Schistosoma mansoni: níveis de infecciosidade para os moluscos hospedeiros intermediários do Brasil

Os níveis de infecciosidade de Schistosoma mansoni para as três espécies de Biomphalaria, hospedeiras intermediárias do parasita no Brasil, foram pesquisados após exposições conjuntas dos moluscos a miracídios, no laboratório e no campo. Foram utilizadas as cepas LE e SJ de S. mansoni, mantidas no laboratório e WVS e RFS obtidas de fezes de escolares de Belo Horizonte, MG. Os resultados mostraram a infecciosidade maior de S. mansoni para B. glabrata, com taxas de infecção de 4, 7 a 85,5%. A B. straminea foi suscetível às cepas LE, SJ e WVS, com taxas de infecção de 11,0 a 24,6%. A B. tenagophila foi suscetível a LE e Sj com taxas de infecção de 2,5 a 6,5%. As médias de cercárias da cepa WVS, eliminadas por dia por B. straminea e B. glabrata variaram de 93 ± 59 e 782 ± 1.120, respectivamente.

Perfil clínico-epidemiológico de chagásicos atendidos em ambulatório de referência e proposição de modelo de atenção ao chagásico na perspectiva do SUS

Estudo caso-controle, para análise de características clínicas e epidemiológicas foi conduzido em 842 indivíduos atendidos em Ambulatório de Referência de Doença de Chagas, em Belo Horizonte, no período de 1985/92. Verificou-se que os chagásicos apresentaram média de idade mais elevada (37,78 anos); menor escolaridade, independente da cor, e desempenhavam atividades de maior esforço (p<0,05). A via vetorial mostrou ser o principal mecanismo de transmissão. As queixas específicas predominaram nos chagásicos (p<0,05). A ausculta cardíaca (OR:2,29 IC95%: 1,29-4,09) e presença de extra-sístoles (OR:7,16 IC95%:1,59- 45,07) foram as alterações mais importantes ao exame clínico. A IF1 apresentou maior sensibilidade (94%), especificidade (96%); VPP(99%) e VPN(83%). A reação de Elisa realizada em 43 indivíduos não mostrou falsos resultados. Houve predomínio da FCI(56%) ou formas clínicas iniciais. A importância de realizar propedêutica mais complexa em situações específicas foi reforçada pelo encontro de ECGs normais e alteração em 30% dos Holter, 41 % dos TE e 33% dos ECOs, além de 48% de Rx de tórax normal e ECO alterado. Propõe-se modelo de atenção ao chagásico integrado no SUS valorizando a confirmação sorológica, a preparação de recursos humanos capacitados e comprometidos com o desenvolvimento de ações integrais de saúde e a organização do sistema de referência e contra-referência, garantindo o acesso do chagásico aos vários níveis de atenção.

Resistência de Biomphalaria glabrata à infecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni: variações no período pré-patente e na compatibilidade

Biomphalaria glabrata de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, criada no laboratório, apresenta 90% de taxa de infecção com 20 miracídios da cepa LE, autóctone. O período pré-patente normal varia de 5 a 7 semanas enquanto 5 a 10% dos moluscos expostos não eliminam cercárias. Os descendentes de exemplares negativos foram novamente submetidos à infecção individual com 20 miracídios. A média de infecção da F14 a F20 foi de 43,6%. Cortes histológicos de moluscos da F12, F14 e F15 mostraram reações teciduais nos exemplares eliminando menos de 10 cercárias. Um período pré-patente prolongado, 17 a 32 semanas, foi observado em 35 (17,9%) dos 195 exemplares infectados. Os índices de cercárias da F12, F13 e F15 baixaram de extremamente compatíveis (classe VI) para muito compatíveis e compatíveis (classes V e III) mostrando a compatibilidade menor dos moluscos selecionados.

Schistosoma mansoni: estudo da patogenia da linhagem Santa Rosa (Campinas, SP, Brasil) em camundongos

Realizou-se estudo comparativo da patogenia do S. mansoni da linhagem recentemente isolada no município de Campinas (SP, Brasil) denominada SR, com as linhagens BH (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil) e SJ (São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil). O estudo foi realizado em camundongos experimentalmente infectados com 70 cercárias oriundas de moluscos simpátricos às linhagens: B. glabrata para a linhagem BH e B. tenagophila para as linhagens SJ e SR. Os dados obtidos revelaram que esta nova linhagem do trematódeo, é menos patogênica que as demais tendo em vista o menor número de vermes, o menor número de ovos eliminados nas fezes, o menor número de granulomas e o menor diametro da reação granulomatosa em torno do ovo.

Neurological disease in HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment: a Brazilian experience

To study characteristics of neurological disorders in HIV/AIDS patients and their relationship to highly active antiretroviral treatment, a cross-sectional study was conducted in an infectious disease public hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, between February 1999 and March 2000. Of the 417 patients enrolled, neurological disease was observed in 194 (46.5%) and a new AIDS-defining neurological event developed in 23.7% of individuals. Toxoplasmosis (42.3%), cryptococcosis meningitis (12.9%) and tuberculosis (10.8%) were the most common causes of neurological complications. The majority (79.3%) of patients were on highly active antiretroviral treatment and these individuals using HAART showed higher CD4 cell counts (p = 0.014) and presented stable neurological disease (p= 0.0001), although no difference was found with respect to the profile of neurological complications. The neurological diseases continue to be a frequent complication of HIV/AIDS and infections are still its main causes in Brazil, even in the highly active antiretroviral treatment era.

Differentiation of Candida species obtained from nosocomial candidemia using RAPD-PCR technique

Thirteen strains of the genus Candida were isolated from catheter, urine and surgical wounds from individual patients of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Ten strains were characterized as Candida albicans, two as Candida glabrata, and one as Candida parapsilosis. Isolates were evaluated for molecular relatedness by random amplified polymorphic DNA technique using 15 primers. The analysis of the genomic DNA obtained revealed a low intraspecific polymorphism and did not allow for the differentiation between strains of the same species obtained from distinct clinical sources (catheter, urine and surgical wounds). The RAPD profiles generated were able to differentiate among the species of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata strains isolated in this study.

Primeiro registro de escorpionismo causado por Tityus adrianoi Lourenço (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Apresentamos três casos de escorpionismo causados por Tityus adrianoi Lourenço ocorridos em Belo Horizonte e Curvelo, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O atendimento aos pacientes ocorreu no mesmo dia do acidente e em todos os casos foi relatada apenas dor local, que variou de leve a intensa, sem complicações posteriores. Os três acidentes foram classificados como leves.

Glomerulonephritis in schistosomiasis mansoni: a time to reappraise

INTRODUCTION: The current prevalence of glomerulonephritis in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil was evaluated. METHODS: Sixty three patients (mean age 45.5±11 years) attending the outpatient infectious disease clinic of a University Hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, from 2007 to 2009, were consecutively examined and enrolled in the present investigation. Diagnosis of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was based on epidemiological, clinical and parasitological data and imaging techniques. Eight patients, who presented >30mg/day albuminuria, were submitted to percutaneous ultrasound guided renal biopsy. Kidney tissue fragments were examined under light, direct immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. RESULTS: All patients showed mesangial enlargement. In five, mesangial hypercellularity was observed and four presented duplication of the glomerular basement membrane. Areas of glomerular sclerosis were diagnosed in four. Deposits of immunoglobulin M and C3 were present in six samples; deposits of IgG in four, IgA in three and C1q in two samples. In all patients, immunoglobulin A was reported in the lumen of renal tubules. Deposits of kappa and lambda were observed in six samples. Electron microscopy revealed dense deposits in the glomerular tissue of three patients. Arterial hypertension, small esophageal varices, slight increases in serum creatinine and decreases in serum albumin were associated with glomerular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Renal disease associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was verified in 12.7% of patients and type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was observed in 50% of them. Schistosomal glomerulopathy still is an important problem in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in Brazil.

Cocirculation of two dengue virus serotypes in individual and pooled samples of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae

INTRODUCTION: To detect dengue virus, eggs of Aedes sp were collected in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2007. METHODS: Egg samples were subsequently hatched and the larvae were tested for the presence of dengue virus RNA by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Among the Aedes aegypti larvae samples, 163 (37.4%) out of 435 were positive, including 32 (10.9%) of 293 individual larvae samples concomitantly positive for two serotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Virological surveillance detecting coinfected vectors in the field could represent an important strategy for understanding the numerous factors involved in the transmission and clinical presentation of dengue.

Giardia duodenalis: genotypic comparison between a human and a canine isolates

INTRODUCTION: Evidence suggests that giardiasis is a zoonotic disease. The present work aimed to evaluate the genetic identity of Giardia duodenalis isolated from human and dog fecal samples from Belo Horizonte. METHODS: Human and dog fecal samples were cultured for isolation of G. duodenalis. To determine the genotype of the isolates, primers that amplify a specific region in rRNA of the protozoan were used. RESULTS: Two G. duodenalis isolates were obtained, which belong to the subgroup A genotype. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the transmission of giardiasis follows a zoonotic pattern.

Evaluation of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi strains isolated from dogs originating from two visceral leishmaniasis-endemic areas in Brazil using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis

INTRODUCTION: Domestic dogs are the most important reservoir in the peridomestic transmission cycle of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. The genetic variability of subpopulations of this parasite circulating in dogs has not been thoroughly analyzed in Brazil, even though this knowledge has important implications in the clinical-epidemiological context. METHODS: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the phenotypic variability of 153 L. chagasi strains isolated from dogs originating from the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro (n = 57) and Belo Horizonte (n = 96), where the disease is endemic. Strains isolated only from intact skin were selected and analyzed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis using nine enzyme systems (6PG, GPI, NH1 and NH2, G6P, PGM, MDH, ME, and IDHNADP). RESULTS: The electrophoretic profile was identical for all isolates analyzed and was the same as that of the L. chagasi reference strain (MHOM/BR/74/PP75). Phenetic analysis showed a similarity index of one for all strains, with the isolates sharing 100% of the characteristics analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that the L. chagasi populations circulating in dogs from Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte belong to a single zymodeme.

Slow clinical improvement after treatment initiation in Leishmania/HIV coinfected patients

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil there is a large area of overlap of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and HIV infection, which favored a increased incidence of coinfection Leishmania/HIV. METHODS: This study evaluated 65 consecutive patients with VL and their clinical response to treatment in two health care settings in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. RESULTS: At baseline, the clinical picture was similar between both groups, although diarrhea and peripheral lymphadenomegaly were more frequent in HIV-infected subjects. HIV-positive patients had lower median blood lymphocyte counts (686/mm³ versus 948/mm³p = 0.004) and lower values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (48IU/L versus 75.6IU/L p = 0.016) than HIV-negative patients. HIV-positive status (hazard ratio = 0.423, p = 0.023) and anemia (HR = 0.205, p = 0.002) were independent negative predictors of complete clinical response following antileishmanial treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS: This study reinforces that all patients with VL should be tested for HIV infection, regardless of their clinical picture. This practice would allow early recognition of coinfection with initiation of antiretroviral therapy and, possibly, reduction in treatment failure.

Anal polyp caused by Schistosoma mansoni

We describe a schistosomal polyp in the anus of a 24-year-old patient, born in Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, and living in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais. From 8 to 13 years of age, he swam in the rivers that bathe Viçosa. The histopathological examination has shown a lesion, lined by a keratinized squamous epithelium, ulcerated, with granulomas, centered or not by Schistosoma mansoni egg, laid, in loco, by the female present in the vascular lumen of a vein of the hemorrhoidal plexus. There was also a diffuse, nonspecific inflammation in the dermis. The patient was treated with praziquantel. Four months after the treatment, sigmoidoscopy showed a normal rectal mucosa, and negative oogram and stool tests. Ultrasound of abdomen was normal.

The Pampulha reservoir remains a potential urban focus of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil: changes in the occurrence patterns of Biomphalaria species and a new record of the parasite

Introduction The Pampulha reservoir has long been a focus of schistosomiasis transmission in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The last malacological study conducted in this urban reservoir was more than two decades ago, and thus, an update on the distribution of the species of Biomphalaria as well as new data on the presence of Schistosoma mansoni in this water body are required. Methods The current distribution of Biomphalaria spp. in the Pampulha reservoir and their infection with S. mansoni was evaluated during 55 malacological surveys conducted between 2009 and 2012. Results Biomphalaria straminea displayed a high population density and distribution, and 13.7% (2,233/16,235) of the specimens collected were infected with larval trematodes other than Schistosoma mansoni. Biomphalaria tenagophila and Biomphalaria glabrata, species currently presenting a restricted distribution and small populations, displayed trematode infection rates of 15.2% (98/644) and 13% (83/640), respectively. Thirteen (2%) specimens of B. glabrata were found to be infected with S. mansoni. In addition, a historical review based on previous and new data on the occurrence patterns of Biomphalaria species in this reservoir is presented. Conclusions The results indicate that the Pampulha reservoir remains a potential focus of urban schistosomiasis in Brazil, and significant changes in the occurrence patterns of Biomphalaria species were verified.

Performance of a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of visceral leishmaniasis in a large urban setting

Introduction Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) may improve the early detection of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), but their real-world performance requires additional study. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of an rK39-based RDT (Kalazar Detect™) for the detection of VL in an endemic, large urban area. Methods Data were collected from a registry of rK39 RDT performed at 11 emergency care units in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and from a national database of reportable communicable diseases of the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Results The rapid rK39 test was performed in 476 patients, with 114 (23.9%) positive results. The analysis of rK39 RDT performance was based on 381 (80%) cases reported to the SINAN database, of which 145 (38.1%) were confirmed cases. Estimates for sensitivity and specificity were 72.4% (95% CI: 64.6-79%) and 99.6% (95%CI: 97.6-99.9%), respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were estimated at 99.1% (95%CI: 94.9-99.8%) and 85.5% (95%CI: 80.8-89.1%), respectively. In addition, close agreement between the rK39 RDT and indirect immunofluorescence was observed. Conclusions In summary, the rK39 RDT showed a high specificity but only moderate sensitivity. In endemic areas for VL, treatment may be considered in cases with clinical manifestations and a positive rK39 RDT, but those with a negative test should be subjected to further investigation.