Influence of Smoking Consumption and Nicotine Dependence Degree in Cardiac Autonomic Modulation

Abstract Background: Smoking consumption alters cardiac autonomic function. Objective: Assess the influence of the intensity of smoking and the nicotine dependence degree in cardiac autonomic modulation evaluated through index of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: 83 smokers, of both genders, between 50 and 70 years of age and with normal lung function were divided according to the intensity of smoking consumption (moderate and severe) and the nicotine dependency degree (mild, moderate and severe). The indexes of HRV were analyzed in rest condition, in linear methods in the time domain (TD), the frequency domain (FD) and through the Poincaré plot. For the comparison of smoking consumption, unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney was employed. For the analysis between the nicotine dependency degrees, we used the One-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey's post test or Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's test. The significance level was p < 0,05. Results: Differences were only found when compared to the different intensities of smoking consumption in the indexes in the FD. LFun (62.89 ± 15.24 vs 75.45 ± 10.28), which corresponds to low frequency spectrum component in normalized units; HFun (37.11 ± 15.24 vs 24.55 ± 10.28), which corresponds to high frequency spectrum component in normalized units and in the LF/HF ratio (2.21 ± 1.47 vs 4.07 ± 2.94). However, in the evaluation of nicotine dependency, significant differences were not observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Only the intensity of smoking consumption had an influence over the cardiac autonomic modulation of the assessed tobacco smokers. Tobacco smokers with severe intensity of smoking consumption presented a lower autonomic modulation than those with moderate intensity.

Fractal Dimension in Quantifying Experimental-Pulmonary-Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats

Abstract Background: Right-sided heart failure has high morbidity and mortality, and may be caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Fractal dimension is a differentiated and innovative method used in histological evaluations that allows the characterization of irregular and complex structures and the quantification of structural tissue changes. Objective: To assess the use of fractal dimension in cardiomyocytes of rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension, in addition to providing histological and functional analysis. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: control (C; n = 8) and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (M; n = 8). Five weeks after pulmonary arterial hypertension induction with monocrotaline, echocardiography was performed and the animals were euthanized. The heart was dissected, the ventricles weighed to assess anatomical parameters, and histological slides were prepared and stained with hematoxylin/eosin for fractal dimension analysis, performed using box-counting method. Data normality was tested (Shapiro-Wilk test), and the groups were compared with non-paired Student t test or Mann Whitney test (p < 0.05). Results: Higher fractal dimension values were observed in group M as compared to group C (1.39 ± 0.05 vs. 1.37 ± 0.04; p < 0.05). Echocardiography showed lower pulmonary artery flow velocity, pulmonary acceleration time and ejection time values in group M, suggesting function worsening in those animals. Conclusion: The changes observed confirm pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction, and point to fractal dimension as an effective method to evaluate cardiac morphological changes induced by ventricular dysfunction.

Comportamento dos cromossômios na meiose de Euryophthalmus rufipennis Laporte (Hemiptera Pyrrhocoridae)

In this paper an account is given of the principal facts observer in the meiosis of Euryophthalmus rufipennis Laporte which afford some evidence in favour of the view held by the present writer in earlier publications regarding the existence of two terminal kinetochores in Hem ip ter an chromosomes as well as the transverse division of the chromosomes. Spermatogonial mitosis - From the beginning of prophase until metaphase nothing worthy of special reference was observed. At anaphase, on the contrary, the behavior of the chromosomes deserves our best attention. Indeed, the chromoso- mes, as soon as they begin to move, they show both ends pronouncedly turned toward the poles to which they are connected by chromosomal fibres. So a premature and remarkable bending of the chromosomes not yet found in any other species of Hemiptera and even of Homoptera points strongly to terminally localized kinetochores. The explanation proposed by HUGHES-SCHRADER and RIS for Nautococcus and by RIS for Tamalia, whose chromosomes first become bent late in anaphase do not apply to chromosomes which initiate anaphase movement already turned toward the corresponding pole. In the other hand, the variety of positions assumed by the anaphase chromosomes of Euryophthalmus with regard to one another speaks conclusively against the idea of diffuse spindle attachments. First meiotic division - Corresponding to the beginning of the story of the primary spermatocytes cells are found with the nucleus entirelly filled with leptonema threads. Nuclei with thin and thick threads have been considered as being in the zygotente phase. At the pachytene stage the bivalents are formed by two parallel strands clearly separated by a narrow space. The preceding phases differ in nothing from the corresponding orthodox ones, pairing being undoubtedly of the parasynaptic type. Formation of tetrads - When the nuclei coming from the diffuse stage can be again understood the chromosomes reappear as thick threads formed by two filaments intimately united except for a short median segment. Becoming progressively shorter and thicker the bivalents sometimes unite their extremities forming ring-shaped figures. Generally, however, this does not happen and the bivalents give origin to more or less condensed characteristic Hemipteran tetrads, bent at the weak median region. The lateral duplicity of the tetrads is evident. At metaphase the tetrads are still bent and are connected with both poles by their ends. The ring-shaped diakinesis tetrads open themselves out before metaphase, showing in this way that were not chiasmata that held their ends together. Anaphase proceeds as expected. If we consider the median region of the tetrads as being terminalized chiasmata, then the chromosomes are provided with a single terminal kinetochore. But this it not the case. A critical analysis of the story of the bivalents before and after the diffuse stage points to the conclusion that they are continuous throughout their whole length. Thence the chromosomes are considered as having a kinetochore at each end. Orientation - There are some evidences that Hemipteran chromosomes are connected by chiasmata. If this is true, the orientation of the tetrads may be understood in the following manner: Chiasmata being hindered to scape by the terminal kinetochores accumulate at the ends of the tetrads, where condensation begins. Repulsion at the centric ends being prevented by chiasmata the tetrads orient themselves as if they were provided with a single kinetochore at each extremity, taking a position parallelly to the spindle axis. Anaphase separation - Anaphase separation is consequently due to a transverse division of the chromosomes. Telophase and secund meiotic division - At telophase the kinetochore repeli one another following the moving apart of the centosomes, the chiasmata slip toward the acentric extremities and the chromosomes rotate in order to arrange themselves parallelly to the axis of the new spindle. Separation is therefore throughout the pairing plane. Origin of the dicentricity of the chromosomes - Dicentricity of the chromosomes is ascribed to the division of the kinetochore of the chromosomes reaching the poles followed by separation and distension of the chromatids which remain fused at the acentric ends giving thus origin to terminally dicentric iso-chromosomes. Thence, the transverse division of the chromosomes, that is, a division through a plane perpendicular to the plane of pairing, actually corresponds to a longitudinal division realized in the preceding generation. Inactive and active kinetochores - Chromosomes carrying inactive kinetochore is not capable of orientation and active anaphasic movements. The heterochromosome of Diactor bilineatus in the division of the secondary spermatocytes is justly in this case, standing without fibrilar connection with the poles anywhere in the cell, while the autosomes are moving regularly. The heterochromosome of Euryophthalmus, on the contrary, having its kinetochores perfectly active ,is correctly oriented in the plane of the equator together with the autosomes and shows terminal chromosomal connection with both poles. Being attracted with equal strength by two opposite poles it cannot decide to the one way or the other remaining motionless in the equator until some secondary causes (as for instances a slight functional difference between the kinetochores) intervene to break the state of equilibrium. When Yiothing interferes to aide the heterochromosome in choosing its way it distends itself between the autosomal plates forming a fusiform bridge which sometimes finishes by being broken. Ordinarily, however, the bulky part of the heterochromosome passes to one pole. Spindle fibers and kinetic activity of chromosomal fragments - The kinetochore is considered as the unique part of the chromosome capable of being influenced by other kinetochore or by the poles. Under such influence the kinetochore would be stimulated or activited and would elaborate a sort of impulse which would run toward the ends. In this respect the chromosome may be compared to a neüròn, the cell being represented by the kinetochore and the axon by the body of the chromosome. Due to the action of the kinetochore the entire chromosome becomes also activated for performing its kinetic function. Nothing is known at present about the nature of this activation. We can however assume that some active chemical substance like those produced by the neuron and transferred to the effector passes from the kinetochore to the body of the chromosome runing down to the ends. And, like an axon which continues to transmit an impulse after the stimulating agent has suspended its action, so may the chromosome show some residual kinetic activity even after having lost its kinetochore. This is another explanation for the kinetic behavior of acentric chromosomal fragmehs. In the orthodox monocentric chromosomes the kinetic activity is greater at the kinetochore, that is, at the place of origin of the active substance than at any other place. In chromosomes provided with a kinetochore at each end the entire body may become active enough to produce chromosomal fibers. This is probably due to a more or less uniform distribution and concentration of the active substance coming simultaneously from both extremities of the chromosome.

A sarna das orelhas dos coelhos

A experiência foi realizada com o propósito de encontrar um tratamento eficaz e de fácil aplicação na cura da sarna das orelhas do coelho doméstco. Foram tomados 5 lotes de 3 coelhos e tratados com Detefon, Insect-o-Blitz, Terebentina e óleo, D. D. T. a 10% e vaselina e Querozene. Foram feitas 4 aplicações com intervalos de 4 dias. Chegámos à conclusão de que o melhor tratamento foi o D. D. T. a 10% e vaselina que produziu os melhores resultados e que pode, por isso, ser indicado. A terebentina e óleo também pode ser indicada como eficiente. Quanto aos outros tratamentos é possível que produzam efeitos satisfatórios fazendo-se uma diluição conveniente, afim de atenuar a ação causticante dos ingredientes.

Sombreamento dos cafèzais I.: resultados de três ciclos bienais (1953/1958) obtidos na escola "Luiz de Queiroz"

The present paper discusses the data obtained in shade and unshaded coffee plots at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The results, analysed statistically, can be summarized as follows: a) unshaded plots produced 17% more than shaded ones; b) the percentage of coffee berry borer infestation was higher in shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; c) the percentage of green (not ripened fruits) depends of the harvest time. When the harvest was retarded, the percentage of green fruits was higher in the shaded plots. When the percentage of green fruits was the same, both in shaded and unshaded plots, the percentage of ripened was higher and the percentage of dried fruits was lesser in the shaded plots as compared with unshaded ones; d) other comparisons as production of dried grains by the field fruits, relation between dried fruits and dried grains and cup-test by expert coffee-taster, did not show differences among shaded and unshaded plots.

The relation of the concentration of macronutrients in the substrate and in the foliage to cell wall thickness and cellulose concentration in the xylem of slash pine (Pinus elliotti)

Sand culture experiments, using a sub-irrigation technique, were installed in order to find out the effects of the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S on growth, aspect, mineral composition, length of fibers, thickness of cell wall and cellulose concentration in slash pine. The aim was to obtain, under controlled conditions, basic information which could eventually lead to practical means designed to increase the rate of growth and to make of slash pine a richer source of cellulose. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Nitrogen was supplied initially at the levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; phosphorus was given at the rates of 5, 10 and 20 ppm; potassium was supplied at the rates of 25, 50 and 100 ppm; six months after the experiment was started the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Others macro and all micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates. Fifteen hours of illumination per day were provided. The experimental technique for growing the slash pine seedlings proved quite satisfactory. Symptoms of deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed, described and recorded in photographs and water colors. These informations will help to identify abnormalities which may appear under field conditions. Chemical analysis of the several plant parts, on the other hand, give a valuable means to assess the nutritional status of slash pine, thus confirming when needed, the visual diagnosis. The correctness of manurial pratices, on the other hand, can be judged with the help of the analytical data tabulated. Under the experimental conditions nitrogen caused the highest increases on growth, as measured by increments in height and dry weights, whereas the effects of phosphorus and potassium were less marked. Cellulose concentration was not significantly affected by the treatments used. Higher levels of N seemed to decrease both length of fiber elements and the thickness of cell wall. The effects of P and K were not well defined. Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur Experiment A 3 x 3 x 3 factorial design with two replicates was used. Calcium was supplied initially at the levels of 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm; magnesium and sulfur were given at the rates of 6, 12.5 and 25 ppm. Other macro and micronutrients were supplied at uniform rates, common to all treatments. Three months after starting the experiment the first level for each element was dropped to zero. Symptoms of deficiency of calcium, magnesium and sulfur were observed, described and recorded as in the case of the previous experiment. Chemical analysis were made, both for mineral content and cellulose concentration. Length of fibers and thickness of cell wall were measured. Both calcium and magnesium increase height, sulfur failing to give significant response. Dry weight was beneficially affected by calcium and sulfur. The levels of calcium, magnesium and sulfur in the needles associated with deficiency and maximum growth are comparable with those found in the literature. Cellulose concentration increased when the level of sulfur in the substrate was raised. The thickness of cell wall was negatively affected by the treatments; no effect was observed with regards to length of fibers.

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do milho: II - deficiências de macronutrientes na variedade Piranão

Foram induzidos sintomas de carência de macronutrientes no milho, var. Piranão, exceto no caso do enxofre. Os níveis foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S foram determinados nas plantas sujeitos à nutrição completa e às deficiências de macronutrientes.

Concentrações de alguns macro e micronutrientes em essências florestais do parque da Escola Superior de Agricultura «Luiz de Queiroz»

Em cinco árvores do parque da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", pertencentes às espécies, Aspidospernia polyneuron Müell, Cariniana estrellensis Raddi, Paratecoma peroba Record, Aleurites moluccana Wield e Piptadenia rígida, foram coletadas três amostras constituídas de folhas consideradas novas, medianas e velhas, aparentemente. As 15 amostras obtidas foram lavadas para micronutrientes, secadas em estufa a aproximadamente 70ºC, moídas e analisadas sob três repetições, quanto a seus teores em N, R, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, e as diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as médias dos vários tratamentos, detectadas pela análise de variância, foram comparadas através do teste Tukey. Os seguintes contrastes puderam ser observados : a) Pelo menos uma árvore dentre as cinco, diferiu das demais quanto à concentração relativa de cada um dos nutrientes considerados . b) Em todas as árvores estudadas, com exceção da pertencente à espécie Aleurites moluccana (nogueira de Iguape), os nutrientes constatados em maior concentração foram o N e o Ca, enquanto que, na nogueira detectou-se maior concentração de N e K. c) Piptadenia rígida (angico branco) e Cariniana estrellensis (jequitibá branco) mostraram concentrações particularmente elevadas de Fe. d) Genericamente, as folhas novas das essências observadas apresentaram tendência de possuírem maiores concentrações de N, R, K e Cu, enquanto as folhas velhas mostraram maiores concentrações de Ca e Mn.

Efeitos de anos agrícolas em diferentes variedades de amoreira, em três tipos de espaçamentos e três épocas de poda, cultivadas no sistema de cepo: parte I - estudo na região de Mocóca

São apresentados neste trabalho os resultados da produção de folhas em Kg/ha de três variedades de amoreiras comuns ou nacionais: Calabresa, Fernão Dias e Lopes Lins que se multiplicam facilmente pela estaquia natural. Foram conduzidas no sistema de "cepo" (touceira), plantadas nos espaçamentos de 1,50x1,00 m., 1,50x1,50 m., 1,50x2,00 m. e podadas em três diferentes épocas: 1.ª quinzena de junho, 2.ª quinzena de junho e 1.ª quinzena de julho dos três anos agrícolas (1963/64, 1964/65 e 1965/66). A análise estatística da produção média de folhas dos três anos agrícolas, mostrou que a variedade mais produtiva foi a Calabresa, plantada no espaçamento de 1,50x1,00 m. e podada mais tardia -, 1.ª quinzena de julho.

Efeitos de anos de produção de folhas em diferentes variedades de amoreira em três tipos de espaçamentos e três épocas de poda, cultivadas no sistema de cepo: parte II - estudo na região de Pindorama

São apresentados os resultados da produção de folhas em kg/ha, de três variedades de amoreiras comuns, como a calabresa, a fernão dias e a lopes lins, cultivadas no sistema de "cepo", e que, como a formosa, a ungaresa, a miura etc, caracterisam-se por se multiplicar facilmente pela estaquia natural, isto é, prescindem do emprego de substâncias químicas, como os hormônios vegetais sintéticos para enraizar. Em conseqüência, o cultivo das variedades comuns é predominante nas regiões sericícolas do Estado, principalmente a calabresa, por ser muito precoce na brotação, muito rústica, apresentar boa produção de folhas e suportar até quatro colheitas de ramos enfolhados num ciclo anual incluída a poda de produção ou de inverno. As três primeiras variedades em estudo neste experimento foram plantadas de haste única, raízes nuas, nos espaçamentos de 1,50x 1,00 m, 1,50x1,50 m e 1,50 x 2,00 m e podadas em três diferentes épocas - 1.ª quinzena de junho, 2.ª quinzena de junho e 1.ª quinzena de julho dos anos agrícolas 1963/64, 1964/65 e 1965/66. Neste experimento, que constou de um fatorial 3 x 3 x 3, as colheitas parciais de ramos enfolhados foram três para cada ano agrícola, realizadas no intervalo de quatro meses uma da outra. Depois de as mudas plantadas apresentarem-se bastante desenvolvidas, foram, nas respectivas épocas de poda, cortadas ao rés do solo com golpes firmes de enxadão bem afiado. Nas duas outras colheitas parciais realizadas em pleno período vegetativo, o corte dos ramos enfolhados foi feito a alguns centímetros acima da(1) Dois outros ensaios idênticos ao presente, foram instalados nas regiões agrícolas de Limeira e Mococa. superfície do solo. A formação da amoreira nesse sistema é conhecida pela denominação de cultivo em "cepa", porque após cada colheita ficam tocos sobre o solo. Decorridos alguns anos de colheitas de ramos nesse sistema, uma única muda de haste única por contínua perfilhação, transforma-se em espessa touceira, desde que se efetuem as necessárias adubações acompanhadas da correção do pH do solo. A análise estatística conjunta das produções médias de folhas dos três anos agrícolas, mostrou que a variedade calabresa foi a mais produtiva, quando adotado o espaçamento de 1,50 x 1,00 m e podada na terceira época: l.ª quinzena de julho. Em segundo e terceiro lugar na ordem decrescente da produção de folhas em kg/ha, seguiram-se as variedades fernão dias e lopes lins, também no espaçamento 1,50x1,00 m e podadas na mesma época que a calabresa: 1.ª quinzena de julho.

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do milho: II. efeito de doses crescentes de N, R e K no crescimento, produção e composição mineral da variedade Piranão em condições controladas

O milho, var. Piranão, foi cultivado em solução nutritiva com níveis crescentes de N, R e K. Houve resposta linear à adição de N e assintótica às doses de R e de K. A determinação da atividade da reductase de nitrato se correlacionou melhor com a produção da matéria seca que a do N total nas folhas. O teor de potássio total nas folhas, por sua vez refletiu melhor o estado nutricional que a determinação de putrescina nas folhas.