Transpiração e temperatura foliar da cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes valores de potencial matricial

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variação diurna da transpiração e da temperatura foliar da cana-de-açúcar, cv. RB867515, sob diferentes potenciais matriciais de água no substrato de cultivo e as condições meteorológicas em ambiente protegido. O efeito do estresse hídrico na transpiração e temperatura foliar foi determinado a partir da suspensão da irrigação, quando foram realizadas três campanhas de medições, iniciadas aos 122; 150 e 185 dias após o plantio (DAP) até que o potencial matricial de água no substrato (Ψ) alcançasse -1.500 kPa, aproximadamente. Sob ausência de estresse hídrico (Ψ>-50 kPa), a transpiração das plantas atingiu o valor máximo entre 10 e 13 h, próximo de 60; 70 e 100 g planta-1 h-1 para 122; 150 e 185 DAP, respectivamente. Sob condições de estresse hídrico severo (Ψ<-1.100 kPa), houve redução na transpiração diária de aproximadamente 73%, comparativamente às medições realizadas sem estresse e sob condições meteorológicas similares. Em condições de ausência de estresse hídrico e de céu nublado, o valor médio da diferença entre a temperatura foliar e a temperatura do ar foi de -2,9 ºC. Em contraste, sob condições de estresse hídrico severo e valores elevados de radiação solar global, a temperatura foliar chegou a ser 6,6 ºC superior à temperatura do ar.

Performance of spray nozzles in land applications with high speed

The aim of this study was to evaluate different spray nozzles for land applications in high speed on the coverage and deposit in soybean plants pulverization. It was evaluated the AXI 110 04 plane jet nozzles operated at speed of 4.17m.s-1 (control), the grey APE and the AXI 110 08 plane jets, and the TD HiSpeed 110 06 and AXI TWIN 120 06 twin jets, at speed of 9.72m.s-1. The application volume was fixed in 120L ha-1. The application efficiency was evaluated by two different methods: analysis of the coverage area using fluorescent pigment and UV light and analysis of deposits through the recovery and quantification of FD&C N°1 brilliant blue marker by spectrophotometry. Both analyses were done in samples collected from top, middle and bottom parts of the plants. The spray nozzles showed differences in coverage and deposit pattern, so in the top part, the coverage was increased with smaller drops and the deposits were increased with medium drops. In the other parts of the plants, there were no statistical differences between the treatments for both coverage and deposits. The displacement speed did not influence the application efficiency for nozzles with the same drop pattern, and the obtained spray coverage and deposits at the medium and bottom parts of the plants were less than 50% of that found at the top of the soybean plants.

Water distribuition characteristics and soil loss of LEPA Quad-Spray emitter nozzles

The objective of this study was to characterize water application rate, water application pattern width, flow rate, water distribution uniformity and soil loss caused by nozzles of the Low Energy Precision Aplication (LEPA) type Quad-Spray emitter. The study was carried out at the Hydraulic and Irrigation Laboratory of the Department of Engineering at the Federal University of Lavras, in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais - MG, Brazil. Twenty-two (22) LEPA Quad-Spray emitter nozzles were evaluated, with nozzle diameter ranging from 1.59 to 9.92 mm. The experimental design used was entirely randomized, with three replications.Increasing values of nozzle flow rate ranging from 77.44 up to 3,044 L h-1, were obtained with increasing nozzle diameter sizes. Application pattern width ranged from 0.56 up to 3.24m, according to nozzles diameter size. Low values of CDU (maximum of 35.73%) were observed when using the Quad-Spray nozzles. Observed average water application rates covered the range between 68.05 mm h-1 (the lowest value that was obtained with the 2.38mm nozzle) and 258.15 mm h-1 (the highest value that was observed with the 9.92 mm). Average water application rates increased in a simple non-linear function with the increase of nozzle size diameter. However, the weighted average increase in the amount of soil loss by erosion was not related to the increase of weighted average water application values.

Fungicide application using a trailing boom in soybean fields

The objective of this study was to determine the effects in the yield of soybean crop utilizing a trailing boom sprayer for chemical control of late season diseases. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 04 treatments, which consisted of applying fungicides with a traditional sprayer, trailing boom, the traditional sprayer plus the trailing boom simultaneously and control (without fungicide aerial application) in 05 repetitions per treatment. The variables evaluated were: final plant population, pods per plant, grains per pod, weight of one thousand grains and yield. It was concluded that the control of foliar diseases with fungicides presented weight of one thousand grains and yield significantly higher than the average of plots without fungicide application. The trailing boom did not significantly affect the yield compared to the technology currently used.

Effect of adjuvants on the amount of air included in droplets generated by spray nozzles

The air included in droplets generated by spray nozzles directly int0erferes in transport, deposition and retention of the droplets after its impact on the target. The objective of this study was to analyze the interference of adjuvants in the amount of air included in droplets generated by spray nozzles. The treatments were composed by four spray solutions containing mineral oil, vegetable oil, surfactant and water, and three spray nozzles, two air induction type and one pre-orifice. The air included was calculated by the difference between the volume of spray mix (air plus liquid) and only the liquid, which was made by means of sprayed samples captured in a funnel and collected in a graduated cylinder. The surface tension was estimated by the gravimetric method using a precision scale and a graduated pipette. The surfactant provided the largest percentage of air included in the spray. For the surface tension, the mineral oil and the surfactant had the lowest values. It was concluded that the use of adjuvants had a direct influence on the percentage of air included. In addition, products with greater ability to reduce surface tension and to form homogeneous solutions provided the increase in the percentage of air included in the droplet.

Teores de micronutrientes no solo e foliar com aplicação de fontes quelatadas e sulfatadas em feijão

As fontes de micronutrientes apresentam, em geral, baixa disponibilidade no solo, e espera-se que o uso de fontes quelatadas aumente a absorção destes elementos. Objetivou-se comparar formulações de fertilizantes quelatizados e sulfatados, na absorção dos micronutrientes, zinco e cobre, com aplicação de diferentes doses na cultura do feijão. O experimento foi conduzido, na casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Os fertilizantes utilizados foram fontes quelatadas e sulfatadas, nas doses de 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80 mg dm-3. Instalaram-se, em vasos com 3 kg de solo, os 2 ensaios independentes em DIC, em esquema fatorial 5 X 2, em que foi semeado feijão da variedade Pérola, sendo que, após 15 dias após emergência (DAE), realizou-se o desbaste, deixando então duas planta por vaso. A semeadura foi realizada no dia 09 de abril de 2010, e o corte das plantas foi realizado quando mais de 50% se encontravam no estágio R5. A aplicação com a fonte quelatada aumentou significativamente o teor de Cu disponível no solo e na planta. A fonte sulfatada não foi eficiente para fornecer Cu para o solo e para a planta. As fontes de Zn avaliadas não diferiram entre si na disponibilidade do solo, porém a absorção foi maior com o uso da fonte sulfatada.

Effect of working pressure at different spray nozzles on drift quantification in wind tunnel

Each year, there is an increase in pesticide consumption and in its importance of use in the large-scale agricultural production, being fundamental the knowledge of application technology to the activity success. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of working pressure on the drift generated by different spray nozzles, assessed in wind tunnel. The treatments were composed of two spray nozzles AXI 110015 and AXI 11002 with pressure levels of 276 and 414 kPa. The spray solution was composed by water and NaCl at 10%. The applications were conducted at wind speed of 2.0 m s-1, being the drift collected at 5.0; 10.0 and 15.0 m away from the spray boom and at heights of 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8 e 1.0 m from the tunnel floor. To both spray nozzles, the greatest drift was collected at the smallest distance to the spray-boom and at the lowest height. The AXI 11002 nozzle gave a smaller drift relative to the AXI 110015 nozzle for the two tested pressures and for all the collection points. Regardless of the nozzle, a rise in the working pressure increases the spray drift percentage at all distances in the wind tunnel.

Microencapsulation of pequi pulp by spray drying: use of modified starches as encapsulating agent

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microencapsulation of pequi pulp by spray drying. A central composite rotational design was used in order to evaluate the effect of the independent variables: inlet air temperature, surfactant concentration and modified starch concentration. The dependent variables were assumed as yield of the process and the product features microencapsulated. A selection of the best process condition was performed to obtain the best condition of a product with the highest vitamin C and carotenoids content. Powders showed moisture content below 2%. The experimental values of hygroscopicity, yield, water activity, total carotenoids and vitamin C powders ranged from 7.96 to 10.67 g of adsorbed water/100g of solids, 24.34 to 49.80%, 0.13 to 0.30, 145.78 to 292.11 mg of ascorbic acid/g of pequi solids and 15.51 to 123.42 mg of carotenoids/g of pequi solids, respectively. The inlet air temperature 140°C, the surfactant concentration of 2.5% and the modified starch concentration of 22.5% was recommended as the selected condition. By the scanning electron microscopy, it was observed that most of the particles had spherical shape and smooth surface.

Automatic and manual spray bar sections control

The use of precision farming tools in pesticide application technology can improve the techniques effectiveness during the spraying. Thus, this study aimed to compare automatic and manual systems to interrupt the syrup flow in the spray bar sections when applied in overlapped areas. The sprayings were carried out in eight places in completely randomized design. It was compared the spray consumption and the sprayed area in relation to the total area. The results indicated that in sprays performed with the automatic system there was an average savings of 17.2% of the sprayed volume. The sprayed area using the bar section's automatic control was an average 6.1% lower than the sprayed area with manual control.

Spray adjuvant characteristics affecting agricultural spraying drift

This study defined the main adjuvant characteristics that may influence or help to understand drift formation process in the agricultural spraying. It was evaluated 33 aqueous solutions from combinations of various adjuvants and concentrations. Then, drifting was quantified by means of wind tunnel; and variables such as percentage of droplets smaller than 50 μm (V50), 100 μm (V100), diameter of mean volume (DMV), droplet diameter composing 10% of the sprayed volume (DV0.1), viscosity, density and surface tension. Assays were performed in triplicate, using Teejet XR8003 flat fan nozzles at 200 kPa (medium size droplets). Spray solutions were stained with Brilliant Blue Dye at 0.6% (m/ v). DMV, V100, viscosity cause most influence on drift hazardous. Adjuvant characteristics and respective methods of evaluation have applicability in drift risk by agricultural spray adjuvants.

SPRAY DEPOSITION AT TWO GROWTH STAGES OF CATTAIL

ABSTRACT Surfactant use in spray solutions has a major advantage of reducing droplet surface tension and increasing deposition. We aimed to evaluate droplet deposition on cattail plants (Typha subulata) using food coloring (Brilliant Blue - FD & C-1) as marker added to spray solution at two different growth stages: vegetative (4 leaves) and flowering (5 leaves). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications and five plants per plot (16.2-L tanks). Treatments consisted of adding into spray solutions Brilliant Blue alone (control), Brilliant Blue + 0.5% v/v Aterbane and Brilliant Blue + 0.01% v/v Silwet. Spraying was performed by a pressurized CO2 sprayer at 220 kPa using two Teejet XR 8002 nozzles at a spray volume of 200 L ha-1. We observed that surfactant addition provided uniform deposition of spray solution on T. subulata plants at both growth stages compared to treatments without surfactant. However, this product has not increased spray deposits on cattail leaves at both stages.

KNOWLEDGE ON ADJUVANT PROPERTIES, DISPOSAL OF PESTICIDERESIDUES AND SPRAY DRIFT OCCURRENCE IN THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO

ABSTRACT This paper aimed at investigating the knowledge level of people working on pesticide spraying activities concerning spray adjuvant properties, as well as collecting information on disposal locations for residues from internal spray tank cleaning, and finally the understanding of pesticide spray drift occurrence in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The information was gathered through a questionnaire answered by participants of a rural extension program in application technology located in nineteen grain and fiber producing regions of Mato Grosso state. Among the mentioned adjuvants, 49.0% belonged to the mineral oil class and 17.9% of participants did not know the functions performed by such products. In addition, 58.5% of the participants discarded residues into the field. Among the participants who answered the question about spray drift occurrence causes, 54.1% indicated problems relating to inadequate weather conditions. In conclusion, there is a lack of knowledge on adjuvant functions, besides of inappropriate residue disposal in the state of Mato Grosso. Spray drift was referred as a problem; however, most of participants were not able to discuss the causes of these losses.

Uso do spray de lidocaína em histeroscopia diagnóstica

OBJETIVO: determinar a eficácia do spray de lidocaína a 10% aplicado no colo uterino antes da execução da histeroscopia diagnóstica para reduzir a dor e o desconforto causados pelo exame. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 261 pacientes atendidas consecutivamente, entre março de 2004 e março de 2005. As pacientes foram randomizadas para dois grupos: um grupo recebendo aplicação tópica do spray de lidocaína (grupo lidocaína) e outro não recebendo nenhuma medicação antes do procedimento (grupo controle). Trinta miligramas de lidocaína spray a 10% foram aplicados na superfície do colo uterino, sendo a histeroscopia iniciada cinco minutos depois. Imediatamente após o final do procedimento a paciente respondeu um questionário sobre dor e quantificou a intensidade da dor, em centímetros, usando uma escala analógica visual não graduada. Os testes t não pareado, Mann-Whitney e chi2 foram aplicados na análise estatística, com nível de significância de 0,05. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto à idade, paridade ou porcentagem de pacientes na menacme ou menopausa, ou quanto à indicação do procedimento e os achados histeroscópicos. Uma biópsia foi realizada em 57 das 132 pacientes no grupo lidocaína, e em 48 das 129 do grupo controle (p=0,96). O escore médio de dor foi 4,3±2,9 no grupo lidocaína, e 3,9±2,5 no grupo controle (p=0,2). Diferença no escore médio de dor foi observada somente na comparação entre pacientes na menacme e menopausa recebendo ou não a lidocaína spray, com p=0,01 e 0,04, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: o uso da lidocaína spray durante a histeroscopia diagnóstica não minimiza o desconforto e a dor das pacientes, e não deve ser utilizada.

Efeito da cerosidade foliar na reação de variedades de cebola (Allium cepa L.) a herbicidas de pós-emergência

Em ensaios experimentais, realizados no Departamento de Genética da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" da Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba - SP, verificou-se o efeito da ce rosidade foliar na reação de variedades de cebola a herbicidas de pós-emergência. Utilizaram-se variedades do grupo não ceroso, como Granex e Texas Grano, e variedades do grupo ceroso, como Baia Periforme, Barreiro SMP-IV, Red Creole e Roxa Chata SMP-IV, no 1.º ensaio; e variedades do grupo não ceroso, como Excel Bermudas 986 e Texas Grano, e variedades do grupo ceroso, como Baia Periforme, Pira Couto, Pira Dura, Pira Ouro A/R, Red Creole e Roxa Chata SMP-IV, no 2.º ensaio. Os herbicidas de pós-emergência e as doses utilizadas foram: bentazon, 0,48 kg i.a./ha e prometryne 1,60 kg i.a./ha, no 1.0 ensaio; e ácido sulfúrico (4%), bentazon 0,48 kg i.a./ha, prometryne 1,60 kg i.a./ha e diuron 1,60 kg i.a./ha, no 2: ensaio. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a cerosidade foliar é um dos mecanismos de resistência de cebola à ação de herbicidas de pós-emergência.

Nota científica: métodos para estimativa da area foliar de plantas daninhas: 2: Wissadula subpeltata (Kuntze) Fries

Com o objetivo de obter uma equação que, através de parâmetros lineares dimensionais das folhas, permitisse estimar a área foliar de Wissadula subpeltata (Kuntze) Fries, estudaram- se correlações entre a área foliar real e o comprimento da folha ao longo da nervura principal (C ), largura máxi ma da folha (L) , comprimento do espaço entre o ponto de inserção do pecíolo na folha até a primeira ramificação da nervura principal (CE), L + C, L x C e L x CE. Todas as equações, geométricas ou lineares simples, permitiram boas estimativas da área foliar . Do pont o de vista prático, sugere- se optar pela equação linear simples envolvendo o produto C x L, considerando o coeficiente linear igual a zero. Deste modo, a estimativa da área foliar de W. subpeltata pode ser feita pel a fórmula Y = 0, 85 49 (C x L), ou seja 85 ,49% do produto entre o comprimento da nervura principal e a largura máxima da folha.