Quimioterapia da doença de Chagas: estado da arte e perspectivas no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos

Neglected diseases are a major global cause of illness, long-term disability and death. Chagas' disease is a parasitic infection widely distributed throughout Latin America, with devastating consequences in terms of human morbidity and mortality. The existing drug therapy suffers from a combination of drawbacks including poor efficacy, resistance and serious side effects. In 2009, we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of Chagas' disease, facing the challenges of developing new, safe and effective drugs for the treatment of this disease. This brief review attempts to highlight the state of the art, limitations and perspectives of Chagas' disease drug development.

Antibióticos: importância terapêutica e perspectivas para a descoberta e desenvolvimento de novos agentes

There is a continuous need for antibiotics, mainly with new mechanisms of action, since infectious diseases represent the second major cause of death in the world and bacteria resistance levels are high. This review describes the contribution of microbial natural products for the development of the major antibiotic classes, the mechanisms of action of current antibiotics, some modern approaches involving genetic tools for the discovery and development of new antibiotics from microbial products and antibiotics in clinical trials.

Proteases de Leishmania: novos alvos para o desenvolvimento racional de fármacos

Leishmania causes tegumental and visceral diseases called leishmaniasis. Disease control is possible interrupting the transmission cycle, but HIV co-infection, chemotheraphy toxicity and lack of a vaccine are paramount difficulties. So, is necessary to study new Leishmania molecules and investigate the possibility to develop rational drugs using these molecules as targets. Leishmania express many peptidases during their life, and cysteine are the most abundant protease and many inhibitors were developed but failed to kill parasites. On the other hand, inhibitors of serine proteases killed promastigotes, indicating the possibility of these enzymes to be important targets in the development of anti-Leishmania drugs.

Compostos magnéticos moleculares: o desenvolvimento de novos materiais magnéticos nanoestruturados

The development of new magnetic materials has attracted attention of researchers of different areas. In the last decades, a distinguished class of materials emerged in magnetism, in which the magnetic moment is delocalized over molecules. By varying the synthetic conditions it is possible to obtain a large variety of structures and properties using the same starting molecules. These materials have a great scientific appeal due to the possibility of presenting not only magnetic, but also optical or electrical transport properties. In this review we will present an overview of some molecular magnetic compounds, in particular molecular nanomagnets.

Tintas anti-incrustantes de terceira geração: novos biocidas no ambiente aquático

Antifouling agents have been used on vessels and boats since ancient civilizations. Thus, a brief history on the three generations of antifouling paints was provided in the present review. Additionally, information about physic-chemical properties, environmental levels, toxicology and analytical methods was discussed for the 16 "new" booster biocides used as third-generation antifouling paints. The main problems, limitations and future trends related to this subject were also presented. Finally, actions were suggested in order to appraise the current status of the environmental impact caused by these compounds in South America.

Química forense: perspectivas sobre novos métodos analíticos aplicados à documentoscopia, balística e drogas de abuso

In this review recent methods developed and applied to solve criminal occurences related to documentoscopy, ballistic and drugs of abuse are discussed. In documentoscopy, aging of ink writings, the sequence of line crossings and counterfeiting of documents are aspects to be solved with reproducible, fast and non-destructive methods. In ballistic, the industries are currently producing ''lead-free'' or ''nontoxic'' handgun ammunitions, so new methods of gunshot residues characterization are being presented. For drugs analysis, easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) is shown to provide a relatively simple and selective screening tool to distinguish m-CPP and amphetamines (MDMA) tablets, cocaine and LSD.

Anemia falciforme: desafios e avanços na busca de novos fármacos

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a disease characterized by a punctual mutation (GTG - GAG) in the sixth codon of the gamma globin gene leading to a substitution of glutamic acid by a valine in the β chain of hemoglobin. Despite the huge progress on the molecular knowledge of the disease in recent years, few therapeutic resources were developed. Currently, the treatment is mainly done with the anticancer agent hydroxyurea. This review summarizes current knowledge about possible targets and new approaches to the discovery new compounds to treat the symptoms of SCD.

Investigação eletroquímica e calorimétrica da interação de novos agentes antitumorais biscatiônicos com DNA

Biscationic amidines bind in the DNA minor groove and present biological activity against a range of infectious diseases. Two new biscationic compounds (bis-α,ω-S-thioureido, amino and sulfide analogues) were synthesized in good yields and fully characterized, and their interaction with DNA was also investigated. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to measure the thermodynamic properties of binding interactions between DNA and these ligands. A double stranded calf thymus DNA immobilized on an electrode surface was used to study the possible DNA-interacting abilities of these compounds towards dsDNA in situ. A remarkable interaction of these compounds with DNA was demonstrated and their potential application as anticancer agents was furthered.

Os nanomateriais e a descoberta de novos mundos na bancada do químico

In recent years there has been great progress in the field of nanotechnology largely driven by research into nanomaterials. Chemistry appears in this context for its relevant role in the synthesis and surface modification of nanomaterials. This review article discusses fundamental concepts related to the synthesis and properties of inorganic nanoparticles with diverse properties. Aspects related to unique size dependent optical and magnetic properties are discussed and the chemistry involved in the preparation of nanomaterials reviewed. Fundamental aspects of the chemical modification of nanoparticles envisaging potential applications for these materials are also addressed.

DI-HIDROCUCURBITACINA B: SEMI-SÍNTESE DE NOVOS DERIVADOS GLICOSILADOS

In the last ten years, the interest in natural and semi-synthetic cucurbitacin derivatives has increased, primarily due their cytotoxic and anti-tumoral activities. However, the isolation of glycosylated cucurbitacins has been difficult due the presence of β-glucosidase enzyme. With the aim of obtaining new glycosylated derivatives, the glycosylation of dihydrocucurbitacin B under Köenigs-Knorr and imidate reaction conditions was studied. Novel glycoside derivatives 16-(1,2-orthoacetate-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-dihydrocucurbitacin B (2), 2-O-β-D-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-galactopyranosyl dihydrocucurbitacin B (3) and 2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl dihydrocucurbitacin B (4) were synthesized for the first time in 17% (2 and 3) and 48% (4) yields.

NOVOS FLAVONOIDES DE Margaritopsis carrascoana COM ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE

EtOH extracts of the stems and leaves of Margaritopsis carrascoana were found to contain new flavonoids luteolin 7-O-{β-D-apiofuranosil-(1→6)-[β-Lrhamnopyranosyl-( 1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl} (5) and luteolin 7-O-{α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-[β-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl} (6), in addition to the known dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (1), luteolin 7-O-b-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (2), luteolin 7-O-[b-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and chrysoeriol 7-O-[b-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (4). All isolated compounds presented higher antioxidant activities than the controls, BHT and quercetin, while the extract of the stems showed strong AChE inhibition.

Dois novos sistemas de diagnose precoce da meleira do mamoeiro

A diagnose da meleira do mamoeiro (Carica papaya)tem sido feita mediante observação de sintomas que aparecem principalmente nos frutos ou pela detecção de dsRNA de cerca de 12 kb, purificado a partir do látex em coluna de CF11, em gel de agarose ou poliacrilamida. Os sintomas nos frutos são tardios e permitem longa permanência de plantas infectadas no campo e o processo usado para detectar dsRNA é laborioso, não se prestando a detecção em larga escala. Visando disponibilizar protocolos de diagnose precoce da meleira que possam ser usados em larga escala, o presente trabalho apresenta dois métodos de detecção relativamente baratos, rápidos e que permitem o manuseio de dezenas de amostras por dia. Os dois métodos utilizam o látex extraído dos frutos, folhas ou caule de plantas, e se baseiam na extração e visualização de ácidos nucléicos. A presença do vírus é confirmada pela visualização do seu dsRNA em gel de agarose (1%) em 1X TBE. Com esta técnica temos conseguido resultados confiáveis a ponto de diagnosticar precocemente a meleira em plantas ainda jovens e em plantas assintomáticas.

Caracterização de isolados de Rhizoctonia spp. e identificação de novos grupos de anastomose em jardim clonal de eucalipto

Espécies de Rhizoctonia causam queima foliar em brotações de jardim clonal e podridão de estacas durante o enraizamento, que podem limitar a clonagem do eucalipto, por estaquia. Diante da importância do patógeno para a cultura e da falta de estudos sobre a diversidade de isolados, esse trabalho objetivou caracterizar isolados e relatar novos grupos de anastomose de Rhizoctonia spp. em jardim clonal de eucalipto. Os isolados obtidos nas diferentes fases de propagação por estaquia foram caracterizados quanto ao número de núcleos nas células vegetativas, agrupados segundo as características morfológicas das colônias e identificados quanto aos grupos de anastomose, incluindo auxotrofia por tiamina. Avaliou-se, também, a virulência ao eucalipto e o efeito da temperatura no crescimento micelial dos isolados. Não se detectou correlação entre os agrupamentos morfológicos e reações de anastomose. Constatou-se, também, que a população de Rhizoctonia spp., nos solos de jardins clonais, é constituída por ampla gama de isolados, predominantemente binucleados, com diferentes graus de virulência a eucalipto. Os isolados binucleados e os multinucleados, tiveram a mesma tendência de crescimento em relação à temperatura, com ótimo para a taxa de crescimento entre 25-30 ºC. Observou-se, pela primeira vez, isolados de R. solani AG2-2 IIIB e os binucleados de Rhizoctonia spp., AG-P e AG-O, como agentes etiológicos da podridão de estacas em casa de vegetação, e os isolados binucleados AG-A e AG-L em solo de jardim clonal de eucalipto.

Síntese e avaliação da atividade antimalárica de novos ozonídeos

A reação de cicloadição [3+4] entre diferentes dienos (ciclopentadieno, 2-metilfurano e furano) e halocetonas levou aos cicloadutos correspondentes, cuja reação de ozonólise forneceu os ozonídeos 3alfa,5alfa-Dimetil-8,9,10-trioxatriciclo[5.2.1.1(2,6)]undecan-4-ona (6), 2,3alfa,5alfa-Trimetil-8,9,10,11-tetraoxatriciclo[5.2.1.1(2,6)]undecan-4-ona (9), 2,3beta,5beta-Trimetil-8,9,10,11-tetraoxatriciclo[5.2.1.1(2,6)]undecan-4-ona (10, isômero exo), 2,3beta,5beta-Trimetil-8,9,10,11-tetraoxatriciclo [5.2.1.1(2,6)]undecan-4-ona (11, isômero endo), 3alfa-Isopropil-8,9,10,11-tetraoxatriciclo[5.2.1.1(2,6)]undecan-4-ona (14). A atividade antimalárica dos ozonídeos foi avaliada em testes "in vitro" contra cepas de Plasmodium falciparum, oriundos da Tailândia.

Fitotoxicidade de novos álcoois e alquenos derivados do 2alfa,4alfa-dimetil-8-oxabiciclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ona

A reação de cicloadição [4+3] entre o furano e o cátion oxialílico, gerado in situ a partir da 2,4-dibromopentan-3-ona, forneceu o 2alfa,4alfa-dimetil-8-oxabiciclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-ona (1). A oxidação catalítica do oxabiciclo 1 com tetróxido de ósmio em presença de peróxido de hidrogênio em excesso levou à formação do acetonídeo 10, a partir do qual foram obtidos os álcoois 2, 11-15, com rendimentos de 23-86%. O tratamento dos álcoois 11-13 com cloreto de tionila, em presença de piridina, resultou nos respectivos alquenos 17 (94%), 18 (89%) e 19 (80%). A atividade herbicida dos compostos foi avaliada sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular de Sorghum bicolor L. e Cucumis sativus L., nas concentrações de 100 e 250 ppm.