Alterações morfoanatômicas foliares da cana-de-açúcar na fase de estabelecimento em condições de matocompetição

Com o objetivo de avaliar parâmetros de produção e possíveis alterações morfoanatômicas de tecidos foliares da cana-de-açúcar, variedade RB 86 7515, na fase de estabelecimento, em condições de matocompetição, foi conduzido um experimento em vasos em Dracena, Estado de São Paulo, entre os meses de abril e junho de 2010, na Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho. Foram utilizadas as espécies Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, consideradas como invasoras. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo sete tratamentos e cinco repetições, totalizando 35 parcelas ou vasos. Os tratamentos variaram de acordo com o número de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, sendo: T1 - ausência de matocompetição; T2 - baixa ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria brizantha; T3 - média ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria brizantha; T4 - alta ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria brizantha; T5 - baixa ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria decumbens; T6 - média ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria decumbens; e T7 - alta ocorrência de matocompetição com Brachiaria decumbens. Após 60 dias do plantio da cana-de-açúcar e das espécies invasoras, foram avaliados: peso da matéria seca total das plantas; espessura da epiderme da face superior ou adaxial; espessura da epiderme da face inferior ou abaxial; espessura do mesofilo; espessura do limbo; diâmetro dos vasos xilemáticos; e diâmetro dos vasos floemáticos. A matocompetição das espécies Brachiaria brizantha e Brachiaria decumbens, consideradas como invasoras, provocou redução das características morfoanatômicas e de produção da cana-de-açúcar. De maneira geral, Brachiaria decumbens foi a espécie que mais influenciou negativamente a espessura foliar da cana-de-açúcar.

Effect of selectivity of herbicides and plant growth regulators used in sugarcane crops on immature stages of Trichogramma galloi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Herbicides and plant growth regulators are often used in sugarcane management. However, the use of non-selective pesticides can cause adverse effects on the efficiency of beneficial insects in integrated pest management. Within this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of such products on the immature stages of the parasitoid Trichogramma galloi. Eggs of Diatraea saccharalis containing the parasitoid at the egg-larva stage and at the prepupal and pupal stages were immersed in test solutions of the following pesticides (maximum recommended doses for sugarcane): herbicides clomazone and diuron + hexazinone, and plant growth regulators trinexapac-ethyl and sulfometuron-methyl. The biological properties evaluated were emergence (F1 and F2) and number of eggs parasitized by T. galloi (F1). The products were classified according to percentage of reduction in emergence and parasitism: harmless (<30%), slightly harmful (30-79%), moderately harmful (80-99%) and harmful (>99%). The pesticides evaluated were considered to be harmless or slightly harmful to immature T. galloi and, thus, their use should be preferred for preserving this parasitoid species in sugarcane management programs.

Sugarcane tolerance to ratoon eradication with glyphosate determined by physiological responses

This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of sugarcane cultivars to ratoon eradication under different glyphosate rates by means of physiological responses. Therefore, a trial was carried out in randomized complete blocks with 4 x 4 factorial design (cultivars x rates) totaling 16 treatments with four replicates. The cultivars IAC91-5155, IACSP93-3046, and IAC86-2480 and IAC87-3396 and the glyphosate rates 0 g ha-1; 1,920 g ha-1; 2,400 g ha-1; 2,880 g ha-1 were tested. The variables analyzed were percentage of tiller mortality, quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and SPAD index. The results showed that there are differences among sugarcane cultivars for tiller eradication and for physiological responses with glyphosate different rates. The rate of 2,880 g ha-1 was the most efficient in eliminating sugarcane tillers. The cultivars IAC86-2480, IAC87-3396 and IACSP93-3046 were the most sensitive and the IAC91-5155 tolerated, for a longer period of time, the damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of the ratoons caused by glyphosate desiccation. Due to different responses, different managements should be considered for eliminating ratoons of different cultivars.

Extraction and Simultaneous Determination of Glyphosate, AMPA and Compounds of the Shikimic Acid Pathway in Plants

This study has aimed to develop a method for simultaneous extraction and determination by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), shikimic acid, quinic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. For the joint analysis of these compounds the best conditions of ionization in mass spectrometry and for chromatographic separation of the compounds were selected. Calibration curves and linearity ranges were also determined for each compound. Different extraction systems of the compounds were tested from plant tissues collected from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla platiphylla) plants two days after the glyphosate application at the dose of 720 g a.e. ha-1. The plant material was dried in a forced air circulation drying oven and in a lyophilizer, and subsequently the extractions with acidified water (pH 2.5), acetonitrile-water (50:50) [v/v] and methanol-water (50:50) [v/v] were tested. To verify the recovery of the compounds in the plant matrix with acidified water as an extracting solution, the samples were fortified with a solution containing the mixture of the different analytical standards present so that this one presented the same levels of 50 and 100 μg L-1 of each compound. All experiments were conducted with three replicates. The analytical method developed was efficient for compounds quantifications. The extraction from the samples dried in an oven and using acidified water allowed better extraction levels for all compounds. The recovery levels of the compounds in the fortified samples with known amounts of each compound for both plants samples were rather satisfactory.

Weed Community in a Raw Sugarcane Renovation Area Submitted to Different Soil Managements

The objective of this study was to evaluate the weed community in a raw sugarcane renovation area with three soil managements and peanut sowing in succession. The experiment was conducted during the 2007/08 season on a raw sugarcane area harvested without prior burning in the last five cuts. A randomized block design with treatments arranged in a split plot and arranged in four replications was used. The main treatments consisted of three cropping systems: conventional tillage, minimum tillage and direct planting, and subplots consisted in the absence (resting) or presence of crop rotation with peanuts. After 135 days from planting peanuts and 180 days of sugarcane harvest, the number of weeds m-2 was counted and the shoot dry biomass of the weeds collected was determined. The data were interpreted by analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability so that phytosociological indices a, b, c e d were calculated. The use of soil conservation tillage and peanut in rotation with sugarcane in the renovation areas is effective in controlling weeds and suppression of weed species difficult to control like Cyperus rotundus, Commelina bengalensis, Urochloa plantaginea, and Digitaria nuda.

Composição mineral de uma linhagem de Pleurotus ostreatus cultivada em resíduos madeireiros e agroindustriais da região amazônica

Os cogumelos do gênero Pleurotus são cultivados em diversos substratos lignocelulósicos, dada a atividade decompositora desses organismos proveniente de seu metabolismo enzimático. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a composição mineral de Pleurotus ostreatus e dos substratos de cultivo preparados à base de resíduos madeireiros e agroindustriais da região amazônica. Foram analisados macro (P, K, Ca e Mg) e micronutrientes (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn e Na) dos cogumelos e dos substratos. Os substratos foram formulados a partir da serragem de Simarouba amara Aubl. (marupá), Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. (pau de balsa) e de bagaços de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunheira) e de Saccharum officinarum (cana-de-açúcar). As amostras foram solubilizadas mediante digestão ácida (nítrico-peridrol). Os elementos Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn e Mn foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atômica; o Na e K, por emissão atômica e o P, por colorimetria. A composição mineral do cogumelo variou com o substrato de cultivo. Os diferentes substratos possibilitaram a produção de um cogumelo rico em K, P, Mg e Fe, essenciais à nutrição e à saúde humana. O potássio foi o mineral de maior teor no cogumelo em todos os substratos testados (36,83-42,18 g.kg-1), seguido de fósforo (6,95-10,60 g.kg-1) e do magnésio (1,57-2,50 g.kg-1).

Physiochemical analysis and centesimal composition of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom grown in residues from the Amazon

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the nutritional composition of mushrooms produced in alternative substrates in agricultural and agro-industrial residues from the Amazon. C, N, pH, moisture, soluble solids, protein, lipids, total fibers, ashes, carbohydrates and energy were determined. Substrates were formulated from Simarouba amara Aubl. and Ochroma piramidale Cav. ex. Lam. Sawdust and from Bactris gasipaes Kunth and Saccharum officinarum stipe. Results showed that the nutritional composition of P. ostreatus varied according to the cultivation substrate and that it can be considered important food due to its nutritional characteristics such as: high protein content; metabolizable carbohydrates and fiber; and low lipids and calories contents.

Oxidative enzymes activity in sugarcane juice as a function of the planting system

In Brazil, the largest producer of sugarcane in the world, the industrial process transforms this crop into ethanol and/or granulated sugar. Some cultivars exhibit enzymatic browning in the extracted sugarcane juice at levels harmful to the manufacturing process of white granulated sugar. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sugarcane straw used as soil coverage, the use of different planting systems, and treatments with hydrogel polymer on enzymatic activity. The cultivar RB 86 7515 was sampled for 8 months; the first sample was obtained by cutting the upper portion of the stalk at the internode, which was taken to the laboratory for determination of the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The soil coverage with different forms of straw as well as the planting systems did not change the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity increased with the use of a polymer due to increased polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity in the groove system. The enzymes studied showed changes in activity during the experimental period. The production of sugar at the end of the season (August to November) avoids the periods of highest enzymatic activity.

Efeito da adição de palha de cana-de-açúcar e da aplicação de vinhaça ao solo no desenvolvimento inicial de três cultivares de mamona

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da palha de cana-de-açúcar e da aplicação da vinhaça na emergência de plântulas e no desenvolvimento inicial de três cultivares de mamona. O experimento foi disposto em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em casa-de-vegetação em Campinas, SP, em vasos com Latossolo Roxo. Foi estudada a combinação entre quantidades de palha de cana-de-açúcar Saccharum spp. cv. SP803280 equivalentes a 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t.ha-1, quantidades de vinhaça equivalentes a 0 e 150 m³.ha-1 e as cultivares de mamona IAC-Guarani, Íris e IAC-2028. Diariamente, foi avaliada a emergência das plântulas e no final de 30 dias após a semeadura, foi calculado o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) e a porcentagem final de emergência. Avaliou-se também a altura média das plantas e as biomassas fresca e seca da parte aérea. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de vinhaça reduz, sensivelmente, a emergência de plântulas das cultivares de mamona IAC-Guarani, Íris e IAC-2028, entretanto não há prejuízos posteriores ao desenvolvimento das plântulas que emergem na presença deste resíduo. A adição de palha de cana-de-açúcar ao solo não altera a emergência, mas interfere positivamente no desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de mamona