominant on long eggs; e) egg shape is the same in Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex breeds and different in the hibrid, which has rounder eggs than the breeds.

Comparação das raças Rhode Island Red, Light Sussex e seu mestiço: ovos, pintos e frangos

The breeds Light Sussex, Rhode Island Red and the hibrid Light Sussex x Rhode Island Red, from the Poultry Department of "Luiz de Queiroz" School of Agriculture, at Piracicaba, S. Paulo, were studied in this paper, Tre authors, analysing eggs, pullets and chick growing arrived to the following conclusion: a) eggs of the Light Sussex breed were haevier; b) the Light Sussex breed was early maturing; c) the cross studied did not show hibrid vigor.

Alimentação dos marrecos II: ração de marrecas para postura - Ração balanceada x Ração grosseira, barata

The author studied in this paper the substitution of a balanced ratio for an economic ratio composed of 50% of sugar beet and 50% of balanced ratio, in feeding ducks egg production. It was found that the combination had no advantage since the production of eggs was very much reduced.

Raça em formação de galinhas de plumagem azul e ovos azuis

This paper deals with the inheritance of black, blue and blue-splashed plumage in poultry. The material analysed had its origin in the State of Goias, Brazil and the genetical data seems to indicate the interaction of a single pair of genes as in the Andalusian fowls and other blue breeds. The dominant gene for blue egg is also present in the material and selection is now being directed to isolate a breed with blue plumage and blue eggs, named "Tudo Azul", what in Portuguese means all blue (plumage and eggs) and corresponds, in braziliian slang, to the expression "O. K." used in the United States. The commercial possibility of the chickens, as judging by its, laying capacity, is emphasized.

Estudos sôbre a coloração da gema de ôvo de galinhas - IV. Efeito da raça e da quantidade de milho amarelo na ração

This paper deals with experiments on the yolk color of chicken eggs. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: a) no differences were observed when different breeds (S. C. W. Leghorn and Rhode Island Red) were fed whith the same ration: yellow corn grains or green feed. b) 30% of yellow corn grain (orange or yellow) in the ration are sufficient to give satisfactory color to the yolk eggs.

Sôbre os inimigos naturais da lagarta das palmáceas Brassolis sophorae sophorae (L.) (Lep., Brassolidae)

Brassolis sophorae (L.) (Lep., Brassolidae) is an old and important pest of some Brazilian Palmae, among which Cocos nucifera L. and Copemicia cerifera Mart, are the most valuable economically. Eggs are attacked by Anastatus reduvii (Howard) (Eupel-midae) and Telenomus sp. and Telenomus nigrocoxdlis Ashmead (Scelionidae), the larvae being destroyed by Withemia pinguis (F.) (Tachinidae). Six other insects devellop inside the pupae : Xanthozona melanopyga (Wiedmann) and Belvosia sp. (Tachinidae) and the Hymenoptera Brachymeria annulata (F.), B. incerta (Cres-son), Spilochalcis nigrifrons Cameron and S. morleyi Ashmead (Chalcicidae), the last of them being principally treated in this paper. A species of Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga lambens Wiedmann) was also noted, some flies being gotten from a single pupa. In Piracicaba (State of S. Paulo, Brasil), according to the Author's observations, B. sophorae principal enemy is X. melanopyga, to which our attention has to be directed in a biological fight against the mentioned Brassolidae. The reported Telenomus sp. is also very harmful to B. sophorae eggs. In the whole zone of its distribution, the hosts of B. sophorae caterpillars are Palmae plants, appearing sporadically feeding on banana and sugar cane leaves.

Biologia da Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera - Adelocephalidae ), praga do «Açoita-Cavalo» (Luehea spp.) e notas sôbre seus inimigos naturais

Biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) (Lep., Adelocephalidae), a pest of Luehea spp. (Tiliaceae), and notes on its natural enemies. In the beginning of 1950, one of the Authors made some observations about the biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker), in Piracicaba, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. From 1951 to 1953, both Authors continued the observations on such an important Adelocephalidae, the caterpillars of which represent a serious pest of Luehea spp. leaves. Actually, in some occasions, the caterpillars can destroy completely the leaves of the trees. The species is efficientely controlled by two natural enemies: an egg parasite (Tetrastichus sp., Hym., Eulophidae) and a fly attacking the last instar caterpillar (Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp), Dip., Tachinidae). Tetrastichus sp. can destroy 100% of the eggs and the fly, 70 to 100% of the caterpillars. Indeed, facts as such are very interesting because we rarely know of a case of so complete a control of a pest by an insect. A. xanthopus had not yet been mentioned in our literature. Actually neither the systematic bibliography nor the economic one has treated of this species. However, a few other species of Arsenura are already known as living on Luehea spp. According to the Authors' observations, W. tricolor was also unknown by the Brazilian entomological literature. Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) After giving the sinonimy and a few historical data concerning the species, and its geographical distribution, the Authors discuss its placing in the genus Arsenura Duncan or Rhescyntis Huebner, finishing by considering Arsenura xanthopus as a valid name. The Authors put the species in the family Adelocephalidae, as it has been made by several entomologists. The host plant The species of Tiliaceae plants belonging to the genus Luehea are called "açoita-cavalo" and are well known for the usefulness of their largely utilized wood. The genus comprises exclusively American plants, including about 25 species distributed throughout the Latin America. Luehea divaricata Mart, is the best known species and the most commonly cultivated. Biology of Arsenura xanthopus Our observations show that the species passes by 6 larval stages. Eggs and egg-postures, all the 6 instars of the caterpillars as well as the chrysalid are described. The pupal period is the longest of the cycle, taking from 146 to 256 days. Data on the eclosion and habits of the caterpillars are also presented. A redescription of the adult is also given. Our specimens agreed with BOUVIER's description, except in the dimension between the extremities of the extended wings, which is a little shorter (107 mm according to BOUVlErVs paper against from 80 to 100mm in our individuals). Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp, 1890) Historical data, geographical distribution and host are first related. W. tricolor had as yet a single known host-; Ar^-senura armida (Cramer). This chapter also contains some observations on the biolcn gy of the fly and on its behaviour when trying to lay eggs on the caterpillars' skin. The female of W. tricolor lays from 1 to 33 eggs on the skin of the last instar caterpillar. The mam region of the body where the eggs are laid are the membranous legs. Eggs are also very numerous oh the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. The. preference for such regions is easily cleared up considering the position assumed by the caterpillar when fixed motionless in a branch. In such an occasion, the fly approaches, the victim, puts the ovipositor out and lays the eggs on different parts of the body, mainly on the mentioned regions, which are much more easily reached. The eggs of the fly are firmly attached to the host's skin, being almost impossible to detach them, without having them broken. The minute larvae of the fly enter the body of, the host when it transforms into chrysalid. Chrysalids recentely formed and collected in nature f requentely show a few small larvae walking on its skin and looking for an adequate place to get into the body. A few larvae die by remaining in the skin of the caterpillar which is pushed away to some distance by the active movements of the chrysalid recentely formed. From 1 to 10 larvae completely grown may emerge from the attacked chrysalid about 8 days after their penetrating into the caterpillars' body and soon begin to look for an adequate substratum where they can transform themselves into pupae. In natural conditions, the metamorphosis occurs in the soil. The flies appear within 15 days. Tetrastichus sp. This microhymenoptera is economically the most interesting parasite, being commonly able to destroy the whole pos^ ture of the moth. Indeed, some days after the beginning of the infestation of the trees, it is almost impossible to obtain postures completely free of parasites. The active wasp introduces the ovipositor into the egg of the moth, laying its egg inside, from 80 to 120 seconds after having introduced it. A single adult wasp emerges from each egg. Sarcophaga lambens Wiedemann, 1830 During the observations carried out, the Authors obtained 10 flies from a chysalid that were recognized as belonging to the species above. S. lambens is a widely distributed Sarcophagidae, having a long list of hosts. It is commonly obtained from weak or died invertebrates, having no importance as one of their natural enemies. Sinonimy, list of hosts and distribution are presented in this paper. Control of Arsenura xanthopus A test has been carefully made in the laboratory just to find out the best insecticide for controlling A. xanthopus caterpillars. Four different products were experimented (DDT, Pa-rathion, BHC and Fenatox), the best results having been obtained with DDT at 0,25%. However, the Authors believe in spite of the initial damages of the trees, that the application of an insecticide may be harmful by destroying the natural agents of control. A biological desiquilibrium may in this way take place. The introduction of the parasites studied (Tetrastichus sp. and Winthemia tricolor) seems to be the most desirable measure to fight A. xanthopus.

Contribuição a história natural do «Pararu» Scardafella squammata squammata(Lesson) (1)

The main wild doves of the region of Piracicaba (State of S. Paulo, Brazil) are Columba cayennensis sylvestris Vieillot, Oreopeleia montana montana (L.), Leptotila verreauxi decipiens Salvadori, Columbigallina talpacoti talpacoti. (Temminck) and Scardafella squammata squammata (Lesson). The last one is well known for the beauty of the coloration of its feathers and for the characteristic sounds produced when flying up. Of common occurrence around the local farms, that species can easily be recognized not only for the mentioned peculiarities as for the voice of the adults, which was translated into the Brazilian onomatopoeia by the expression "fogo-apagou". S. squammata's biology being not well known, the Author presents some notes on its nidification, behaviour of both sexes and of the young birds. The data were gotten in nature and with specimens kept in captivity, where the reproduction took place. In such a situation, the male dove used thin and small wooden shavings to build the nest, an artificial material unknown by him when in nature. This fact may be considered as another proof of the plasticity of the instinctive conduct of birds, not so marked as the one given by SCHIRCH (1931) concerning Synallaxis sp. (Furnariidae), which made use of wire pieces and also barbed wires in confectioning the nest. The copulation was sometimes verified, being preceded by the phenomena well known in other Columbidae species. The nest had its building ready just on the day in which the first egg was laid. As it generally happens amongst doves, the nest was not carefully made - a simple and shallow bowl (diameter = 10 cm), where two entirely white eggs were put.. .. ..(22,5-24,5 x 18,0-19,0 mm). The eclosion took place 14 days after the laying of the last egg. As soon as the young doves (at least the male one) can feed by themselves, they try to produce the characteristic species sounds. "Pararu", a common name oly applied to another species - Claravis godefrida (Temminck) - is reported, which is preferably used by people in this region to call the studied dove. No differences between the coloration of the fathers of the two sexes were observed. The female dove seemed to be a little thinner than the male. In addition, the slight differences between the sounds produced by the male and female are pointed out.

Ácaros encontrados sôbre maçãs de procedência argentina

Apples from Argentina showed large numbers of mite eggs and some diapausing females. They were reared on leaves of lima beans. From the eggs acari related to Panonychus ulmi were obtained and also specimens of Cheyletidae. The diapausing females proved to be Tetranychus telarius and large populations were obtained from four females. There was also one specimem of Phytoseiid mite.

Aspects of the biology and behavior of Nesolynx sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)

This research was carried out to study some aspects of the biology and behavior of Nesolynx sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a pupal parasite of Psorocampa denticulata (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) a defoliating caterpillar of Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil. The adults emerge from the host pupa through a circular hole on Its dorsal region. Mating occurs righ after the emergence and the longevity of adults was two days for the males and four days for the females. Regarding to the host species Diatraea saccharalis showed a number of adults significantly greater than Galleria mellonella and the increasing temperature from 21±1 °C to 26±1°C caused a significative increasing in the number of emerged adults in both host species. The emergence of adults increased proportionally to the period of exposition to the host up to 3.50 days; after that, a considerable decrease in the emergence was observed. The parasitoid showed parthenogenetic reproduction therefore the average number of emerged males was significantly greater than the number of females. The sex ratio was similar for the insects emerged from virgin or mated females (0,96) and the life cycle lenght was around 18.34 days for both conditions.

Effects of intraspecific competition and food deprivation on the immature phase of Ascia monuste orseis (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

The effect of intraspecific competition for food on larvae and of food deprivation for 24 h on 2nd and 4th instars of Ascia monuste orseis (Godart, 1819) was investigated. Intraspecific competition for food during the immature phase leads to long pupation time, high larval mortality, reduced adult weight, and reduced number of eggs per female. In food deprivation experiments, the major differences in A. monuste orseis performance were long pupation time in the group that was deprived during the 2nd instar; and a negative effect on reproduction in the group that was deprived during the 4th instar, with reduced adult weight. Both food deprived periods tested are critical, and deprivation during the 2nd instar seems to have an effect as drastic as during the 4th instar because it directly affects larvae survival. Immatures can resist food deprivation for 24 h during the 2nd and 4th instars (low mortality), have a compensatory behaviour (high ingestion and biomass gain) during the 5th instar, and do not demonstrate cannibalistic behaviour during food deprivation.

Desenvolvimento de Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Diptera, Muscidae) em laboratório

A colony of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (WULP, 1883) was established in the laboratory to obtain eggs, larvae and puparium, to determine the period of development and viability at constant temperature with RH above 75% and photoperiod of 12 h. The viability of development cicle was 48.68%. Incubation period was 21.17 h, larvae development 25.97; 48.08 and 233.65 h for the first, second and feeding phase of third instars, respectively. The development period of postfeeding larva, prepupa and pupa development was 322.26 h.

Descriptions and biological notes of immatures of Microctenochira Difficilis (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Hispinae, Cassidini)

Descriptions and illustrations of egg, larva and pupa of Microctenochira difficilis (Boheman, 1855) are presented for the first time. Biological notes and bionomic informations are also included. Eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were collected on Tabebuia sp. (Bignoniaceae) in Monjolinho arboretum at Centro Experimental Santa Elisa, Campinas, State of São Paulo, and kept in laboratory for rearing.

Una nueva especie de Hoplopleura (Phthiraptera, Anoplura) parásita de tres especies de Bibimys (Muridae, Sigmodontinae, Rodentia)

A new species Hoplopleura massoiai is described, based on specimens collected on three species of Bibimys Massoia, 1979: B. torresi Massoia, 1979, B. chacoensis (Shamel, 1931) and B. labiosus (Winge, 1887), from Chaco, Misiones and Buenos Aires provinces, Argentina. Male, female, first nymphal instar, external architecture of eggs and sites of oviposition are described, providing differences with its close relative Hoplopleura scapteromydis Ronderos, 1965; comments on distribution of the new species on its hosts are done.

Padrão reprodutivo de Elachistocleis bicolor (Anura, Microhylidae) na Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

The reproductive pattern of Elachistocleis bicolor (Guérin Méneville, 1838) was studied at Serra da Bodoquena, from October 2000 to September 2001. Reproduction occurred in the wet season (October to April) and was correlated to high continuous pluviometric precipitation. The species presents sexual size dimorphism, with females larger than males. The number of mature eggs per ovary was 620 ± 251 (n=39) and mature eggs measured 1.15 ± 0.30 mm (n=40). Elachistocleis bicolor presented significant relations between snout-vent length and number of mature eggs (n=39; r²=0.25; p=0.001), individual weight and number of mature eggs (n=41, r²=0.30; p=0.002), snout-vent length and ovarian weight (n=35; r²=0.47; p<0.01), and individual weight and ovarian weight (n=36; r²=0.55; p<0.01). Weight and volume are better to study size-fecundity relationships than snout-vent length. The females invested 22.7 ± 6.3 % (n=35) of their weights in reproduction and the variance associated to this variable was high, related to the reproductive mode of the species.