Detectores potenciométricos para sistemas de análise por injecção em fluxo, evolução e aplicação

The field of flow injection potentiometry (FIP) is reviewed and its current status assessed. The research development and application of electrodes in flow injection systems are presented and discussed.

A história, evolução e crescimento da Eletroquímica: Eletroanalítica nestes últimos 25 anos

This text describes the development of Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical Chemistry in Brazil from the pioneers at the IQ/USP in the 70's to the present day status. It explains how the members of the scientific community organized themselves before the establishment in 1993 of a specific division within the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ) through bi-ennial meetings (Brazilian Symposium of Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical Chemistry - SIBEE). Those SIBEE meetings, in a present number of 12, are described individually giving some emphasis on their organizers, the invited speakers and the statistics and overall structure of the event. The activities of the Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical Chemistry Division of the SBQ from 1993 are also briefly discussed as well as some considerations are made on the present and future of these fields.

A evolução dos reagentes químicos comerciais através dos rótulos e frascos

This work presents an evolution profile of labels and containers of commercial chemicals employed in laboratories since 1870. Most chemicals were made in Germany before the Second World War, after which many other manufacturers arrived on the Brazilian market. North-american products were dominant in the 1940s, but Brazilian chemicals have increased their participation along time. Labels presented increasingly more information, from originally simple names of the compounds at the beginning of the XXth century to the data presented today such as chemical formulae, safety regards and detailed chemical analysis. The raw material for container manufacturing also changed: glass was dominant until the 1950s, but nowadays plastic flasks are preferred whenever possible. Cork covers were replaced by screw caps. The diversity of commercial products also sharply increased with time, especially after the 1950s, following the many new and specific applications of chemicals for research and commercial purposes.

A evolução da balança analítica

This work intends to describe the historical evolution of the balance based on its technical improvement. This instrument has always been used for commercial and industrial purposes, but its value in research and chemistry was only recognized much later. The classical balance was the two-pan model for about 40 centuries, but when its importance in chemistry was established, particularly beginning at the end of the XVIIIth century, many improvements were made in order to increase sensitivity and shorten the weighing procedure. The balance design greatly changed along the XXth century: the classical two-pan models were replaced by one-pan balances that were replaced by electronic instruments.

Indústria química: evolução recente, problemas e oportunidades

Chemical industry underwent a significant upturn in the past few years. In Brazil, the position of this industry has been continuously strengthened as the second largest industrial sector. Current circumstances are discussed, especially the need for increased innovation, the impacts of nanotechnology, biotechnology and information technologies. Some misconceptions on the Brazilian chemical industry are criticized and recent improvements are described, including those related to environmental protection, to conclude that its prospects are very good, considering both the availability of basic raw materials (oil, natural gas, agribusiness products and minerals), the growing demand and increased competitiveness.

70º aniversário do biodiesel em 2007: evolução histórica e situação atual no brasil

Periodically, during petroleum shortages, vegetable oils and their derivatives have been proposed as alternatives to petroleum diesel fuel. Different approaches have been proposed, including the use of pure vegetable oils (or blends) or their derivatives. Indeed, the use of fatty-acid methyl or ethyl esters (usually known as "biodiesel") produced by alcoholysis of triacylglycerides or esterification of fatty acids was initially proposed in Belgium 70 years ago, when the first world patent was deposited. Recently, foreign dependence on diesel fuel and the petroleum crisis have increased the discussion in Brazil on starting to use alternatives to diesel fuel, being biodiesel the alternative of choice for a large petroleum diesel substitution program.

Aromaticidade: evolução histórica do conceito e critérios quantitativos

In this paper the evolution of the concept of aromaticity is discussed. It considers not only historical aspects of the aromaticity concept but also the different criteria (theoretical and experimental) that have appeared to explain the properties of the aromatic compounds. The topics range from the isolation of benzene by Faraday (1825) until the modern criteria based on geometries, magnetic properties, resonance energy (RE), aromatic stabilization energy (ASE), topological analyses, and others. A chronological separation of issues concerning aromaticity was made, splitting the definitions before and after the appearance of the quantum chemistry. This work reviews the concept of aromaticity.

Evolução biomolecular homoquiral: a origem e a amplificação da quiralidade nas moléculas da vida

The fact that biologically relevant molecules exist only as one of the two enantiomers is a fascinating example of complete symmetry breaking of chirality and has long intrigued our curiosity. The origin of this selective chirality has remained a fundamental enigma with regard to the origin of life since the time of Pasteur, 160 years ago. The symmetry breaking processes, which include autocatalytic crystallization, asymmetric autocatalysis, spontaneous crystallization, adsorption and polymerization of amino acids on mineral surfaces, provide new insights into the origin of biomolecular homochirality.

Os semimetais na origem e evolução da vida

Metalloids have characteristics between metals and non-metals which give them, in some cases, specific properties. At least two of this chemical elements, boron and silicon, are essential to a significant number of living organisms and since some years ago it has been observed that the same metalloids may be involved in the synthesis and stabilization of some molecules relevant to the origin of life.

Química verde: a evolução de um conceito

The topic "Green Chemistry" has gained great importance over recent years, being quoted in an increasing number of publications. This fact shows how concern over developing "greener" processes has played a prominent role in the scientific community. In this context, the scope of this work encompasses an analysis of the evolution of the theme since its conception to the present. This analysis elucidates how bibliographic output on "Green Chemistry" is distributed worldwide. Moreover, the main journals on the subject were listed and ranked, according to impact factor.

INTERAÇÕES FÁRMACO-RECEPTOR: APLICAÇÕES DE TÉCNICAS COMPUTACIONAIS EM AULA PRÁTICA SOBRE A EVOLUÇÃO DOS INIBIDORES DA ENZIMA CONVERSORA DE ANGIOTENSINA

Teaching classes and events regarding the molecular aspects of drug-receptor interactions is not an easy task. The ligand stereochemistry and the spatial arrangement of the macromolecular targets highly increase the complexity of the process. In this context, the use of alternative and more playful approaches could allow students to gain a more thorough understanding of this important topic in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we describe a practical teaching approach that uses computational strategies as a tool for drug-receptor interaction studies performed for angiotencsin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). Firstly, the students learn how to find the crystallographic structure (enzyme-ligand complex). Then, they proceed to the treatment of crude crystallographic data. Thereafter, they learn how to analyze the positioning of the drug on the active site of the enzyme, looking for regions related to the molecular recognition. At the end of the study, students can summarize the molecular requirements for the interaction and the structure-activity relationships of the studied drugs.

Avaliação da evolução da empatia em alunos do quarto ano da graduação em medicina da Unifesp em 2012

OBJETIVO: O estudo consiste em reavaliar, em 2012, a empatia em alunos do quarto ano de Medicina da Unifesp, que foram avaliados em 2009 enquanto cursavam o primeiro ano, e comparar os resultados obtidos. MÉTODO: Um instrumento validado, chamado Inventário de Empatia5, foi usado para medir a empatia entre 80 alunos do quarto ano de graduação da Escola Paulista de Medicina da Unifesp. O inventário tem 40 perguntas em escala Likert, que avalia quatro fatores que compõem a habilidade de empatia: Tomada de Perspectiva, Flexibilidade Interpessoal, Altruísmo, Sensibilidade Afetiva. RESULTADOS: A empatia dos alunos da graduação em Medicina da Unifesp não apresentou variação estatisticamente significativa quando comparada em 2009 e 2012. CONCLUSÃO: O maior contato que os alunos mantêm com os pacientes desde o início da graduação, aliado à grade curricular repleta de matérias voltadas para a área de Humanas, possivelmente explica o resultado obtido. Os alunos da instituição são capazes de desenvolver a técnica, dando-lhe um caráter mais humanista e aprendendo desde cedo a tratar doentes, e não doenças.

Evolução e implementação dos planos de manejo em parques nacionais no estado do Rio de Janeiro

O plano de manejo é um documento técnico mediante o qual se estabelece o zoneamento e as normas que devem presidir o uso da área de uma unidade de conservação e o manejo dos recursos naturais, inclusive a implantação das estruturas físicas necessárias à gestão. Eles foram legalmente instituídos no Brasil em 1979 com o objetivo de adequar e orientar o manejo ecológico dos parques nacionais, até então em sua maioria criados apenas no papel, apontando a necessidade de realizar o zoneamento como base do ordenamento e gestão do território protegido. Contudo, o processo de elaboração e implementação desse documento foi extremamente variado e sofreu uma série de modificações ao longo do tempo visando seu aperfeiçoamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a evolução do plano de manejo no contexto da gestão dos parques nacionais no país analisando como caso concreto a sua implementação no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A elaboração de planos de manejo para parques no Brasil foi marcada pela existência de três referências metodológicas distintas o que se refletiu na variedade de planos identificados para os cinco parques nacionais analisados neste trabalho (PARNAs do Itatiaia, da Serra dos Órgãos, da Tijuca, da Serra da Bocaina e da Restinga da Jurubatiba). Como padrão geral os planos de manejo não foram elaborados, nem revisados dentro dos prazos e periodicidade estabelecida pela legislação, o que denota uma dificuldade na implementação desse instrumento mesmo quase trinta anos após a sua instituição.