429 resultados para Leitores Reação crítica - Teses


Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

OBJETIVO: Foi realizada avaliação da dose de entrada na pele, da dose efetiva e da qualidade da imagem em radiografias de tórax de pacientes adultos. MATERIAIS E MÃTODOS: O estudo realizou-se em oito hospitais, sendo sete públicos (dois filantrópicos) e um particular nos municípios de Angra dos Reis, Cabo Frio, Campos dos Goytacazes, Itaperuna, Niterói, Recife e Rio de Janeiro. Foram avaliadas a dose de entrada na pele e a dose efetiva de 735 radiografias de tórax nas incidências póstero-anterior/ântero-posterior e perfil. No que se refere aos critérios de imagem, foram avaliadas 44 radiografias. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se variação de até nove vezes nos valores da dose de entrada na pele e de até seis vezes na dose efetiva para um mesmo tipo de projeção. Os valores das técnicas radiográficas também apresentaram grandes discrepâncias. A qualidade das imagens também não é boa, pois foi obtido valor médio de presença dos critérios de apenas 55%. CONCLUSÃO: Há necessidade de melhoria/padronização de procedimentos em radiologia convencional, o que pode ser atingido se for implantado um programa de controle e garantia de qualidade no setor de radiologia, incluindo o treinamento dos técnicos, a aferição do desempenho dos equipamentos emissores de radiação e o controle sensitométrico do sistema de processamento radiográfico.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

OBJETIVO: Analisar a eficiência da angioplastia primária infra-inguinal como método de salvamento de membros em pacientes portadores de lesões tróficas por isquemia crítica. MATERIAIS E MÃTODOS: Foram analisados 36 pacientes submetidos a angioplastias primárias sem stent. Todos os pacientes apresentavam isquemia crítica com lesão trófica - grau III, categoria 5 de Rutherford -, sendo 17 lesões na artéria femoral superficial, 16 na artéria poplítea e 51 em artérias da perna, totalizando 84 angioplastias. Foram analisadas também as prevalências em relação a sexo, membro afetado, idade e principais comorbidades, sendo tecidas considerações técnicas sobre os procedimentos, assim como os materiais utilizados. RESULTADOS: Considerou-se sucesso quando a lesão trófica que motivou a angioplastia cicatrizou, ou o nível de amputação limitou-se a artelhos ou ao antepé, sem ter havido necessidade de procedimento cirúrgico de reconstituição do fluxo sanguíneo (bypass), independentemente de tempo, drogas associadas e números de desbridamentos realizados. CONCLUSÃO: As angioplastias no segmento femoropoplíteo e infrapoplíteo são procedimentos de elevado sucesso técnico, baixa morbidade e mortalidade, constituindo-se procedimento eficaz em pacientes com isquemia crítica de membro inferior.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, por meio da ressonância magnética, uma série de fetos com diagnóstico ultra-sonográfico de malformação, a fim de estabelecer os benefícios e limites diagnósticos proporcionados pela técnica de ressonância magnética fetal, em comparação com a ultra-sonografia. MATERIAIS E MÃTODOS: Foram estudadas 40 mulheres entre 15-35 semanas de gestação com diagnóstico de anomalia fetal durante o exame de ultra-sonografia. As pacientes foram encaminhadas para o estudo complementar com ressonância magnética. As indicações para o estudo da ressonância magnética fetal foram: anomalias do sistema nervoso central, do tórax, do abdome, renais, esqueléticas e tumores. A avaliação pós-natal incluiu a revisão das imagens de ultra-sonografia e ressonância magnética, o acompanhamento do nascimento, exames laboratoriais, radiológicos e necropsia. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que os estudos complementares com ressonância magnética fetal trouxeram informações adicionais em 60% dos casos estudados. Os benefícios da ressonância magnética fetal foram: ampliação da avaliação global, aumento do campo de avaliação, maior resolução tecidual pelo uso de seqüências, e avaliação em pacientes obesas e com oligoidrâmnio. Os limites da ressonância magnética fetal foram: evitar exame no primeiro trimestre, avaliação do fluxo sanguíneo, movimentação fetal, claustrofobia materna, estudo do coração fetal e esqueleto. CONCLUSÃO: A ressonância magnética fetal pode ser utilizada como método complementar para a avaliação das malformações fetais.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The hydroformylation reaction represents one of the most important C1-chemistry area in the chemical industry. This catalytic process, which has been developed up to now mainly to the production of commodities chemicals, has shown a remarkable potential for the preparation of several categories of specialty chemicals and in particular pharmaceutical compounds. Arylpropanoic acids, various amines containing aryl groups, and intermediates for the preparation of vitamins, carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds and many other classes of organic molecules endowed with pharmacological activity are currently accessible in good-to-high yields through hydroformylation of selected olefinic substrates. The asymmetric hydroformylation is going to reach the stage of maturity and hence to contribute in solving many troublesome synthetic problems connected with the preparation of pharmacologically active compounds with very high enantiomeric purity. The present survey emphasizes the usefulness of synthesis gas as a starting material in fine chemistry, which is expected to be important for industry.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Rare earth elements supported in zeolites are the most important catalysts in the fluid cracking of petroleum. The solid state ion exchange of Eu3+ in Y zeolite was investigated. First of all, the hydrated EuCl3 was well mixed in a ball mill and was then heated at 300ºC for different times. The quantitative determination of Eu3+ showed that the degree of ion exchange depends on the reaction time at constant temperature, being ~95% in 4 h. The X-ray study showed that the crystallinity of the zeolite is little affected by the exchange procedure. The study of spectroscopic properties of Eu3+, emission spectra and lifetime, give information about the migration and position of the ion in the zeolite cages.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The aim of this work is to study the electrochromism and the reaction kinetics of lithium electrointercalation in anodic niobium oxide films. The oxide grown in an acid environment by application of an alternating potential shows interference colour (iridescence) and when reduced in lithium perclorate/PC solution, the intercalation of Li+ ions and electrons causes a reversible colour change (electrochromism), characterized here by electrochemical and optical measurements. A model where the reaction kinetics is dominated by diffusion of ionic pairs (Li+, e-) in the oxide film permitted the reproduction of current and absorbance temporal dependence, confirming the relationship between the electrochromic and electrochemical reactions. From the results obtained, a relation was established where the colour change is associated to the reduction of Nb+5 to Nb+4 ions with simultaneous cations injection.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The oxidation process of sulfur (IV) species (SO2, HSO3- e SO32-) by oxygen, catalysed by trace metal ion and complexes, can play an important role in atmospheric, analytical and bioinorganic chemistry. An overview of the most important reactions in these fields is presented. A fascinating redox cycling of the metal ions and complexes during such autoxidation process was revealed by the combination of kinetics and coordination chemistry studies.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The Baylis-Hillman reaction has significantly advanced in the last ten years as demonstrated by a number of applications described in the literature. In this report we show some aspects of this reaction, including scope, limitations and perspectives.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A study of the kinetics of oxygen evolution in alkaline conditions from ceramic films of Mn2O3 supported on stainless steel was carried out. This study has been done through the determination of transfer coefficients, Tafel slopes and exchange currents using potentiodynamic and quasi-potentiostatic measurements. The activation energy was determined as a function of the overpotential and, additionally, the electrode active surface was estimated. The results are consistent with data already published for other electrodes, implying that the methods used in this work were reliable and precise.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A flow injection spectrophotometric system was projected for monitoring hydrogen peroxide during photodegradation of organic contaminants in photo-Fenton processes (Fe2+/H2O2/UV). Sample is injected manually in a carrier stream and then receives by confluence a 0.1 mol L-1 NH4VO3 solution in 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 medium. The product formed shows absorption at 446 nm which is recorded as a peak with height proportional to H2O2 concentration. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated by monitoring the consumption of H2O2 during the photodegradation of dichloroacetic acid solution by foto-Fenton reaction.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Aromatic nitration is one of the most relevant class of reactions in organic chemistry. It has been intensively studied by both experimental, including works in the condensed as well as in the gas phase, and theoretical procedures. However, the published results do not seem to converge to an unique mechanism. Electrophilic substitution and electron transfer, in an exclusive way, are both proposed as the main mechanism for the reaction. We review these proposals and discuss the most recent findings.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Simultaneous electrolytic deposition is proposed for minimization of Cu2+ and Pb2+ interferences on automated determination of Cd2+ by the Malachite Green-iodide reaction. During electrolysis of sample in a cell with two Pt electrodes and a medium adjusted to 5% (v/v) HNO3 + 0.1% (v/v) H2SO4 + 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl, Cu2+ is deposited as Cu on the cathode, Pb2+ is deposited as PbO2 on the anode while Cd2+ is kept in solution. With 60 s electrolysis time and 0.25 A current, Pb2+ and Cu2+ levels up to 50 and 250 mg L-1 respectively, can be tolerated without interference. With on-line extraction of Cd2+ in anionic resin minicolumn, calibration graph in the 5.00 - 50.0 µg Cd L-1 range is obtained, corresponding to twenty measurements per hour, 0.7 mg Malachite Green and 500 mg KI and 5 mL sample consumed per determination. Results of the determination of Cd in certified reference materials, vegetables and tap water were in agreement with certified values and with those obtained by GFAAS at 95% confidence level. The detection limit is 0.23 µg Cd L-1 and the RSD for typical samples containing 13.0 µg Cd L-1 was 3.85 % (n= 12).

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In this review it is presented some aspects of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with tungsten coil (ETAW-AAS) since its beginning until the present days as well as the perspectives for this technique. Some aspects concerning its development and theoretical concepts are discussed. The analytical figures of merit such as limit of detection (LD), characteristic mass (m0), relative standard deviation (RSD), accuracy and precision are evaluated, compared and discussed considering published works. It is also evaluated its advantages, applications, limitations and instrumental development. The use of diode laser as radiation source and its perspectives to ETAW are also discussed.

Relevância:

20.00% 20.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Relevant aspects of proposed mechanisms of the chemiluminescent reaction of luminol are presented and commented to emphasize its perspectives for kinetic analysis. A careful search for analytical applications of this reaction is discussed in order to point out new trends of the studies. Kinetic analysis using the luminol reaction is proposed to be a very attractive due to the good performance of the reaction in analytical applications and the positive characteristics of kinetic analysis, such as low cost and sensibility. It is pointed out that kinetic analysis using the chemiluminescent reaction of luminol should be encouraged.