Compósitos biodegradáveis de amido de mandioca e resíduos da agroindústria

The objectives of this work were to produce biodegradable composites using starch and different agro-industrial wastes (coconut fiber, soy bran and sugarcane bagasse) using a baking process, and to study the effects of these components on the resultant composite properties. The addition of different residues yielded trays with different properties. Samples manufactured with soy bran showed the highest density and water uptake at relative humidities ≥ 60%. The addition of sugarcane bagasse resulted in less dense and resistant samples whereas coconut fiber composites showed the highest breaking stress. The samples fabricated in this study represent an alternative packaging option for foods with low water content.

O estado da arte na determinação de resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em alimentos de origem animal empregando técnicas cromatográficas acopladas à espectrometria de massas

The determination of veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin is an important issue because of the risk these compounds pose to human health in addition to their persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the area and this review presents the state of the art in sample preparation procedures associated with chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry for multiresidue determination of veterinary drugs in food of animal origin at concentration levels suitable for the control of residues and contaminants in food.

Resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em leite e ovos

The use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals may result in the presence of residues in foods, including milk and eggs. Immunoassay or microbiological tests are used to screen for residues, but chromatographic methods are needed to confirm positive results. In most methods, the sample is extracted with acetonitrile, submitted to clean up or directly analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results of the Brazilian governmental monitoring programs from 2006 to 2011 have shown that the antiparasitic ivermectin was the drug most frequently found in milk. Residues in eggs are only monitored by one of the programs, and few studies have reported the incidence of veterinary drugs in this matrix in Brazil.

Caracterização de membranas assimétricas de acetato de celulose produzidas a partir do aproveitamento do resíduo da palha de milho para uso em ultrafiltração

Cellulose acetates (CA) with different degrees of acetylation were synthesized from cellulose extracted from corn stover. Membranes were prepared for the ultrafiltration process with pure polymers and blend form of CA utilizing a dioxane/acetone system. The membranes were characterized according to their transport properties. The blend form materials presented the best results for application in ultrafiltration experiments. M-TAC/DAC (corn stover triacetate and diacetate) and M-TAC/DAC-Rho (corn stover triacetate and Rhodia diacetate) presented rejection to egg albumin protein of 87.39% and 80.50%, respectively. Thus, MWCO of 45 kDa was determined for these materials.

Caracterização físico-química de resíduos oleosos do saneamento e dos óleos e graxas extraídos visando a conversão em biocombustíveis

Oily waste from sanitation processes was characterized for its potential use in the generation of biofuels. The waste residues studied showed high levels of oil and grease, reaching up to 87% (m/m) in a grease trap of a food company, showing that these residues can be utilized for the production of biofuels. The results revealed high levels of moisture and saponification as well as high levels of free fatty acids (FFA). Analysis of chromatographic profiles (HPLC) showed great heterogeneity of the fatty acids contained in the sample, and a predominance of palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids.

Produção de hidrogênio via fermentação anaeróbia - aspectos gerais e possibilidade de utilização de resíduos agroindustriais brasileiros

Biological production of hydrogen through anaerobic fermentation has received increasing attention and offers a great potential as an alternative process for clean fuel production in the future. Considering biological systems for H2 production, anaerobic fermentation stands out, primarily due to its higher production of H2 compared with other biological processes. In addition the possibility of using different agro-industrial wastes as substrates opens up infinite possibilities. The development and implementation of sustainable processes for converting renewable materials into different value-added products is essential for the full exploitation of Brazilian agro-industrial wastes.

Determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em leite bovino empregando método QuEChERS modificado e GC-MS/MS

Considering the possibility that pesticides used in cattle raising produce residues in milk and cause harm to public health, this study developed a multiresidue method for determination of pesticide residues in bovine milk, using a modified QuEChERS method for sample preparation, and quantification by GC-MS/MS. The method proved to be efficient, resulting in satisfactory recoveries in the range 71.1 to 117.4%, for 45 of the 48 compounds analyzed with RSD values < 17.3%. The method LOD and LOQ were3.0 and 10.0 µg L-1, respectively, except for cyfluthrin which showed 7.5 and 25.0 µg L-1.

MONITORAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS DE AGROTÓXICOS DA CLASSE DOS ORGANOFOSFORADOS POR CGDFC EM AMOSTRAS DE LEITE FLUÍDO E EM PÓ

Samples of whole fluid pasteurized, UHT and powdered milk were analyzed for the presence of organophosphorus pesticide residues (OPR) using the QuEChERS method with detection by GC-FPD and confirmation by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 23% of fluid milk samples and 27% of powdered milk samples contained at least one organophosphorus residue. The OPR found in the samples showed these can reach the milk and remain even after pasteurization, sterilization and drying processes. Some domestic sanitary residues were also present in the powdered milk samples. These residues have no LMR in Brazilian food legislation and are therefore not taken into account in food intake evaluations. There was an unidentified chromatographic peak in 30% of all the liquid and powdered milk samples, indicating the presence of some other contaminant.

PREPARAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE MEMBRANAS DE CELULOSE REGENERADA A PARTIR DA CELULOSE EXTRAÍDA DE RESÍDUOS AGROINDUSTRIAIS PARA APLICAÇÃO EM PROCESSOS DE SEPARAÇÃO

The aim of this study was to produce membranes using the adapted cuprammonium method. The cellulose utilized was obtained from recycled agroindustrial residues: sugarcane bagasse, corn stover and soybean hulls. The levels of Cu (II) ions in regenerated cellulose membranes produced with cellulose from bagasse, corn stover and soybean hulls were 0.0236 wt%, 0.0255 wt% and 0.0268 wt%, respectively. These levels were approximately 15 times lower than those observed in previous studies (0.3634 wt%). Cellular viability data show that membranes produced from bagasse cellulose do not present toxicity to the cellular cultures studied. These results demonstrate an evolution in production of regenerated cellulose membranes from agroindustrial residues mainly due to a decrease in the Cu (II) ions level, showing the possibility of application of these systems with improved membranes processing.

APROVEITAMENTO DE RESÍDUO DE BIODIESEL PARA PREPARAÇÃO DE CARVÕES ÁCIDOS COM ELEVADA ATIVIDADE CATALÍTICA NA REAÇÃO DE ETERIFICAÇÃO DO GLICEROL

Environmentally friendly acid carbon (CG) catalysts, containing a high amount of sulfonated and oxygenated groups, were prepared from glycerin, a biodiesel waste. CGs were produced by glycerin carbonization in the presence of H2SO4 at 1:3 m:m ratio in a closed autoclave at 180ºC for different times: 0.25; 1; 3 and 6 hours (CG-0.25h; CG-1h; CG-3h and CG-6h, respectively). The catalyst properties for all carbons were evaluated in the glycerol etherification reaction with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). The yield for mono-tert-butyl glycerol (MTBG), di-tert-butyl glycerol (DTBG) and tri-tert-butyl-glycerol (TTBG) was high and very similar for all CGs, of about 43% and 20% for the MTBG and DTBG + TTBG, respectively. Furthermore, the activity of these catalysts were close to those obtained using a commercial resin, Amberlyst-15, of about 50% and 27% for MTBG and DTBG + TTBG, respectively.

Determinação de ácidos carboxílicos em composto de resíduos sólidos urbanos por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização em chama

Um método simples e eficiente para determinação simultânea de quatro ácidos carboxílicos de cadeia curta (acético, propiônico, butírico e valérico) em resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) é descrito no presente trabalho. Estes ácidos são considerados fitotóxicos na literatura e a variabilidade das suas concentrações durante o processo pode ser usada como parâmetro da maturação do composto de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU). A determinação dos ácidos carboxílicos presentes no composto de RSU envolve uma extração em água e filtração em membranas de polifluoreto de vinilideno (PVDF), seguida da injeção direta em um cromatográfo a gás com detector por ionização em chama (CG-DIC). Foram analisados três tipos de leira. Boas linearidades e coeficientes de correlação foram obtidas para todos os ácidos, e os limites de detecção e quantificação foram baixos, resultando em um método sensível para monitoramento desses ácidos em composto de RSU.

Gerenciamento de resíduos químicos em um laboratório de ensino e pesquisa: a experiência do Laboratório de Limnologia da UFRJ

This work describes the waste management system developed at the Laboratory of Limnology of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The initial challenge was to identify and treat a great variety of wastes generated in the analytical procedures performed in the laboratory. Since many of the students and researchers are not chemists, an intensive training was performed during the establishment of the management system. After three years, there was a deep change of attitude of the professionals involved. The present experience may be useful for other laboratories with a profile similar to the one under study.

Germinação carpogênica de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sob diferentes resíduos e extratos de plantas cultivadas

Os efeitos de resíduos de plantas cultivadas e seus extratos sobre Sclerotinia sclerotiorum são poucos conhecidos. Três experimentos foram conduzidos, com resíduos de plantas cultivadas e seus extratos etanólicos e suas partições. Resíduos e extratos de culturas de aveia, ervilhaca, feijão, milheto, milho e trigo foram avaliados em condições controladas. Escleródios cobertos com resíduos de aveia, ervilhaca, feijão e milheto não germinaram carpogenicamente. Extratos etanólicos de resíduos de aveia e ervilhaca mostraram-se eficientes na inibição da germinação carpogênica, enquanto que do milheto e do trigo não diferiram da testemunha. Todas as partições de extratos etanólicos avaliadas reduziram a germinação carpogênica. Resíduos vegetais afetaram negativamente o número de apotécios emitidos por escleródio.

Aproveitamento teórico-prático da disciplina anatomia humana do curso de fisioterapia

A Anatomia Humana estuda as estruturas do corpo humano e as relações entre elas. Assim, seu ensino a estudantes da área da saúde, incluindo alunos de Fisioterapia, é de extrema importância. É necessário um bom aproveitamento nesta disciplina para se tornar um bom profissional, porém as estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem nesta disciplina têm sido bastante discutidas. Com base nesta premissa, este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o aproveitamento teórico-prático dos discentes do curso de Fisioterapia na disciplina Anatomia Humana, bem como descrever as facilidades e dificuldades enfrentadas e suas implicações durante o curso. Para tanto, foi elaborado um questionário específico e utilizada também a avaliação dos professores realizada pelo Colegiado de Fisioterapia. O tratamento estatístico foi composto por análise descritiva e correlação de Pearson, sendo os dados analisados pelos programas Microsoft Excel® 2007 e Graphpad Prism®. Não se observou correlação entre desempenho do aluno e grau de satisfação diante de diferentes parâmetros analisados neste trabalho. O estudo revelou que os alunos apresentam aproveitamento satisfatório, mas há grandes insatisfações quanto à forma como a disciplina é conduzida.