Stability of Citrus tristeza virus protective isolate 'Pêra IAC' according to SSCP analysis of old and new lines of three sweet orange varieties

Clonal cleaning, followed by pre-immunization with protective complexes of Citrus tristeza virus(CTV), allowed the commercial cultivation of Pêra sweet orange, a variety that has great importance for Brazilian citriculture but is sensitive to the virus. The use of mild protective isolates in other citrus varieties, even those more tolerant to CTV, can also be of interest to prevent the spread of severe isolates. The aim of this study was to characterize, by means of SSCP (Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism) analysis of the coat protein gene, CTV isolates present in plants of the sweet orange cultivars Pêra, Hamlin and Valencia propagated from four budwood sources: 1) old lines, 2) nucellar lines, 3) shoot-tip-grafted lines, and 4) shoot-tip-grafted lines pre-immunized with the mild CTV protective isolate 'PIAC'. We also evaluated the correlation of the obtained SSCP patterns to stem pitting intensity, tree vigor and fruit yield. SSCP results showed low genetic diversity among the isolates present in different trees of the same variety and same budwood source and, in some cases, in different budwood sources and varieties. Considering tristeza symptoms, lower intensity was noted for plants of new, shoot-tip-grafted and pre-immunized shoot-tip-grafted lines, compared to old lines of the three varieties. The observed SSCP patterns and symptomatology suggested that more severe CTV complexes infect the plants of old lines of all three varieties. The protective complex stability was observed in the SSCP patterns of CTV isolates of some shoot-tip-grafted and pre-immunized clones. It was concluded that the changes detected in other electrophoretic profiles of this treatment did not cause loss of the protective capacity of CTV isolate 'PIAC' inoculated in the pre-immunization.

Terrain forms and spatial variability of soil properties in an area cultivatedwith citrus

The technique of precision agriculture and soil-landscape allows delimiting areas for localized management, allowing a localized application of agricultural inputs and thereby may contribute to preservation of natural resources. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the spatial variability of chemical properties and clay content in the context of soil-landscape relationship in a Latosol (Oxisol) under cultivation of citrus. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m in an area of 83.5 ha planted with citrus, as a 50-m intervals grid, with 129 points in concave terrain and 206 points in flat terrain, totaling 335 points. Values for the variables that express the chemical characteristics and clay content of soil properties were analyzed with descriptive statistics and geostatistical modeling of semivariograms for making maps of kriging. The values of range and kriging maps indicated higher variability in the shape of concave topography (top segment) compared with the shape of flat topography (slope and hillside segments below). The identification of different forms of terrain proved to be efficient in understanding the spatial variability of chemical properties and clay content of soil under cultivation of citrus.

Spatial variability of leaf nutrient contents in a drip irrigated citrus orchard

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of leaf content of macro and micronutrients. The citrus plants orchard with 5 years of age, planted at regular intervals of 8 x 7 m, was managed under drip irrigation. Leaf samples were collected from each plant to be analyzed in the laboratory. Data were analyzed using the software R, version 2.5.1 Copyright (C) 2007, along with geostatistics package GeoR. All contents of macro and micronutrients studied were adjusted to normal distribution and showed spatial dependence.The best-fit models, based on the likelihood, for the macro and micronutrients were the spherical and matern. It is suggest for the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur the minimum distances between samples of 37; 58; 29; 63; 46 and 15 m respectively, while for the micronutrients boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc, the distances suggests are 29; 9; 113; 35 and 14 m, respectively.

Citrus root distribution under water stress grown in sandy soil of central Florida

The experiment was conducted in an orchard located in University of Florida (Citrus Research and Education Center), Lake Alfred, Polk County, Florida, USA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of water stress in root distribution of 'Valencia' orange tree on 'Swingle' citrumelo rootstock. Three treatments were imposed on the trees: 1) normal irrigation with microsprinklers, 2) no irrigation in winter (November through mid-March) and 3) rainfall exclusion by placing a water repelling fabric (Tyvek) under the trees. Trees in treatments 1 and 2 received normal rainfall during the winter, but treatment 3 received no rain. Normal irrigation was resumed on all treatments in mid March. Soil was collected using root auger head (0.09 m diameter and height 0.25 m) in two opposing quadrants (West and East at 3 horizontal distances from tree trunk (1, 2 and 3 m) and 4 depths (0.0-0.15; 0.15-0.30; 0.30-0.60 and 0.60-0.90 m). The results from root sampling showed that there was a significant difference in root distribution between irrigated treatment and non irrigated/non rainfall.

Geostatistics and remote sensing methods in the classification of images of areas cultivated with citrus

This study compares the precision of three image classification methods, two of remote sensing and one of geostatistics applied to areas cultivated with citrus. The 5,296.52ha area of study is located in the city of Araraquara - central region of the state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The multispectral image from the CCD/CBERS-2B satellite was acquired in 2009 and processed through the Geographic Information System (GIS) SPRING. Three classification methods were used, one unsupervised (Cluster), and two supervised (Indicator Kriging/IK and Maximum Likelihood/Maxver), in addition to the screen classification taken as field checking.. Reliability of classifications was evaluated by Kappa index. In accordance with the Kappa index, the Indicator kriging method obtained the highest degree of reliability for bands 2 and 4. Moreover the Cluster method applied to band 2 (green) was the best quality classification between all the methods. Indicator Kriging was the classifier that presented the citrus total area closest to the field check estimated by -3.01%, whereas Maxver overestimated the total citrus area by 42.94%.

Energy demand in citrus production under varied operational efficiency values

Citrus orchards are very important in Brazil, especially in São Paulo State, where occupy an area of 600,000 ha approximately. To identify sustainability degree of citrus production system, an energy analysis allows evaluating efficiency of direct and indirect applied inputs. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate citrus production system under energetic point of view, in which invested energy is paid back with citrus production; being compared within three scenarios for operational field efficiency. As result, by sensitivity analysis was determined that fuel was the main energy demander, followed by pesticides and fertilizers. In operational work capacity analysis, all combinations between efficiency (minimum, typical and maximum) and yield levels became positive in the seventh year, except for the combination minimum efficiency and 10 % less yield, positive in the eighth year. The best combination (maximum efficiency and 10 % more yield) has promoted investment payoff around the sixth and seventh year. By this study, it is possible to determine the total energy demand to produce citrus and indentify the applied inputs that need more attention by the decision-makers. Labor and seedlings can be ommited for further studies with citrus, since they were irrelevant. Management of agricultural machinery may pose an important role on decreasing environmental impact of citrus production.

Color change and quality response of ‘lane late’ orange submitted to degreening process

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of ethylene on peel color and compositional changes in ‘Lane late’ orange stored under refrigerated and ambient conditions. Physiologically mature, but green-peeled, oranges were exposed to ethylene gas under room temperature and high relative humidity for 24 hours. Storage chamber was ventilated with fresh air after 12 hours to mitigate consequences derived from fruit respiration. Both nondestructive analysis, such as peel color (hue angle, chromaticity, and brightness) and weight loss, and destructive ones (soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids to acidity ratio, and puncture force) were performed upon harvest, after degreening, and every three days during eighteen days in storage. Experiment was carried out using an entirely randomized design with thirty replications for nondestructive and four replications for destructive analyses, in a split plot scheme. Exposure to ethylene ensured a golden yellow peel for both fruit stored under ambient and refrigerated conditions. High relative humidity, associated with low temperature prevented fruit from losing moisture. Fruit exposure to ethylene did not affect weight loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, acidity ratio, or puncture force.

Avaliação da eficiência da mistura pronta de glyphosate + 2,4-D no controle da Commelina virginica L. em citros

Um dos herbicidas mais utilizados para o controle de plantas daninhas em pós-emergência nos pomares cítricos paulistas é o glyphosate. No entanto, este herbicida aplicado isoladamente e nas doses recomendadas, tem proporcionado seleção da planta daninha trapoeraba (Commelina virginica L.), devido à grande tolerância da mesma, somada à eficiente eliminação das demais espécies da comunidade infestante. Em vista disso, e pela falta de opções , faz-se necessária a pesquisa de outros herbicidas ou misturas de herbicidas que sejam eficientes no controle da trapoeraba, de baixa toxicidade para os aplicadores, sistêmicos, e que sejam seletivos às plantas cítricas. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar a eficiência da mistura pronta dos herbicidas glyphosate + 2,4-D amina no controle da trapoeraba em citros [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], em comparação com estes mesmos herbicidas aplicados isoladamente, bem como os possíveis efeitos fitotóxicos da mesma à cultura. O experimento foi instalado na região de Catanduva-SP, em um pomar de laranja Pera clone Rio, enxertada sobre limão Cravo, com dez anos de idade, plantado em um espaçamento de 8,0 x 6,5 m. A aplicação dos herbicidas foi realizada em 20 de fevereiro de 1991, de forma dirigida, em pós-emergência tardia da trapoeraba, quando a mesma já florescia e tinha altura variável entre 15 e 60 cm. A análise e interpretação dos resultados obtidos mostraram que a mistura pronta de glyphosate + 2,4-D apresenta um controle superior da trapoeraba em relação aos produtos aplicados isoladamente, não havendo diferenças significativas no controle para doses superiores a 0,60 + 0,80 kg i.a./ha. Os dados obtidos reforçam a teoria de sinergismo entre os dois produtos. Em nenhum dos tratamentos foi verificado sintomas visuais de intoxicação nas laranjeiras.

Chromosome number and secondary constriction variation in 51 accessions of a citrus germplasm bank

The mitotic chromosomes of 51 citrus accessions from the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil, were analyzed. The sample included representatives of 20 Citrus species, one of Poncirus and seven hybrids. All accessions showed 2n = 18 without any evidence of numerical variation. The most clearly variable karyotype feature was the number and position of secondary constrictions (SECs). In 19 accessions the SECs were not identified, mainly due to the degree of chromatin condensation. In the remainder they varied in number from one to three per karyotype. They were found in the proximal region of one of the three largest chromosome pairs, in the terminal/subterminal region of a smaller chromosome or, more seldom, terminally in a larger chromosome. Only in a few cases were such constrictions observed simultaneously in both homologues of the same chromosome pair. The high variability of this karyotype feature may be due to the activation of this region in the previous interphase but may also indicate a high structural variability and heterozygosity of citrus germplasms

Concentração de suco de laranja (Citrus sinensis) por osmose inversa

A concentração de suco de laranja por osmose inversa combinada com ultrafiltração foi estudada em escala semi-piloto, visando avaliar a utilização dessa tecnologia para substituição parcial da evaporação. Foram utilizados no processamento 100 litros de suco de laranja, com teor de polpa de 1,5%, cedidos pela CTM Citrus. Na primeira etapa, todo o suco passou pela etapa de ultrafiltração, para separação da polpa, enzimas pectinolíticas e microrganismos, que foram retidos. Foi utilizada uma membrana da Romicom (HF-43) de polissulfona em um sistema de configuração tubular, com peso molecular de corte de 50.000 daltons, à pressão de 1,2 bar. Obteve-se um fator de concentração de 27,6. O retentado da ultrafiltração foi pasteurizado à temperatura de 90°C, em trocador de calor de superfície raspada desenvolvido para este projeto. O processo de osmose inversa foi conduzido no equipamento Lab-unit M-20 da DDS, utilizando membranas da DDS (HR 95 PP) de filme composto em um sistema de configuração quadro e placas. Foram realizados três tratamentos com pressões de 20, 40 e 60 bar e para cada experimento, foram feitas três repetições. O retentado pasteurizado da ultrafiltração foi adicionado ao retentado da osmose inversa e caracterizado química, física e sensorialmente. Na osmose inversa foram obtidos fatores de concentração de 2,7, 3,5 e 3,6 e teores de sólidos solúveis de 18, 23 e 30 °Brix, para os tratamentos de 20, 40 e 60 bar, respectivamente. Os respectivos permeados apresentaram teores de sólidos solúveis de 3,3, 1,3 e 0,3°Brix e acidez de 262,50, 91,50 e 34,25 mg de ácido cítrico/100 ml. Os sucos obtidos pelos três tratamentos apresentaram valores de "defect score" e "color score" superiores aos do suco original, enquanto que para o "flavor score", os sucos obtidos às pressões de 40 e 60 bar, apresentaram valores próximos ao ideal. Os valores de "ratio", pH e formol foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos. O teor de óleo foi maior no tratamento realizado à menor pressão enquanto que o teor de vitamina C foi maior no de maior pressão. Tanto o suco concentrado quanto o diluído, nos três tratamentos, foram caracterizados como fluidos Newtonianos, apresentando valores de viscosidade maiores quando obtidos a maiores pressões.

Extracción de naringina de Citrus paradisi L. estudio comparativo y optimización de técnicas extractivas

Se realizó el estudio comparativo de distintas técnicas extractivas de naringina utilizando cáscaras de pomelo (Citrus paradisi). Las mejores condiciones de preparación previa del material son el fragmentado de cáscara fresca y el secado en estufa con posterior fragmentado. Para cáscara fresca resulta más conveniente la extracción con etanol puro por Soxhlet (obteniéndose 26g/kg de peso fresco), mientras que para cáscara seca los mejores resultados se obtienen en la extracción con la mezcla etanol-agua en las proporciones 70:30 por maceración (20g/kg de peso fresco) y reflujo (22g/kg de peso fresco). Se observaron evidencias de la importancia del agua en el proceso de extracción. Se determinaron los valores de concentración de naringina en cáscaras de distintas variedades de Citrus paradisi de la región del Noroeste Argentino.

Caracterização da composição química e do rendimento dos resíduos industriais do limão Tahiti (Citrus latifolia Tanaka)

A indústria de sucos utiliza apenas de 40% a 50% dos frutos, sendo o restante considerado resíduo industrial. Estes resíduos apresentam-se ricos em alguns componentes como pectina, vitamina C e fibras dietárias que o tornam matéria-prima para a indústria alimentícia, farmacêutica e de rações. Visando o aproveitamento dos resíduos industriais do limão Tahiti para tais fins, caracterizou-se a composição centesimal, os teores de fibras, de pectina e de vitamina C presentes nas frações flavedo, albedo e bagaço do fruto. A partir da avaliação dos dados pelo teste de Scott Knott 5% de probabilidade, observou-se que os teores de cinzas, pectina, proteína, vitamina C e fibra bruta foram diferentes no flavedo, albedo e bagaço. O resíduo industrial do limão Tahiti tem um grande potencial para uso em formulação de rações para animais, dada a sua composição química, assim como poderá ser usado para a extração de fibras, pectina, vitamina C e óleos.

Efeito do cloreto de cálcio e da película de alginato de sódio na conservação de laranja 'Pera' minimamente processada

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de solução de cloreto de cálcio e película de alginato de sódio na conservação de laranja 'Pera' minimamente processada. A qualidade da laranja minimamente processada submetida aos tratamentos com cloreto de cálcio a 1%, alginato de sódio a 1% e o controle (sem aplicação de tratamento) foi monitorada a cada três dias, por análises físicas e químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais por um período de 12 dias de armazenamento a 5 ºC. O tratamento com alginato de sódio (1%) apresentou menor perda de massa ao longo do período de armazenamento, porém, as amostras submetidas a este tratamento, tiveram sua qualidade prejudicada quanto aos teores de ácido ascórbico, açúcares, teor de sólidos solúveis e firmeza. No final do armazenamento, o tratamento com cloreto de cálcio (1%) apresentou a melhor eficiência na manutenção das características iniciais do fruto, preservando os teores de ácido ascórbico, acidez titulável, 'ratio', açúcares e firmeza, evidenciada pela menor solubilização de pectinas. Análise microbiológica detectou valores insignificantes para bactérias psicrotróficas, bolores e leveduras e coliformes totais em todos os tratamentos, mostrando que os cuidados tomados com as condições higiênicas levaram à obtenção de um produto com padrão microbiológico de acordo com a legislação de alimentos, apresentando ausência de Salmonella e ausência de coliformes a 45 ºC. Sensorialmente, a laranja minimamente processada tratada com cloreto de cálcio (1%) e o controle, apresentou-se em condições de consumo por nove dias de armazenamento.

Potencial antioxidante de extratos de sementes de limão (Citrus limon)

O presente trabalho teve como principais objetivos avaliar o comportamento do óleo de soja acrescido de extratos de sementes de limão (Citrus limon), em diferentes concentrações, por meio da estabilidade oxidativa e medir a atividade antioxidante através do método do radical livre DPPH e compostos fenólicos totais. A concentração de 2.400 mg.kg-1 para o extrato de sementes de limão, variedade galego, foi a que conferiu melhor estabilidade oxidativa ao óleo de soja. As atividades antioxidantes máximas e os valores da concentração de extrato natural suficientes para obter 50% do efeito máximo, estimado em 100% (EC50), determinados pelo DPPH para o extrato e ácido gálico foram 70,58%, 69,94 μg.mL-1 e 75,07%, 64,73 μg.mL-1, respectivamente. A concentração de compostos fenólicos totais, determinada pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu foi de 76 mg.g-1. Foi possível concluir que o extrato de sementes de limão galego possui ação antioxidante natural, podendo ser aplicado em alimentos.

Nutritional value of organic acid lime juice (Citrus latifolia T.), cv. Tahiti

Acid lime can be used as fresh fruit or as juice to increase the flavor of drinks. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze organic acid lime nutritional composition in order to evaluate if there are important differences among those conventionally produced. No significant differences in total titrable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid, sucrose, calcium, and zinc were found between the acid lime juice from organic biodynamic crops and conventional crops. However, the organic biodynamic fruits presented higher peel percentage than the conventional ones leading to lower juice yield. On the other hand, fructose, glucose, total soluble solids contents, potassium, manganese, iron, and copper were higher in the conventional samples. These results indicated few nutritional differences between organic and conventional acid lime juices in some constituents. Nevertheless, fruit juice from biodynamic crops could be a good choice since it is free from pesticides and other agents that cause problems to human health maintaining the levels similar to those of important nutritional compounds.