Testes de desempenho de eletrodos: eletrodos de referência

This paper is designed to divulge some tests found in books, articles and international technical standards, by means of which it is possible to evaluate the performance of reference electrode widely used in potentiometric and voltammetric methods. The reference potential (Eref), junction resistance (Rj), the ability of keeping up the potential when current is flowing (polarizability), and of generating junction potentials (Ej) are applied to some commercial electrodes. The results obtained are amply discussed and some corrective procedures are suggested when the electrode fails.

Acoplamento cromatografia gasosa - espectrometria de absorção atômica em estudos de especiação: uma revisão

This review presents an updated overview of the trace element speciation by gas chromatography coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry.

Relato de uma experiência: recuperação e cadastramento de resíduos dos laboratórios de graduação do Instituto de Química da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

An experience aiming to promote a residue interchange and recovery between the teaching laboratories of the Chemistry Institute of this University is described. At the present, several residues interchange have already appeared as advantageous. To make the work easier, a software has been developed in order to keep a record of all the residues generated by the teaching laboratories. Standard labels have been developed for the residues in order to organize them. The software and the label design are described.

A geração química de vapor em espectrometria atômica

The historical development of atomic spectrometry techniques based on chemical vapor generation by both batch and flow injection sampling formats is presented. Detection via atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) , inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry (FANES) are considered. Hydride generation is separately considered in contrast to other methods of generation of volatile derivatives. Hg ¾ CVAAS (cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry) is not considered here. The current state-of-the-art, including extension, advantages and limitations of this approach is discussed.

Quimiometria II: planilhas eletrônicas para cálculos de planejamentos experimentais, um tutorial

This work describes, through examples, a simple way to carry out experimental design calculations applying an spreadsheets. The aim of this tutorial is to introduce an alternative to sophisticated commercial programs that normally are too complex in data input and output. An overview of the principal methods is also briefly presented. The spreadsheets are suitable to handle different types of computations such as screening procedures applying factorial design and the optimization procedure based on response surface methodology. Furthermore, the spreadsheets are sufficiently versatile to be adapted to specific experimental designs.

Influência da espessura nas propriedades de absorção e emissão e na morfologia de filmes automontados de poli(p-fenileno vinileno)

In this report, we studied the thickness effect on the optical and morphological properties of self-assembled (SA) poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) films, wich were processed with 5 and 75 layers from a PPV precursor polymer and dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and then, thermally converted at 230 °C. The increase of the film thickness yielded more intense peaks in the vibrational spectral range. The electron-phonon coupling was quantified by the Huang - Rhys factor, that shows the effects on the polymer chain mobility in the interface substrate/polymer. A strong emission anisotropy r=0.57 was observed for the film with 5 layers of thickness decreasing to 0.34 for the film with 75 layers. Finally, the surface topology of the films was measured using Atomic Force Microscopy.

Mercury in soils and sediments from gold mining liabilities in Southern Amazonia

The 1980-1990 Amazonian gold rush left an enormous liability that increasingly has been substituted by developing fish aquaculture. This work aimed at the identification of the mercury levels in the environment, associated with fish farms located in the North of Mato Grosso State, Southern Amazon. Sediment and soil samples were analyzed for total organic carbon and total mercury. Results indicate that the chemical characteristics of the sediment largely depend on the management procedures of the fish pond (liming, fish food used and fish population). The soils presented relatively low concentrations when compared with other data from the literature.

Ondas ultrassônicas e pérolas de vidro: um novo método de extração de beta-galactosidase para uso em laboratório

The optimization of a traditional technique of cellular disruption by abrasion was carried out and a process using ultrasonic waves associated with glass pearls to extract beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus proposed. In the first case, the effects of the diameter and weight of the pearls in relation to the volume of cellular suspension and amount of time for cellular disruption were evaluated. The efficiency of the new process of cellular disruption was evaluated by varying the length of time of sonification and comparing with the method of abrasion under the same conditions. The proposed method can be efficiently applied to obtain beta-galactosidase at laboratory scale.

Desarrollo de un modelo SIMCA para la clasificación de kerosinas mediante el empleo de la espectroscopía infrarroja

In the petroleum refining industry, the use of crude from several origins is frequent. This leads to a product of variable chemical composition during refining, hindering quality control. Therefore, it is important to develop classification models that help to better characterize those products. The objective of this study is to develop a SIMCA recognition pattern to classify kerosene using infrared spectroscopy data. The model permits to differentiate two kerosene groups with different chemical compositions, which was corroborated by mass spectrometry.

Caracterização de escamas do peixe piau (Leporinus elongatus) e sua aplicação na remoção de Cu(II) de meio aquoso

Characterization of fish scales of Leporinus elongatus and their application in the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions are described. It was observed that the scales are mainly formed by hydroxyapatite and type I collagen. Adsorption of Cu(II) was performed using batch experiments at 25 0C. The ANOVA statistical results have shown that the Langmuir model was successful applied to determine the maximum adsorption capacity of 2.686 x10-4 mol g-1 and the Langmuir equilibrium parameter (b) of 168.8 L mol-1. The Langmuir separation parameter, R L, has shown favorable adsorption of Cu(II) on the scales.

Tetraciclinas e glicilciclinas: uma visão geral

Tetracyclines exhibits activity to a broad range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and this fact allied to the low toxicity, low cost, and the advantage of administration by oral route led to their indiscriminate use, which caused the appearance of bacterial resistance to these agents, wich has restricted its clinical utility, though new applications have emerged. On the other hand, the glycylcyclines, semi-synthetic products are similar to tetracyclines, which are active against many bacteria resistant to tetracycline and other classes of antibiotics. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of this important class of antibiotics focusing on its coordination chemistry and possible applications.

Síntese, caracterização e estudos de interação de um análogo da antitoxina CcdA empregando fluorescência no estado estacionário

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems contribute to plasmid stability by a mechanism called post-segregational killing. The ccd was the first TA system to be discovered with CcdB being the toxin and CcdA the antitoxin. CcdA, an 8.3 kDa protein, interacts with CcdB (11.7 kDa), preventing the cytotoxic activity of CcdB on the DNA gyrase. As an approach to understanding this interaction, CcdA41, a polypeptide derived from CcdA, was synthesized by solid-phase methodology and its interaction with CcdB was analyzed by steady state fluorescence. CcdA41 formed a stable complex with CcdBET2, a peptide based on CcdB, the more recently described bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor.

Adsorção de Cr(VI) em esferas reticuladas de quitosana: novas correlações cinéticas e termodinâmicas utilizando microcalorimetria isotérmica contínua

The synthesis and characterization of crosslinked chitosan microbeads and their application in the removal of Cr(VI) are described. New kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of Cr(VI) adsorptions processes were found using continuous isothermal calorimetry. All adsorption processes are exothermic in nature. However, a multivariate statistical analysis have pointed out that adsorption enthalpies were affected by important binary interactions of the initial Cr(VI) in solution and temperature. The adsorption energetic data were well fitted to a kinetic exponential model, which have indicated fractionary adsorption kinetic orders.

Coordenação de metais a antibióticos como uma estratégia de combate à resistência bacteriana

Antibiotic resistance has been growing at an alarming rate and consequently the arsenal of effective antibiotics against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria has dropped dramatically. In this sense there is a strong need to produce new substances that not only have good spectrum of activity, but having new mechanisms of action. In this regard, this paper emphasizes the coordination of metals to antibiotics as a strategy for reversing antibiotic resistance and production of new drugs, with a special focus on quinolones, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines.

MCR-ALS APLICADO NO MONITORAMENTO QUANTITATIVO DO PROCESSO DE ELETRODEGRADAÇÃO DA ATRAZINA USANDO ESPECTROS UV: RESULTADOS COMPARATIVOS COM HPLC-DAD COMO UM MÉTODO DE REFERÊNCIA

Electrodegradation of atrazine in water was performed using homemade (PA and PB) and purchased (PC) boron-doped diamond anodes. The degradation was monitored off-line by analyzing total organic carbon and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and at-line by UV spectroscopy. The spectra were recorded every 2 min. The rank deficiency problem was resolved by assembling an augmented column-wise matrix. HPLC was employed to separate the original and byproducts degradation components. Aiming the same goal, multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied to resolve the UV spectroscopic data. Comparison between HPLC and MCR-ALS separations is presented. By using MCR-ALS the spectra of atrazine and two byproducts were successfully resolved and the resulted concentration profiles properly represented the system studied. The ALS explained variance (R2) for PA, PB and PC was equal to 99.99% for all of them and the lack of fit for PA, PB and PC were 0.39, 0.34 and 0.54 respectively. The correlation (R) between the recovered and pure spectra were calculate for each electrodegradation, validating the MCR-ALS results. The average R was equal to 0.997. The spectral and concentration profiles described with this new approach are in agreement with HPLC-DAD results. The proposed method is an alternative to classical analyses for monitoring of the degradation process, mainly due to the simplicity, fast results and economy.