351 resultados para Café orgânico


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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas do solo, a concentração de nutrientes nas folhas e a produção de mangueiras cultivadas em sistema orgânico. Três compostos denominados A, B e C foram aplicados em três doses cada (0; 5 e 10 t ha-1), em área comercial de produção de mangueira em cultivo orgânico. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em fatorial 3 x 3 (3 compostos x 3 doses), com três repetições. Os compostos orgânicos foram elaborados com resíduos animais e vegetais, enriquecidos com torta de mamona, MB4® e termofosfato. O enriquecimento mostrou-se eficiente em aumentar a concentração de nutrientes nos compostos. Os compostos orgânicos aumentaram os teores de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), com destaque para o composto C, que apresentou teores totais mais elevados de P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn e Zn. A MOS aumentou linearmente com o aumento das doses do composto. A produção e o número de frutos por planta foram maiores com os compostos B e C, que por sua vez apresentaram maiores concentrações totais de nutrientes. As doses de composto proporcionaram aumento linear na concentração foliar de N. A produção de frutos e o número de frutos por planta apresentaram aumento quadrático com as doses de composto, sem apresentar um ponto de máxima.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do silício (Si) aplicado via pulverização foliar em ameixeiras cv. Pluma 7, para o controle da bacteriose (Xanthomonas arborícola pv. pruni), mariposa oriental (Grapholita molesta) e pulgão-verde (Myzus persicae), bem como no desenvolvimento das plantas, em sistema orgânico de produção. Para o ensaio, foi utilizado o produto comercial AgriSil® (98% de SiO2). O experimento foi conduzido em Guarapuava-PR, durante dois ciclos consecutivos (2010/2011 e 2011/2012). As doses utilizadas foram: 0; 1; 2;4 e 8 g L-1 do produto comercial, aplicadas quinzenalmente. Nos dois ciclos de avaliação, foram observadas reduções de até 85% na incidência da bacteriose com efeito quadrático das doses de silício. Os danos causados pela mariposa oriental, o número de pulgões, o diâmetro e o comprimento de ramos das plantas de ameixeira não foram significativamente influenciados pelas aplicações de SiO2. Quanto ao teor de Si foliar, observou-se efeito linear positivo em função das doses de Si.

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Considerando a importância das moscas-das-frutas para a fruticultura e a importância da fruticultura de caroço para o Estado de São Paulo, foi instalado experimento em cultivo comercial no município de Jundiaí-SP, com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do ensacamento de ameixas em cultivo orgânico. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: testemunha (sem proteção), sacolas de papel branco impermeável, sacolas de tecido não tecido (TNT) branco, de diferentes dimensões, e sacolas de polipropileno microperfuradas transparentes. O ensacamento dos frutos foi efetuado em 30-09-2011, quando eles apresentavam cerca de um a dois centímetros de diâmetro, em pomar que não recebeu nenhum tratamento fitossanitário para controle de moscas. A colheita dos frutos foi realizada em 30-12-2011, e os frutos avaliados em relação à coloração e à perda pelo ataque de moscas, na colheita e na pós-colheita. Todos os tratamentos avaliados controlaram a mosca-das-frutas, destacando-se o TNT, com apenas 4% de infestação dos frutos, podendo-se concluir ser este material eficiente para redução de perdas, podendo viabilizar o cultivo orgânico da ameixa.

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RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de diferentes espaçamentos de plantio sobre o crescimento vegetativo de pereiras das cvs. Rocha e Hosui, em sistema orgânico de produção. As mudas das pereiras ‘Rocha’ e ‘Hosui’ enxertadas sobre o marmeleiro ‘CP’ foram plantadas em setembro de 2009. Os espaçamentos utilizados foram: 1,0; 0,8; 0,6 e 0,4 m, entre plantas por 3,5 m entre linhas, equivalendo às densidades de plantio de 2.857; 3.571; 4.762 e 7.143 plantas ha-1, respectivamente. Por dois ciclos consecutivos - 2011/2012 e 2012/2013 -, referentes ao terceiro e ao quarto anos após o plantio, respectivamente, foram avaliadas as variáveis diâmetro detronco, diâmetro de ramos e número de ramos. No segundo ciclo, foram avaliados o volume de copa, a área foliar estimada, a cobertura do dossel e os teores de clorofila a, b e total. Considerando as variáveis: projeção vertical de área foliar estimada, volume de copa e diâmetro de tronco e ramos, para a cv. Hosui, observou-se maior vigor vegetativo em relação à cv. Rocha. A cv. Rocha apresentou redução dos teores de clorofila no menor espaçamento entre plantas, enquanto na cv. Hosui os teores de clorofila não variaram com o espaçamento. Ocorreu aumento da área foliar estimada em função do adensamento para as duas cultivares; para o volume de copa, porém, este efeito foi observado apenas para a cv. Hosui, e para o índice de cobertura de dossel, apenas para a cv. Rocha. O maior adensamento de plantio favoreceu as pereiras da cv. Hosui, proporcionando maior volume de copa por área de terreno, sem ocorrer redução dos teores foliares de clorofila, mas com aumento da cobertura do dossel. Para a cv. Rocha, no entanto, adensamentos maiores do que 4.700 plantas ha-1 parecem ser prejudiciais, visto promoverem redução dos teores foliares de clorofila, porém com maior cobertura do dossel, podendo indicar autossombreamento.

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The combination of high performance exclusion chromatography (HPEC) and gas chromatography (GC) was applied to the analysis of six coffee samples that were previously characterized by sensory tests as of good or poor quality. The data obtained by the two techniques were statistically evaluated by "Principal Components Analysis" (PCA) using selected peak areas. The results showed the potential of the described techniques for coffee analysis. The HPEC technique monitored with the U.V. detector at 272 nm and followed by PCA may be correlated with sensorial data, particularly if a wider group of samples is used.

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Results on the optimization of analytical methods for the determination of phosphorus in phosphino-polycarboxylate (PPCA), used frequently as scale inhibitor during oil production, by ICP-AES and ICP-MS are presented. Due to the complex matrix of production waters (brines) and their high concentration in inorganic phosphorus, the separation of organic phosphorus prior to its determination is necessary. In this work, minicolumns of silica immobilized C18 were used. Optimization of the separation step resulted in the following working conditions: (1) prewashing of the column with methanol (80% v/v); (2) use of a flow rate of 5 mL/min and 10 mL/min, respectively, for the preconditioning step and for percolation of the water sample; (3) final elution of organic phosphorus with 7 mL of buffer of H3BO3/NaOH (0.05 M, pH 9) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Sample detection limits (3s) for different combinations of nebulizers and spectrometric methods, based on 10 mL water aliquots, are: ICP-AES -Cross flow (47 mg/L) and Ultrasonic (18 mug/L); ICP-MS -Cross flow (1.2 mug/L), Cyclonic (0.7 mug/L) and Ultrasonic (0.5 mug/L). Typical recoveries of organic phosphorus are between 90 and 95% and the repeatability of the whole procedure is better than 10%. The developed methodology was applied successfully to samples from the oil-well NA 46, platform PNA 2, Campos basin, Brazil. Assessment of the PPCA inhibitor was possible at lower concentrations than achieved by current analytical methods, resulting in benefits such as reduced cost of chemicals, postponed oil production and lower environmental impacts.

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A review of heterocyclic compounds in roasted coffee is presented. The contents, precursors and sensorial properties of furans, pyrroles, oxazoles, thiazoles, thiophenes, pyrazines and pyridines are discussed. The impact heterocyclic compounds of coffee aroma are described.

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This review is about the aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic compounds (non-heterocyclic compounds) that are present in the volatile fractions of roasted coffees. Herein, the contents, aroma precursors and the sensorial properties of volatile phenols, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, anhydrides, esters, lactones, amines and sulphur compounds are discussed. Special attention is given to the compounds of these groups that are actually important to the final aroma of roasted coffees.

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New methodologies for protection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FP) cells when supported in montmorillonite K10 (K10), recovered or not with gelatin (G) and in the presence or absence of sucrose (S) are presented. These systems were used for the enantioselective reduction of ethyl acetoacetate and a-chloroacetophenone in hexane, under FP/K10/G/S and FP/S at 20ºC during 24 hours, affording S-(+)-ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate in 100% conversion and 99% ee, and R-(-)-2-chloro-1-phenylethanol 79% and 78% ee at 20 and 30 ºC, respectivelly.

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Sequential extraction is not totally effective to dissolve distinct forms of trace elements. The extractive solution, for example, can dissolve less of the target fraction and more than another not wished fraction. The goal of this work is to compare the extraction of native iron with three sequential extraction methods of the heavy metals, using three soils with different physical chemistry characteristics: a histosol, an oxisol, and a mollisol. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that a smaller relation soil/extractor results in a larger extraction in almost all phases. The use of many stages of the sequential extraction, with the purpose of more association of the metal with different components of the soil, can result, among other things, in modification of the substratum by the action of the reagents used, besides reducing the selectivity of the more specific extractors. Readsorption and redistribution of the heavy metals could have happened with larger intensity in the fraction where hidroxilamine was used with higher temperature. Sequential extraction of iron, without enrichment of soil samples, in the respective fractions in each method, it was important to better understand the behavior of the reagents considered specific to each form of the metal in soil.

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Poly (ethylene) glycol (PEG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), as additive agents, were used to enhance the activity of immobilized microbial lipase in organic solvent. Controlled pore silica (CPS) was selected as matrix and different immobilization procedures were evaluated: directly lipase binding on CPS and simultaneous addition of lipase and additive agent on the same support. The highest coupling yield (59.6%) was attained when the immobilization procedure was performed at lipase loading of 150 U/g support in the presence of PEG-1.500. This immobilized system was used in esterification reactions under repeated batch cycles and the biocatalyst half-life was found to increase 2.7 times when compared with the control.

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The preparation and application of organic-inorganic hybrid materials are under fast development and constitute an interesting research topic on account of the versatility and wide range of applications offered by these materials. These properties can be achieved due to the mixture of the components at the molecular level. The present review covers the state of the art, the most useful preparation routes and the potential applications of these materials.

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Coffee is a product consumed all around the world, Brazil being the biggest exporter. However, little is known about the difference in composition of the different brands in terms of bioactive substances. In the present study, ten of the most consumed brands of coffee in Rio de Janeiro were analyzed. Caffeine contents, trigonelline and total chlorogenic acid varied from 0.8 g/100g to 1.4 g/100g; 0.2 g/100g to 0.5 g/100g and from 3.5 g kg-1 to 15.9 g kg-1, respectively. The large heterogeneity observed in the amounts of the bioactive compounds can be attributed to different formulations of the various brands, as well as to different roasting conditions.

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Microbial lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized by covalent binding on wood cellulignin (Eucaliptus grandis) chemically modified with carbonyldiimidazole. The immobilized system was fully evaluated in aqueous (olive oil hydrolysis) and organic (ester synthesis) media. A comparative study between free and immobilized lipase was carried out in terms of pH, temperature and thermal stability. A higher pH value (8.0) was found optimal for the immobilized lipase. The optimal reaction temperature shifted from 37 °C for the free lipase to 45 °C for the immobilized lipase. The pattern of heat stability indicated that the immobilization process tends to stabilize the enzyme. Kinetics tests at 37 °C following the hydrolysis of olive oil obeyed the Michaelis-Menten rate equation. Values for Km = 924.9 mM and Vmax = 198.3 U/mg were lower than for free lipase, suggesting that the affinity towards the substrate changed and the activity of the immobilized lipase decreased during the course of immobilization. The immobilized derivative was also tested in the ester synthesis from several alcohols and carboxylic acids.

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A reverse phase liquid chromatography method was developed for simultaneous determination of trigonelline, caffeine, nicotinic and chlorogenic (5-CQA) acids in roasted coffee. A gradient of acetic acid/acetonitrile was used as mobile phase and detection was carried out in the UV. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile/water (5:95 v/v) at 80 ºC/10 min. Good recovery (89 to 104%), repeatability and linearity were obtained. Detection limits of 0.01, 0.15, 0.04 and 0.04 mg mL-1 were observed for nicotinic acid, trigonelline, 5-CQA and caffeine. The method, applied to arabica and robusta coffees with different degrees of roasting, was efficient and fast (~35 min) and also allowed identification of cinnamic acids.