Efeito de sanificantes no controle pós-colheita da podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e da podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) em pêssegos

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito in vitro e in vivo dos sanificantes cloreto de benzalcônio (Fegatex®), biomassa cítrica (Ecolife40®) e ozônio no controle da podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e da podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) em pêssegos das cultivares Aurora, Dourado e Flor da Prince. Cloreto de benzalcônio e biomassa cítrica, aplicados in vitro, ambos na concentração de 1000 mL L-1, inibiram totalmente o crescimento radial (micelial) de M. fructicola, porém nenhum deles foi eficiente no controle de R. stolonifer. Cloreto de benzalcônio aplicado de forma preventiva, na concentração de 3000 mL L-1, reduziu a podridão parda em frutos inoculados sem ferimentos. Quando aplicado de forma curativa em frutos não feridos esse produto foi eficiente em todas as concentrações testadas. Nenhum produto aplicado nos frutos de forma curativa foi eficiente no controle da podridão parda, quando a inoculação do fungo foi realizada através de ferimentos. Nenhum dos produtos foi eficiente no controle da podridão mole. O ozônio (0,1 mL L-1) não foi eficiente no controle das podridões parda e mole.

Intoxicações por plantas e micotoxinas associadas a plantas em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul: 461 casos

Foi realizado um levantamento nos arquivos do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) e revisados os laudos de necropsias de bovinos realizadas entre 1990 e 2005. Foram revisados 2.912 casos referentes a necropsias realizadas por membros do LPV ou a materiais de necropsias realizadas por veterinários de campo que enviaram amostras para avaliação histológica no LPV. Em 461 (15,83%) das necropsias, a causa da morte foi atribuída à ingestão de plantas tóxicas. Em ordem decrescente de freqüência, intoxicações pelas seguintes plantas foram diagnosticadas: Senecio spp (56,14%), Pteridium aquilinum (12,06%), Ateleia glazioviana (10,31%), Solanum fastigiatum (5,04%), Baccharis coridifolia (3,29%), Xanthium cavanillesii (3,07%), Senna occidentalis (2,63%), Ramaria flavo-brunnescens (2,41%), Amaranthus spp (2,19%), Vicia villosa (1,54%), Ipomoea batatas, Prunus sellowii e polpa cítrica (0,44% cada), Cestrum parqui, Claviceps paspali, Claviceps purpurea, Brachiaria spp e Lantana sp (0.22% cada). Em um determinado surto o número de bovinos afetados era substancialmente maior que o número de necropsias realizadas. São discutidos os aspectos relacionados à distribuição geográfica, fatores que induziram a ingestão, índices de morbidade, mortalidade e letalidade, sinais clínicos, achados de necropsia e histopatológicos para cada intoxicação. Quando conhecidos, foram incluídos na discussão aspectos relacionados ao princípio ativo e a patogenia da intoxicação.

Deriva de herbicidas e efeito de fungicida X herbicida em plantas jovens de pessegueiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da deriva de glyphosate e triclopyr sobre plantas jovens de pessegueiro, bem como o comportamento destas quando submetidas à deriva de glyphosate com tratamento prévio de fungicida. No experimento 1, a simulação da deriva foi feita por aplicação de subdoses dos herbicidas glyphosate (43,2; 86,4; 172,8; e 345,8 g ha-1), triclopyr (14,4; 28,8; 57,6; e 115,2 g ha-1) e pela mistura de glyphosate + triclopyr (43,2 + 24,4; 86,4 + 28,8; e 172,8 + 57,6 g ha-1), constituindo os tratamentos. O experimento 2 foi num fatorial 2 x 6 [fungicida (presença e ausência de aplicação) x subdoses de glyphosate (0; 43,2; 86,4; 129,6; 172,8; e 345,6 g ha-1)]. No experimento 1, plantas tratadas com glyphosate e triclopyr nas doses de 345,6 e 57,6 g e.a. ha-1, respectivamente, apresentaram maiores percentuais de intoxicação, não havendo efeito da deriva destes herbicidas no desenvolvimento inicial. No experimento 2, as doses de glyphosate influenciaram o desenvolvimento inicial das plantas, com efeitos proporcionais ao aumento das doses. O fungicida não influenciou o desenvolvimento inicial, mas a porcentagem de intoxicação foi maior em plantas tratadas, indicando possível efeito sinérgico entre os defensivos testados.

Conservação de pêssegos 'Biuti' por irradiação

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o emprego da radiação gama associada ou não à refrigeração na conservação pós-colheita dos pêssegos 'Biuti'. O comportamento destes frutos foi estudado através de análises físicas (perda de massa fresca, coloração da casca, índice de doença, conservação pós-colheita e firmeza) e químicas (pH, acidez total titulável (ATT), sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e o índice de maturidade, expresso pela relação SST/ ATT). Os frutos colhidos no estádio de maturação fisiológica receberam os seguintes tratamentos: 0,0kGy; 0,1kGy; 0,2kGy; 0,3kGy; 0,4kGy e 0,5kGy através do irradiador "GAMMABEAN 650" que tem como fonte o Cobalto 60. Os pêssegos foram armazenados em condições ambientais (24±2ºC; 72-76% UR) por 1 semana e em condições de refrigeração em estufa B.O.D. (0±1ºC; 70-80% UR) por 2 semanas. Analisando os resultados pode-se concluir que as diferentes doses de radiação aplicadas não promoveram o aumento da vida-útil pós-colheita de pêssegos. Os frutos armazenados sob refrigeração tiveram maior vida-útil pós-colheita em relação aos armazenados em temperatura ambiente.

Avaliação da qualidade físico-química e aceitabilidade de passas de pêssego submetidas à desidratação osmótica

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade e a aceitabilidade de passas de pêssego submetidas à pré-secagem osmótica. Foram realizados três tratamentos, sendo dois para efeito comparativo, pêssegos não revestidos antes da desidratação osmótica (Tratamento 1) e revestidos com cobertura de alginato (Tratamento 2) e um terceiro tratamento, sem revestimento, com emprego de conservante químico na solução osmótica para verificar a conservação da passa à temperatura ambiente. Os frutos foram branqueados, desidratados osmoticamente em solução de sacarose a 60°Brix a 45°C por 5 horas e secos em estufa ventilada a 65°C até umidade final de 22% determinada pelo controle de peso. A cobertura com alginato reduziu a incorporação de sólidos e aumentou a perda de umidade. As passas elaboradas nos Tratamentos 1 e 2 foram submetidas à avaliação sensorial, tendo apresentado boa aceitação geral. Os frutos armazenados à temperatura ambiente apresentaram contaminação microbiológica após 40 dias independentemente do tipo de embalagem utilizada (saco plástico, embalagem de polietileno ou celofane), enquanto as passas elaboradas com conservante (Tratamento 3) não apresentaram sintomas visuais de crescimento microbiano nesse mesmo período.

Process variables in the osmotic dehydration of sliced peaches

This paper evaluated the influence of temperature and concentration of the sucrose syrup on the pre-osmotic dehydration of peaches. Physical (colour and texture) and chemical variables (soluble solid content; total sugar, reducing and non-reducing sugar contents; and titratable acidity) were investigated, as well as the osmotic dehydration parameters (loss of weight and water; solids incorporation). An experimental central composite design was employed varying the temperature (from 30 to 50 ºC) and concentration (from 45 to 65 ºBrix) and maintaining the syrup to fruit ratio (4:1), process time (4 hours), and format (slices). The degree of acceptance was used in the sensory analysis evaluating the following characteristics: appearance, taste, texture, colour, and overall quality using a hedonic scale. The results were modelled using the Statistica program (v. 6.0) and the Response Surface Methodology. The mathematical models of the following dimensionless variations yielded significant (p < 0.05) and predictive results: soluble solids content, total and non-reducing sugar contents, titratable acidity, colour parameter L*, and water loss. The models of the attributes colour and appearance yielded significant (p < 0.10) but not predictive results. Temperature was the prevalent effect in the models. The process conditions in the range from 50 to 54.1 ºC and from 45 to 65 ºBrix led to greater water losses and better sensory performances.

Effect of controlled atmosphere on postharvest quality of 'Douradão' peaches

This study was carried out with one of the most important cultivar grown in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, which has gained the preference of consumers, due to its sweet taste, intense skin color and large size; however, these fruits are susceptible to chilling injury when cold stored for long periods. The use of controlled atmosphere (CA) with elevated CO2 and reduced O2 concentrations prevent the onset of the chilling symptom. Thus, the effect of three different conditions of controlled atmosphere (CA1, CA2, CA3 and Control) was evaluated in order to extend the storage life of 'Douradão' peaches. After 14, 21 and 28 days, samples were withdrawn from CA and kept in fresh air at 25 ± 1 °C and 90 ± 5% RH to complete ripening. On the day of removal and after 4 days, were the peaches quality characteristics were evaluated. The results showed that the use of CA during cold storage reduced weight loss and prevented postharvest decay. CA2 and CA3 treatments were effective in keeping good quality of 'Douradão' peaches during 28 days of cold storage, the ripe fruits showed reduced incidence of woolliness, adequate juiciness and flesh firmness. CA1 and Control treatments did not present marketable conditions after 14 days of cold storage.

Sensory profile of 'Douradão' peaches cold stored under controlled atmosphere

The sensory quality of 'Douradão' peaches cold stored in three different conditions of controlled atmosphere (CA1, CA2, CA3 and Control) was studied. After 14, 21 and 28 days of cold storage, samples were withdrawn from CA and kept for 4 days in ambient air for ripening. The sensory profile of the peaches and the descriptive terminology were developed by methodology based on the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA). The panelists consensually defined the sensory descriptors, their respective reference materials and the descriptive evaluation ballot. Fourteen panelists were selected based on their discrimination capacity and reproducibility. Seven descriptors were generated showing similarities and differences between samples. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results showed significant differences in the sensory profiles of the peaches. The PCA showed that CA2 and CA3 treatments were more characterized by the fresh peach flavor, fresh peach appearance, juiciness and flesh firmness, and were effective in keeping the good quality of the 'Douradão' peaches during the 28 days of cold storage. The Control and CA1 treatments were characterized by the mealiness and were ineffective for quality maintenance of the fruits during cold storage.

Sensory profile of eleven peach cultivars

The goal of this study was to evaluate the sensory profile of eleven peach cultivars grown in an experimental orchard located in the city of Lapa (PR, Brazil) in two seasons. The peach cultivars analyzed were Aurora I, Chimarrita, Chiripá, Coral, Eldorado, Granada, Leonense, Maciel, Marli, Premier, and Vanguarda. The sensory analysis was performed by previously trained panelists; 20 of them in the first season and 10 in the second season. The sensory evaluation was performed using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, in which the following attributes were measured: appearance, aroma, flesh color, flesh firmness, flavor, and juiciness. The results showed preference for sweet, soft, and juicy fruits. Chimarrita, Chiripá, and Coral fruits showed better sensorial performance than the other peach cultivars. It was also verified that the analysis of the attributes aroma, flesh firmness, and flavor is enough for performing the sensory profile of peach fruits for in natura consumption.

Chemical and physical characterization of mume fruit collected from different locations and at different maturity stages in São Paulo State

Prunus mume is widely studied due to its health benefits regarding increase of blood fluidity and consequent improvement of the cardiovascular system and the prevention or even the fight against different types of cancer. However, in Brazil this culture is found only among oriental descendants. The present study aimed to characterize mume fruit collected from three different locations in the State of São Paulo regarding general aspects such as pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), total soluble solids (TTS), pectin content and yield of pulp and chemical characteristics: total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant capacity. Mume fruit were collected unripe and analyzed until maturation about 88 days after flowering. Fruit collected in Botucatu came from a commercial mume fruit producer and had average weight of 16.9 g, while in fruit from other locations weight varied from 5.7-6.9 g. TSS ranged from 9.5 to 10.0 Brix, total solids was 10.2-12.2% and pH showed values between 2.5 and 2.7 for all locations. TTA expressed in citric acid decreased from 4.0-5.7 g (100g- 1) at unripe stage to 2.0-3.8 g (100g- 1) in mature-stage fruit. Pectin content decreased from 11.2 to 10.8% during fruit maturation, TPC content was 147-226 mg catechin (g- 1) on a dry matter basis and the antioxidant capacity was 96-169 µMol Trolox (g- 1) on a dry matter basis or 21-34 µMol Trolox (g- 1) on a wet matter basis.

Stability of astaxanthin in yogurt used to simulate apricot color, under refrigeration

The aim of this study was to incorporate astaxanthin to yogurts with different fat content to match apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) color. The samples containing astaxanthin were stored at 5 ± 3 °C, and color stability and astaxanthin content were determined by colorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Yogurt samples were analyzed in triplicate every 24 hours for one week and subsequently every week for 3 more weeks There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) between astaxanthin concentration values at 0 and 28 days for both samples; therefore, it can be said that the fat content in the yogurt had not effect on the stability of pigment. The low dispersion of the data showed uniformity in the three chromaticity coordinates L*, a*, b* throughout the storage period for both types of yogurt. Values of ∆E ≥ 5.0 were not obtained at any time during storage, indicating high stability of the pigment.

The effect of different concentrations of pre-harvest gibberellic acid on the quality and durability of ‘Obilnaja’ and ‘Black Star’ plum varieties

Abstract The research work aimed at investigating the effect of pre-harvest gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on the quality of ‘Obilnaja’ and ‘Black Star’ Japanese plum varieties. GA3 was sprayed onto the trees during the fruit color break at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm concentrations. After pre-cooling, the plums were placed in modified atmosphere packages and exposed to the following conditions as follows: short storage-transportation (ST) [20 days at 2 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH)]; distribution center (DC) (5 days at 6 °C and 80% RH), and shelf life conditions (SL) (2 days at 20 °C and 70% RH). Pre-harvest GA3 treatments increased the fruit weight and size. Treatment of GA3 at 50, 75, and 100 ppm increased the fruit flesh firmness and total soluble substances (TSS) values in both the plum varieties during storage, transport, and marketing; it also limited the weight loss during the marketing process. Treatment of GA3 had no significant effects on the color, titratable acidity (TA), and the total phenolic and antioxidant activity values of plums. Pre-harvest GA3 treatment at 50 ppm GA3 can be thus recommended for both the plum varieties due to its effect on the fruit quality.