Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among blood donors from mid-west region of Brazil

In order to investigate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in mid-west region of Brazil, 250 anti-HCV positive blood donors were studied. Among them, the anti-HCV serological status was confirmed in 205 (82%). HCV RNA was detected in 165 samples, which were genotyped. HCV types 1, 2 and 3 were found in 67.9%, 3% and 29.1% of the donors, respectively. In Goiás state, subtype 1a (50%) was the most prevalent, followed by subtypes 3a (30.9%) and 1b (16.7%). In Mato Grosso state, subtype 1a was also predominant (41%), followed by subtypes 1b (29.5%) and 3a (25%). In Mato Grosso do Sul state, subtypes 1a and 1b were detected equally (36.8%), followed by 3a (21.1%). Subtype 2b was rare (2.4%, 4.5% and 5.3%, respectively). In Distrito Federal, subtype 3a (39%) was more frequent than 1a (31.7%) and the remaining (29.3%) belonged to subtype 1b.

Evaluation of seroepidemiological toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients in the south of Brazil

Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the opportunistic infections for individuals with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of neurotoxoplasmosis, ocular toxoplasmosis and antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-positive patients attending the SAE (Specialized Assistance Service for HIV/AIDS), as well as to associate their serological profile with epidemiological and clinical data. A total of 250 patients participated in the study from December, 2009 to November, 2010. Serological analysis was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent technique; epidemiological data were gathered by a questionnaire, and clinical history was based on the analysis of medical charts. Prevalence of seropositivity was 80%, with history of neurotoxoplasmosis in 4.8% and of ocular toxoplasmosis in 1.6% of the patients. The Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) was not used by 32% of the patients, 18.4% of the patients had CD4+ T- lymphocyte count less than 200 cells/mm³ and 96.8% of them were not aware of the modes of disease transmission. These findings led us to conclude that the study population is at high risk of clinical toxoplasmosis, because of both reactivation of infection in the seropositive patients who do not make a regular use of HAART, and primo-infection in seronegative patients worsened by an unawareness of the modes of infection reported in this study.

Toxocariasis in children attending a Public Health Service Pneumology Unit in Paraná State, Brazil

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most widely used tool to detect anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies for both serodiagnostic and seroepidemiological surveys on human toxocariasis. In the last eight years a high prevalence of toxocariasis (32.2-56.0%) has been reported in children attending public health units from municipalities in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this work was to compare the frequency found among the general child population with that of children attending a public pneumology service in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil and describe the laboratorial, clinical and epidemiological findings. The research was conducted at the Consórcio Público Intermunicipal de Saúde do Setentrião Paranaense (CISAMUSEP) from July 2009 to July 2010 among children aged between one and 15 years. From a total of 167 children studied, only 4.2% (7/167) tested positive for anti-Toxocara spp. IgG antibodies and presented mild eosinophilia (2/7), increased serum IgE levels (6/7) and a positive allergy test for mites (5/7). The presence of pets (dogs or cats) at home did not correlate with the seroprevalence. In conclusion, cases of toxocariasis involving the respiratory tract are rare in children attending a public health pneumology unit in the northwestern region of Paraná State, despite the high prevalence of this type of toxocariasis among the infantile population attending Basic Health Units in the same geographical area.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHLEBOTOMINAE IN PUERTO IGUAZU-MISIONES, ARGENTINA-BRAZIL-PARAGUAY BORDER AREA

SUMMARY The first Argentinian autochthonous human case of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was confirmed in Posadas (Misiones) in 2006. Since then, the disease has increased its incidence and geographical distribution. In the 2006-2012 period, 107 human cases were detected (11 deaths). The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis was detected in peridomiciles in Puerto Iguazú urban area in 2010; some of these findings were associated with households where cases of canine VL had already been reported. The objective of this study was to ascertain the abundance and spatial distribution of Lu. longipalpis in Puerto Iguazú City, on the Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay border. Lu. longipalpis proved to be exclusively urban and was found in 31% of the households sampled (n = 53), 67% of which belonged to areas of low abundance, 20% to areas of moderate abundance and 13% to areas of high abundance. Nyssomyia whitmani was the only species found both in urban and peri-urban environments, and Migonemyia migonei was registered only on the outskirts of the city. Due to the fact that Puerto Iguazú is considered to be at moderate risk at the moment, it is necessary to intensify human and canine case controls, as well as take integrated prevention and control measures regarding the environment, vectors and reservoirs on the Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay border area.

PRETERM BIRTH AND FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION IN HIV-INFECTED BRAZILIAN PREGNANT WOMEN

Introduction: Maternal HIV infection and related co-morbidities may have two outstanding consequences to fetal health: mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) and adverse perinatal outcomes. After Brazilian success in reducing MTCT, the attention must now be diverted to the potentially increased risk for preterm birth (PTB) and intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR). Objective: To determine the prevalence of PTB and IUGR in low income, antiretroviral users, publicly assisted, HIV-infected women and to verify its relation to the HIV infection stage. Patients and Methods: Out of 250 deliveries from HIV-infected mothers that delivered at a tertiary public university hospital in the city of Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil, from November 2001 to May 2012, 74 single pregnancies were selected for study, with ultrasound validated gestational age (GA) and data on birth dimensions: fetal weight (FW), birth length (BL), head and abdominal circumferences (HC, AC). The data were extracted from clinical and pathological records, and the outcomes summarized as proportions of preterm birth (PTB, < 37 weeks), low birth weight (LBW, < 2500g) and small (SGA), adequate (AGA) and large (LGA) for GA, defined as having a value below, between or beyond the ±1.28 z/GA score, the usual clinical cut-off to demarcate the 10th and 90th percentiles. Results: PTB was observed in 17.5%, LBW in 20.2% and SGA FW, BL, HC and AC in 16.2%, 19.1%, 13.8%, and 17.4% respectively. The proportions in HIV-only and AIDS cases were: PTB: 5.9 versus 27.5%, LBW: 14.7% versus 25.0%, SGA BW: 17.6% versus 15.0%, BL: 6.0% versus 30.0%, HC: 9.0% versus 17.9%, and AC: 13.3% versus 21.2%; only SGA BL attained a significant difference. Out of 15 cases of LBW, eight (53.3%) were preterm only, four (26.7%) were SGA only, and three (20.0%) were both PTB and SGA cases. A concomitant presence of, at least, two SGA dimensions in the same fetus was frequent. Conclusions: The proportions of preterm birth and low birth weight were higher than the local and Brazilian prevalence and a trend was observed for higher proportions of SGA fetal dimensions than the expected population distribution in this small casuistry of newborn from the HIV-infected, low income, antiretroviral users, and publicly assisted pregnant women. A trend for higher prevalence of PTB, LBW and SGA fetal dimensions was also observed in infants born to mothers with AIDS compared to HIV-infected mothers without AIDS.

IDENTIFICATION OF Leishmania infantum IN PUERTO IGUAZÚ, MISIONES, ARGENTINA

 The emergence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in Latin America is a growing public health problem. The urbanization of ZVL has been observed in different countries around the world, and there are a growing number of reports drawing attention to the emergence of this infection in new locations, as well as its increase in previously established areas of endemicity. In the city of Posadas, Misiones province, Northeastern Argentina, the transmission of ZVL associated with canines and Lutzomyia longipalpis was first reported in 2006. In the city of Puerto Iguaz&#250;, also in Misiones province, the first human case of ZVL was reported in February 2014. From 209 surveyed dogs, 15 (7.17%) were identified as positive by serological and/or parasitological methods. Amplification was observed in 14 samples and in all cases the species implicated was Leishmania infantum. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of L. infantum from dogs in this area.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL, ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL, AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF Talinum paniculatum

SUMMARY In this study, the bioactivity of Talinum paniculatum was evaluated, a plant widely used in folk medicine. The extract from the T. paniculatum leaves (LE) was obtained by percolation with ethanol-water and then subjecting it to liquid-liquid partitions, yielding hexane (HX), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (BuOH), and aqueous (Aq) fractions. Screening for antimicrobial activity of the LE and its fractions was evaluated in vitro through broth microdilution method, against thirteen pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms, and the antimycobacterial activity was performed through agar diffusion assay. The cytotoxic concentrations (CC90) for LE, HX, and EtOAc were obtained on BHK-21 cells by using MTT reduction assay. The LE showed activity against Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of 250 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, HX demonstrated outstanding activity against Micrococcus luteus and Candida albicans with a MIC of 31.2 µg/mL in both cases. The MIC for EtOAc also was 31.2 µg/mL against Escherichia coli. Conversely, BuOH and Aq were inactive against all tested microorganisms and LE proved inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosisand Mycobacterium bovisas well. Campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol were the proposed structures as main compounds present in the EF and HX/EtOAc fractions, evidenced by mass spectrometry. Therefore, LE, HX, and EtOAc from T. paniculatumshowed potential as possible sources of antimicrobial compounds, mainly HX, for presenting low toxicity on BHK-21 cells with excellent Selectivity Index (SI = CC90/MIC) of 17.72 against C. albicans.

ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF PLANT SPECIES FROM BRAZILIAN CAATINGA AGAINST DERMATOPHYTES

Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex, or Trichophyton spp. are the main etiologic agents of dermatophytosis, whose treatment is limited by the high cost of antifungal treatments, their various side effects, and the emergence of resistance amongst these species. This study evaluated the in vitro antidermatophytic activity of 23 crude extracts from nine plant species of semiarid vegetation (caatinga) found in Brazil. The extracts were tested at concentrations ranging from 1.95 to 1,000.0 mg/mL by broth microdilution assay against the reference strains T. rubrum ATCC 28189 and T. mentagrophytesATCC 11481, and 33 clinical isolates of dermatophytes. All plants showed a fungicidal effect against both fungal species, with MIC/MFC values of the active extracts ranging from 15.6 to 250.0 µg/mL. Selected extracts of Eugenia uniflora (AcE), Libidibia ferrea (AE), and Persea americana (AcE) also exhibited a fungicidal effect against all clinical isolates of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes complex. This is the first report of the antifungal activity of Schinus terebinthifolius, Piptadenia colubrina, Parapiptadenia rigida, Mimosa ophthalmocentra, and Persea americana against both dermatophyte species.

Contribuição à epidemiologia das uretrites gonocócicas no Estado da Guanabara

Foram estudados 263 casos de uretrites gonocócicas no sexo masculino, casos constantes dos arquivos do Centro Médico Sanitário da III Região Administrativa do Estado da Guanabara e selecionados ao acaso, sendo escolhidos os casos de tratamento encerrado. Todos os casos foram diagnosticados por bacterioscopia e ocorreram entre janeiro de 1968 e junho de 1969. A maioria dos casos ocorreu nos pacientes mais jovens (20 a 24 anos) e solteiros, de ocupações variadas, porém de classe sócio-econômica inferior. O tempo de incubação mais encontrado foi de 4 dias (58,9%) e o modo de contágio mais freqüente foi evidentemente o contato sexual (250 casos). Cêrca de 90% dos casos curaram-se antes de 2 meses, sendo que o medicamento mais usado no combate da blenorragia foi a penicilina, tendo havido porém 49 casos que não responderam bem a êste antibiótico, tendo sido curados com outros medicamentos. Ocorreu uma complicação comprovada da uretrite gonocócica, que foi uma orquite, e ressaltou-se a associação da gonorréia com outras doenças, especialmente com o cancro de Ducrey, o que ocorreu em 6 casos (2,2%).

O fígado nas leptospiroses

Os autores chamam a atenção para o aspecto endêmico-epidêmico da infecção na Guanabara e regiões próximas. Assinalam fatos referentes a gravidade da infecção e ao pouco conhecimento das formas anictéricas. Dão ênfase às manifestações digestivas e assinalam a importância de se incluir as leptospiroses no diagnóstico diferencial de àbdome cirúrgico principalmente aqueles com icterícia. Consideram como sinais de prognóstico grave a insuficiência renal aguda com anúria, e presença de hemorragia digestiva, convulsões e/ou choque. Das exteriorizações digestivas o comprometimento hepático e a icterícia são os itens analisados no trabalho. O material estudado consta de 42 casos analisados do ponto de vista funcional e histopatolôgico sendo que o material de autópsia foi obtido de apenas 3 casos e o restante, através de punção-biopsia. O maior grau de icterícia foi alcançado na 2ª e 3ª semanas de doença e o predomínio absoluto é o da fração da bilirrubina direta. Elevações expressivas da fosfatase alcalina e colesterol ao lado de hiperbilirrubinemias severas em tôrno da 2ª e 3ª semana de doença, configuraram em muitos casos um componente obstrutivo importante com correspondência nos achados de histopatologia. Em nenhuma ocasião as transaminases ultrapassaram a 250 u Karmen assim como necrose hepátioa em nenhum espécime histopatolôgico foi importante. 22 pacientes apresentaram cifras de atividade protrombínica interiores a 60% e os casos que receberam vitamina Kl, respostas não foram obtidas. Os principais elementos de eletroforese protéica encontrados em 26 pacientes foram: hipoalbuminemia em todos, alfa 2 elevada sem exceção, beta acima de 0,90 g% em 14 e gama superior a 1,4 em 15. As provas de floculação e turvação se mostraram bastante alteradas em 14. Os principais elementos de patologia encontrados foram localização centrolobular da lesão, dissociação trabecular, colestase, degeneração e regeneração hepatocitárias e proliferação kupfferiana. Estas lesões podem ser encontradas em pacientes com história clínica de mais de 30 dias de evolução. Finalizam discutindo a patogenia da doença e a fisiopatologia das alterações hepáticas no decurso das leptospiroses.

Estudos sobre a epidemiologia da doença de Chagas no Ceará XX - ecologia de triatomíneos em russas

Foi escolhida para demolição, no Município de Russas, território do Triatoma braziliensis, uma casa borrifada 104 dias antes com BHC. Na área - a Fazenda Boa Vista - resisdem 250 habitantes; a taxa de infecção humana é 7,7% (imunofluorescência indireta) e a de cães é 9,1% (xeno). A captura prévia na área revelou 171 T. braziliensis (46,8%) infectados e raros Triatoma pseudo maculata (5). Na casa havia um habitante com teste de imunofluorescência positivo e de 26 T. braziliensis capturados nenhum revelou infecção. Durante a demolição foram capturados 1 rato infectado pelo Trypanosoma cruzi e 104 triatomíneos, (89,4% T. pseudomaculata e 10,6% T. brazieliensis); havia R. nasutus infectado no galinheiro. Exemplares de T. pseudomaculata infectados foram encontrados no teto 10,6 por m²) e nas paredes externas e internas da sala (0,8 por m²); ao teste de precipitina revelaram acentuada antropofilia. Concluiu-se que numa casa normalmente habitada por T. braziliensis, após a borrifação, houve substituição dessa espécie por uma população de T. pseudomaculata, numa área com razoável antropofilia e taxa de infecção suficiente para a transmissão.

Emprego da associação tetraciclina e quinino no tratamento da malária causada pelo Plasmodium falciparum

Cento e dez pacientes com malária falciparum não complicada, provenientes da Amazônia brasileira, foram tratados com cloridrato de tetraciclina, na dose de 250 mg a cada 6 horas por 7 dias, associado ao sulfato de quinino na dose de 1,5 a 2,0 gramas/dia nos 3 ou 4 dias iniciais de tratamento. Os pacientes tiveram acompanhamento clínico e parasitológico por pelo menos 7 dias e em todos observou-se a negativação da parasitemia após o tratamento. Setenta e cinco pacientes foram acompanhados por 28 dias ou mais e destes 71 tiveram resposta do tipo Se4do tipo RI. O cloridrato de tetraciclina associado ao sulfato de quinino mostrou-se altamente eficaz no tratamento de malária falciparum não complicada, sendo bem tolerado e portanto útil na terapêutica das infecções por P. falciparum multirresistentes contraídas na Amazônia.

Avaliação da eficiência de deltametrina (K-Othrine 50fw), em doses baixas, no controle de triatomíneos em São Sebastião do Umbuzeiro, Paraíba

Testamos a deltametrina (K-Othrine 50FW) no controle de triatomíneos em área de semi-árido, com cerca de 56,6% depositividade inicial no intradomicilio. Usamos, em 402 Unidades Domiciliares, 125, 75, 60 ou 50ml por bomba de 10 litros, equivalendo, se aplicados em 250 m², a 25, 15, 12 ou 10 mg/m². Os índices de invasão, colonização e cumulativo no intradomicilio e de positividade no peridomicílio foram muito baixos e similares nos quatro grupos, nos 15 meses de avaliação, indicando poderem as doses menores substituir a de 25 mg/m². Houve predominância de T. infestans, seguido de T. pseudomaculata, nas casas, e este predominou no peridomicílio, após a pulverização.

Rate of action of schistosomicides in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni

Mice infected with adult Schistosoma mansoni were dosed with a single oral dose of 125 or 250 mg/kg oltipraz, 50 or 100 mg/kg oxamniquine, or 200 or 400 mg/kg praziquantel. The mortality rate of worms and oogram changes were determined between 1 and 16 weeks after dosing. The time required between dosing and postmortem to obtain maximum effectiveness was 1 week for praziquantel, 2 weeks for oxamniquine and 8 weeks for oltipraz. Changes in oograms persisted throughout most of the experiment, although relapse has been observed at the 4th week on.

Clinical and epidemiological findings during a measles outbreak occurring in a population with high vaccination coverage

From March 1991 to April 1992, 250 measles suspected cases were studied in the Municipality of Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro. The median age found was 11 years and 76.0% of the cases were in school age children. Exposure histories were present in 149 patients and schools were the most frequent sites of transmission (45.0%). Vaccination status was known for 127 studied cases and 76.4% of them had received measles vaccine before their first birthday. One or more complications were reported for 68 cases aitd in 8.9% of the studied cases hospitalization was required. Frequency of complications varied according to each age group studied and were more commonly encountered among children < 1 year of age (55.6%). The history of previous vaccination did not diminish the number of complications of the cases studied. The results of this work show changes in age distribution of measles leading to sizeable outbreaks among teenagers and young adults.