Contaminação de produtos de higiene e cosméticos por n-nitrosaminas

N-nitrosamines are carcinogenic compounds that have been found during the last three decades in a variety of consumer products, including cosmetic and personal care products, and their raw materials. These compounds are formed from amine precursors and nitrosating agents present in the formulations. This paper reviews the formation and occurrence of N-nitrosamines in cosmetic products, as well as presents considerations about analytical, toxicological and regulatory aspects.

Remoção de chumbo(II) em sistemas contínuos por carvão ativado com vapor

Fixed-bed column studies were undertaken to evaluate the performance of a commercial Brazilian activated carbon in removing Pb(II) from aqueous environment. Breakthrough points were found out for the metal adsorption by varying different operating parameters like feed concentrations (10 and 20 mg L-1) and bed heights (0.5, 1.5 and 2.8 cm). A good agreement was observed between the experimental data and the values predicted by the bed depth service time (BDST) model. Regeneration of the exhausted columns was possible with HCl, and the adsorption capacity was maintained after three adsorption-desorption cycles.

Avaliação da contaminação de metais em sedimentos superficiais das praias do lago de Itaipu

This work was performed to evaluate the distribution of metals Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediment surface in the Itaipu Lake-PR-Brazil. It was also performed to measurement the pH, phosphorus, organic carbon and particle size. In accordance of international criteria of quality of sediment, the results indicate an anthropogenic collaborations since some metals reached an excessive values. The factor of contamination was also used to evaluate the levels of contamination. The levels of Cu and Pb indicate a moderate contamination, so that it's possible to do harm to the balance of the ecosystem studied.

Resposta antioxidante, formação de fitoquelatinas e composição de pigmentos fotoprotetores em Brachiaria decumbens Stapf submetida à contaminação com Cd e Zn

In order to evaluate the response of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf to Cd and Zn, plants were hydroponically exposed to 50 and 100 mmol L-1 of Cd and 500 and 2000 mmol L-1 of Zn. Metal content of shoots and roots was determined, as well as alterations in photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments, antioxidant metabolites and phytochelatin synthesis. Plants concentrated elevated levels of Cd and Zn, especially in roots. Zinc exposure negatively affected chlorophyll and β-carotene content, whereas the highest dose of Cd reduced VAZ cycle pigments and tocopherol levels in plant shoots. Cadmium was the maximum inducer of the phytochelatin synthesis pathway.

Adsorção de chumbo, cádmio e prata em óxido de nióbio (V) hidratado preparado pelo método da precipitação em solução homogênea

This paper describes the adsorption of heavy metals ions from aqueous solution by hydrous niobium oxide. Three heavy metals were selected for this study: cadmium, lead and silver. Adsorption isotherms were well fitted by Langmuir model. Maximum adsorption capacity (Q0) for Pb2 +, Ag+ and Cd2 + was found to be 452.5, 188.68 and 8.85 mg g-1, respectively.

Eletrodos positivos tubulares para baterias chumbo ácidas produzidas com material ativo nanométrico

Conventional stationary lead acid batteries positive tubular plates have a specific capacity of about 120 Ah/kg. This value represents an active material utilization coefficient of 50%. The production of these plates includes some initial processes to generate the active PbO2 from a precursor material. In the present work it will be presented a proper and novel methodology to assemble tubular plates directely with nanometric powder of PbO2 particles. The utilization coefficient of these plates was about 80%, and they were able to endure more than 130 severe duty cycles. This high utilization coefficient is a higly desirable feature for electric vehicles batteries.

Recuperação de chumbo, mercúrio e elementos dos grupos 4 a 7 da tabela periódica de seus resíduos

This work shows routes to recover some elements from their laboratory wastes and broken apparatus (thermometers and densimeters). Most elements chosen present a chemical behavior in aqueous solution which is not currently studied in the ordinary experimental classes. The routes were based on the previous knowledge of the qualitative composition of the wastes treated. Wastes containing chromium were the most difficult to treat. The elements were recovered in good yields and can be reused in new experiments. This work was a very good experience in chemistry for students and shows the need of managing wastes for a better environment.

Análise de risco de contaminação de águas superficiais e subterrâneas por pesticidas em municípios do Alto Paranaíba - MG

A preliminary analyses of the possible contamination of surface and groundwater by the active ingredients of the pesticide products used in the areas with intensive agricultural activities of Alto Paranaíba region, MG, Brazil, was carried out. The active ingredients and formulated products most used in the region were identified and their characteristics of environmental importance were presented. The EPA screening criteria, the groundwater ubiquity score (GUS) and the criteria proposed by Goss were used to evaluate which pesticides might contaminate the local waters. Among the active ingredients studied, several present risks to the local aquatic environment.

Solubilização alcalina de peixes e otimização multivariada para determinação de chumbo e manganês usando espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite

This paper describes the development of methods for the determination of Pb and Mn in fishes by GF AAS after solubilization with tetramethylamonium hidroxide. The optimization of the operational conditions and the choice of modifier were made using multivariated optimization. Analytical Figures of Merit were adequately to propose. The Limit of Quantification obtained were 150 and 18.5 µg kg-1 to Mn and Pb, respectively. No significant difference was found between the slope values obtained for the aqueous and standard addition calibration curves. The D.P.R. was always lower than 12% and the analysis of the SRM NRCC TORT2 showed 80-120% of recovery.

Sorção de atrazina e de mesotriona em latossolos e estimativa do potencial de contaminação

Following application herbicides usually reach the soil and undergo several dissipation processes which determine their effects on target organisms and on the environment. This work aimed to evaluate atrazine and mesotrione sorption in Oxisols and estimate their potential impact on the environment. We observed that atrazine sorption was influenced by soil organic matter content and its hydrophobic character. Clay fraction was the main factor influencing mesotrione sorption followed in a lesser extent by soil organic matter content. In contrast to atrazine, mesotrione retention was favored by the higher carboxylic substitution in the aliphatic chains of soil organic matter. Atrazine and mesotrione were considered compounds that are likely to pose an appreciable risk of causing deleterious effects on the environment.

Chumbo e zinco em águas e sedimentos de área de mineração e metalurgia de metais

Lead metallurgy at Adrianópolis is the largest environmental problem of Paraná, Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine Pb and Zn levels in water and sediment in two catchments by different extraction methods. The high levels of lead in water in most of samples do not allow the human use. Total Pb concentration as high as 795.3 µg L-1 was observed in Ribeira River bank, in a pluvial water stream flowering from a abandoned factory. Due to the high Pb levels in sediments from some sites (maximum of 24,300 mg kg-1) is recommended to avoid the water turbulence.

Inventário de agrotóxicos e risco de contaminação química dos recursos hídricos no semiárido cearense

The first diagnosis of risk of environmental contamination was conducted for an area of intense agricultural activity in the semiarid cearense (Baixo Jaguaribe and Litoral de Aracati area). We verified the use of 201 rural products (pesticides) in the region, comprising 151 active ingredients. Regarding the active ingredients evaluated, 15.9% were associated with sediment and 29.8% were dissolved in surface water. The study showed that 13.2% to 36.4% of the active ingredients evaluated were classified as potential contaminants of groundwater resources. The study also revealed the most abundant pesticides and which environmental compartment must be evaluated.

Chumbo e cádmio detectados em alimentos vegetais e gramíneas no município de Santo Amaro-Bahia

This study evaluated the level of the metals Pb mg kg-1 and Cd mg kg-1 found in plant species and the contribution of the levels detected in contaminated soils located in the urban area of the city of Santo Amaro, Bahia. Levels were determined by graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed the presence of Pb and Cd in plant species at levels ranging from 0.18 to 118.2 mg kg-1 and 0.04 to 7.29 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentration values obtained varied according to the plant species and were not strongly influenced by the concentration values detected in the soil.

Dióxido de chumbo eletrodepositado sobre grafite como sensor potenciométrico à ions chumbo e sulfato

No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvido um eletrodo de PbO2 eletrodepositado sobre grafite a partir do eletrólito metanosulfonato de chumbo-ácido metanosulfônico contendo o agente tensoativo brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (BCTA). Foram avaliadas a resposta potenciométrica do eletrodo de PbO2 como sensor à íons Pb2+ e SO4(2-), em pH e força iônica constante. A aplicação deste eletrodo em titulações potenciométricas de precipitação em meio hidro-etanólico também foi investigada. Os resultados demonstraram que o eletrodo de PbO2 eletrodepositado pode ser utilizado como sensor potenciométrico alternativo à íons Pb(II) apresentando uma linearidade na faixa de concentração de 3,98x10-4 a 3,09x10-2 mol L-1 em meio de íons nitrato com limite de detecção de (4,98 ± 0,11)x10-4 mol L-1. Para íons sulfato o eletrodo de PbO2 não responde diretamente porém, estes íons podem ser dosados indiretamente por titulação potenciométrica com solução padrão de Pb(II), em meio ácido, em uma mistura 1:1 (v/v) de etanol-água, com boa definição dos volumes de equivalência. A repetitividade dos potenciais e dos volumes de equivalência obtidos em amostras de concentração milimolar em sulfato, indicam a viabilidade deste eletrodo na dosagem de íons sulfato.