Análise discriminante múltipla do mercado varejista de açaí em Belém do Pará

O açaí é um dos principais alimentos da população paraense e de maior consumo per capita em 2010. A venda de açaí em Belém é realizada por diversas unidades que operam no mercado varejista. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os segmentos de mercado: quitandas, microempreendedores e supermercados, a partir da análise de um conjunto de variáveis que definem as decisões dos consumidores de açaí. Utilizou-se do método stepwise da análise discriminante múltipla para estimar as funções discriminantes. Os resultados mostram que o segmento identificado com maior precisão foi o de quitandas, com 100%, seguido do segmento de supermercado com 96,5% dos casos classificados corretamente, e o segmento de microempreendedores, com 90,9%, apresentou a menor precisão no enquadramento dos consumidores. O modelo estimado apresentou elevada significância no processo de estimação, uma vez que as funções, incluindo as variáveis quantidade de açaí, renda dos consumidores, preço do açaí, qualidade do açaí, preço do peixe e preço da farinha, classificaram corretamente 95,6% dos elementos originais.

Caracterização de frutos do tangor TMxLP 290 para mercado de fruta fresca

Desde 1997, o Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC conduz um amplo programa de melhoramento genético de citros via cruzamentos dirigidos. Destes cruzamentos, alguns híbridos de tangerina com laranja vêm sendo selecionados para qualidade de fruta e potenciais novas variedades. Com isso, frutos de um híbrido entre tangor Murcott (TM) e laranja Pera (LP), denominado TMxLP 290, foram submetidos a análises físico-químicas e teste sensorial de aceitabilidade, a fim de avaliar a aceitação de tal variedade pelo mercado consumidor. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos: sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável, ratio, rendimento de suco, índice de cor, número de sementes e massa do fruto. Aliado a essas análises, realizou-se o teste sensorial de aceitação com 50 provadores não treinados, que avaliaram a aceitabilidade do fruto e do suco do híbrido TMxLP 290, com o auxílio de uma escala hedônica de nove pontos. As amostras de suco e de fruto foram servidas em copos e pratos descartáveis, respectivamente, à temperatura ambiente e na presença de água potável para lavar o palato entre a degustação de uma amostra e outra. Tais avaliações permitiram constatar que as amostras processadas (suco) e in natura (fruto) apresentaram 84% e 81% de aprovação, respectivamente, evidenciando boa aceitação pelos provadores. Contudo, a intenção de compra por parte do consumidor foi excelente, sendo que 70% dos provadores comprariam o suco e 88% comprariam o fruto. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o híbrido TMxLP 290 é um produto com potencial para atender às expectativas do mercado consumidor.

DIAGNÓSTICO DA QUALIDADE DE MAÇÃS NO MERCADO VAREJISTA BRASILEIRO

Este estudo foi realizado para analisar a qualidade e o preço de maçãs no mercado varejista brasileiro. Amostras de maçãs cv. Gala, Fuji e Red Delicious foram coletadas mensalmente entre março de 2010 e janeiro de 2011, em 20 supermercados de Curitiba, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro e Recife. Quatro supermercados de cada cidade foram previamente selecionados e definidos como locais de amostragem das maçãs ao longo dos 11 meses. A Categoria (escala 1 para máxima qualidade a 3 para mínima qualidade) das maçãs foi determinada pela análise da qualidade externa (coloração, severidade de danos fisiológicos, mecânicos, por fungos, insetos, granizo, etc.) de acordo com normas legais do MAPA. A categoria média das maçãs expostas nos supermercados aumentou ao longo do ano de 1,6 a 2,0 para ‘Gala’, de 1,8 a 2,4 para ‘Fuji’ e de 1,4 a 1,8 para ‘Red Delicious’. A perda da qualidade dos frutos no período, entre as datas de empacotamento e de exposição aos consumidores, foi evidente em todos os meses e cultivares. A depreciada qualidade externa das maçãs expostas nos supermercados foi associada a altas incidências de danos mecânicos e podridões, que variaram de 13 a 50% e 1 a 20%, respectivamente, dependendo da cultivar e do mês de análise. A firmeza da polpa das maçãs diminuiu de março a julho para níveis inferiores a 12 lb e então tendeu a aumentar a patamares de aproximadamente 14 a 15 lb de novembro a janeiro, dependendo da cultivar. Variações dos preços e da qualidade ao longo do ano indicaram que o preço das maçãs nas gôndolas dos mercados é mais influenciado pela sazonalidade ou pressão de oferta que pela qualidade das maçãs. O preço das maçãs variou entre as regiões de comercialização de forma similar para as três cultivares. Dados evidenciam que o tempo médio entre a data de embalagem dos frutos e sua exposição nas gôndolas dos mercados é de 17 e 28 dias para maçãs ‘Gala’ e ‘Fuji’, respectivamente.

Estimativa por infravermelho da concentração da unidade estrutural b-O-4 em ligninas de angiospermas tropicais

Five Björkman lignins, codified as AM, LL, GG, PP and AP, were isolated from wood species of Aspidosperma macrocarpum Mart., Lophanthera lactescens Ducke, Gallesia gorazema (Vell.) Miq., Peltogyne paniculata Bth. and Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg., respectively. Analyses of the lignins were carried out by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy using an experimental technique, Diffusely Reflected Infrared Fourier Transformed (DRIFT), admitting in the original spectra a band at 1500 cm-1 as an internal reference. Application of a deconvolution technique made possible to estimate the percentage per mol of b-O-4 unit content around 65.5% to AM, 68.0% to LL, 71.0% to GG. 73.4% to PP and 75.0% to AP, toward AM

Determinação de fósforo orgânico em águas de produção petrolífera por ICP- AES e ICP- MS após pré-concentração em coluna de sílica-C18

Results on the optimization of analytical methods for the determination of phosphorus in phosphino-polycarboxylate (PPCA), used frequently as scale inhibitor during oil production, by ICP-AES and ICP-MS are presented. Due to the complex matrix of production waters (brines) and their high concentration in inorganic phosphorus, the separation of organic phosphorus prior to its determination is necessary. In this work, minicolumns of silica immobilized C18 were used. Optimization of the separation step resulted in the following working conditions: (1) prewashing of the column with methanol (80% v/v); (2) use of a flow rate of 5 mL/min and 10 mL/min, respectively, for the preconditioning step and for percolation of the water sample; (3) final elution of organic phosphorus with 7 mL of buffer of H3BO3/NaOH (0.05 M, pH 9) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Sample detection limits (3s) for different combinations of nebulizers and spectrometric methods, based on 10 mL water aliquots, are: ICP-AES -Cross flow (47 mg/L) and Ultrasonic (18 mug/L); ICP-MS -Cross flow (1.2 mug/L), Cyclonic (0.7 mug/L) and Ultrasonic (0.5 mug/L). Typical recoveries of organic phosphorus are between 90 and 95% and the repeatability of the whole procedure is better than 10%. The developed methodology was applied successfully to samples from the oil-well NA 46, platform PNA 2, Campos basin, Brazil. Assessment of the PPCA inhibitor was possible at lower concentrations than achieved by current analytical methods, resulting in benefits such as reduced cost of chemicals, postponed oil production and lower environmental impacts.

Determinação de Cd, Ni e Zn por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado, após separação e pré-concentração em coluna contendo p-dimetilaminobenzilidenorodanina adsorvida sobre sílica gel

A column packed with 5-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene)rhodanine adsorbed on silica gel was used for the preconcentration of Cd, Ni and Zn at different spiked solutions prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. This column allowed recoveries over than 98% for the above elements and accurate analyses of coastal sea-water certified reference material were also achieved.

Extração e pré-concentração de compostos orgânicos voláteis por permeação em membrana para análise cromatográfica

This work discusses sample preparation processes for gas chromatography (GC) based on the technique of extraction through membrane permeation (MPE). The MPE technique may be easily coupled to GC via a relatively simple device, which is a module that holds the membrane and is directly connected to the GC column. The possibility of operational errors due to sample handling is substantially reduced in an MPE-GC system because the sample preparation and the chemical analysis are accomplished as a one-step process. The MPE technique is of relatively wide application as it can be used for aqueous samples, solid samples and gaseous samples. Depending on the type of sample the extraction is performed with the membrane in direct contact with the sample or in contact with its headspace. The MPE-GC technique is very useful in trace analysis, due to the time-dependent enrichment of the analyte. A typical application of MPE-GC is the analysis of VOCs present in water that may be accomplished with detection limits at the low ppb (mugL-1) level.

Métodos de extração e/ou concentração de compostos encontrados em fluidos biológicos para posterior determinação cromatográfica

When organic compounds present in biological fluids are analysed by chromatographic methods, it is generally necessary to carry out a prior sample preparation due the high complexity of this type of sample, especially when the compounds to be determinated are found in very low concentrations. This article describes some of the principal methods for sample preparation in analyses of substances present in biological fluids. The methods include liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and extraction using solid and liquid membranes. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed.

Efeito da concentração do catalisador acetilacetonato férrico na cura de poliuretano à base de polibutadieno líquido hidroxilado (PBLH) e diisocianato de isoforona (IPDI)

The reaction between hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene and isophorone diisocyanate constitutes the base of the curing process of the most composite solid propellant used in the propulsion of solid rocket propellant. In this work, differential scanning calorimetry and viscosity measurements were used to evaluate the effect of the ferric acetylacetonate catalyst concentration on the reaction between HTBR and IPDI. These analyses show one exotherm, which shifts to lower temperatures as the catalyst concentration increases. The viscosity analyses show that the increase of temperature causes, at first, a reduction in the mixture viscosity, reaching a minimum range called gelification region (increasing the crosslinking density).

Experimentos didáticos em química analítica envolvendo separação de fases e pré-concentração

The aim of this work was to propose two different didactic experiments, which can be used in practical classes of analytical chemistry courses. More flexible experiments related to the theme, giving some options to the instructor are proposed. In this way, the Experiment 1 was divided in two parts. In the first one, the visualization of two distinct phases separation is emphasized: the rich and the poor phases in surfactant. In the second part, the metal pre-concentration (Co as example) is emphasized. The Experiment 2 has three different parts. In the first one, the complex formation is pointed out, in the second one, the pH influence is shown and in the last one, the influence of the complexation time is demonstrated.

Pré-concentração de chumbo e cádmio em um sistema de micro extração líquido-líquido e determinação por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama

A method for determination of lead and cadmium in aqueous samples using solvent microextraction and dithizone as complexing agent with FAAS was developed. Solvent microextraction parameters were optimized. The effect of foreign ions on the extraction yields was studied. The extraction was carried out until the aqueous to organic phase ratio achieved a 250 fold preconcentration of metals. For preconcentration times of 4 min the 3sigma detection limits, relative standard deviations (n=7) and linear calibration ranges were 1.6 mug L-1, 5.8% and 10.0 -- 80.0 mug L-1 for lead and 11.1 ng L-1, 5.9% and 0.3 -- 3.0 mug L-1 for cadmium, respectively. The solvent microextraction procedure presented here was applied to the determination of lead and cadmium in natural waters.

Determinação espectrofotométrica de alumínio em concentrados salinos utilizados em hemodiálise empregando pré-concentração em fluxo

An automatic flow injection procedure for spectrophotometric aluminium determination in purified water and solutions containing high salts concentrations used for hemodyalisis treatment was developed. The method was base on reaction of Al3+ with cianine eriochrome R (ECR) after preconcentration using the AG50W-X8 cationic-exchange resin. Elution was carried out using a 1 % (m/v) calcium chloride solution. The manifold comprised an automatic proporcional injector controlled by a computer equipped with an eletronic interface and software written in QuicBASIC 4.5 with facilities to control the injector and perform data acquisition. Samples with concentration ranging from 4.96 to 19.90 µg L-1 Al were analyzed and recoveries between 88 and 113% were obtained by using the standard addition method. Other profitable analytical characteristics such as a relative standard deviation 1.3 % (n = 10) for a typical sample 14.5 µg L-1 Al, a linear response ranging up to 60.0 µg L-1Al, and a sampling throughput of 10 determinations per hour were achieved. A detection limit of 4.2 µg L-1 Al was estimated as suggested by IUPAC.

Determinação de Mn, Cu e Zn em matrizes salinas após separação e pré-concentração usando Amberlite XAD-7 impregnada com Vermelho de Alizarina S

The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of the application of a non-ionic resin obtained by impregnation of Alizarin Red S (VAS) in Amberlite XAD-7 for manganese, copper and zinc separation and preconcentration in saline matrices. For these system, the metals were quantitatively retained, in the pH range 8.5-10.0, by using 0.50 g of solid phase, stirring time of five minutes and a total mass up to 200 mug of each cation. The sorbed elements were subsequently eluted and a fifty-fold, ten-fold and ten-fold preconcentration factor for to Zn, Cu and Mn were obtained, respectively.

Compostos carbonílicos atmosféricos: fontes, reatividade, níveis de concentração e efeitos toxicológicos

In the last three decades carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones, have received a great deal of attention due to their strong influence on photochemical smog formation and their recognized adverse human health effects. Carbonyl compounds are directly emitted into the atmosphere by combustion sources and also produced from photochemical oxidation of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds. In this paper it is presented a general overview about the carbonyl compounds sources, reactivity, concentration levels and toxicological effects.

Pré-concentração de nitrosaminas a partir de amostras aquosas por extração em fase sólida e cromatografia capilar eletrocinética micelar

This paper describes the development of a methodology for solid phase extraction (SPE) and pre-concentration of nitrosamines from aqueous samples using granular activated charcoal as stationary phase. micelar electrokinetic capillary Chromatography (MEKC) was used for the separation and identification of the nitrosamines in the extracts. Using a sample with 50 µg l-1 of each nitrosamines standards (dimethylnitrosamine, DMN; diethylnitrosamine, DEN; N-nitrosopyrrolidine, NPYR; N-nitrosopiperidine, NPIP; N-nitrosomorpholine, NMOR), the methodology showed a range of recuperation from 29 to 107% with a linear zone between 10 and 500 µg l-1. The developed methodology can be applicable to the determination of these analytes in different aqueous samples.