Aspectos ecológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana: 5. Estratificação da atividade espacial e estacional de Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) em áreas de cultura agrícola da região do Vale do Ribeira, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

A composição e estratificação da atividade Phlebotominae desenvolvida numa mata residual e área aberta com intensa atividade agrícola, tomam parte desta investigação. O emprego da armadilha CDC tornou acessivo determinar a fauna local. Treze espécies e um número global de 5.423 indivíduos foram capturados. Os pontos situados no ecótono foram os que apresentaram maiores rendimentos, com destaque para P. intermedius, L. migonei e L. fischeri. Desse modo, os resultados levam acreditar serem portadoras de hábito acrodendrófilo. Por outro lado, quando o resultado global foi agrupado segundo o sexo masculino e feminino, o primeiro foi predominante. A análise da distruição estacional dessas espécies citadas revelou claramente picos de atividades mais elevados, bi e tri-modal, para diferentes estações. Na estação outono, P. intermedius teve atividade quase exclusivamente ao nível do solo. Esta exclusividade praticamente se estendeu aos locais de coleta situados em campo aberto.

Effects of precocene and azadirachtin in Rhodnius prolixus: some data on development and reproduction

The results presented in this paper clearly indicate that precocene and azadirachtin are effective inhibitors of moulting and reproduction in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus. The time of application is important and only applications of these substances early in the intermoulting period cause their effects in nymphs. The inhibition of moulting is fully reversed by ecdysone therapy. Precocene and azadirachtin also affected drastically the oogenesis and egg deposition in this insect. Precocene-induced sterilization is reversed by application of juvenile hormone III. However, this hormone is unable to reverse the effect of azadirachtin on reproduction. Ecdysteroid titers in nymphs and adult females are decreased by these treatments. In vitro analysis suggest that precocene and azadirachtin may act directly on the prothoracic glands and ovaries producing ecdysteroids. Based on these and other findings the possible mode of action of these compounds on the development and reproduction of Rhodnius prolixus is discussed.

Secretory activity and endocrine regulation of male accessory glands in the blood-sucking bug Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The epithelial cells of Panstrongylus megistus male accessory glands (MAG) present ultrastructural characteristics of a secretory cell. Their secretory products are accumulated in the lumen of the four MAG lobes. During the first 8 days of adult life a strong secretion activity occurs, accumulating enough material to produce the first spermatophore. Cerebral neurosecretions as well as juvenile hormone are both involved in MAG secretory activity regulation. Juvenile hormone seems to be the responsible for the stimulation of most protein synthesis in male accessory glands. Cerebral neurosecretion seems to be necessary to stimulate juvenile hormone production and release by the corpus allatum. Furthermore, neurosecretion is required for some polypeptides synthesis by MAG. Although topic application of precocene II to adult males does not reproduce the same effects on MAG as does allatectomy, this compound causes strong reduction on male reproductive capacity.

Gene amplification in Rhynchosciara (1955-1987)

A review is made of the evidence indicating the existence of gene amplification in Rhynchosciara, from the early cytological work to the more recent studies using cloned sequences from the DNA puffs. Mention is made of work still in progress which indicates that the transcription unit of a DNA puff is surprisingly complex.

Natural lectin activity in the haemolymph of Panstrogylus megistus (Heteroptera: Reduvidae)

The haemolymph of Panstrongylus megistus showed a natural lectin activity for a wide range of vertebrate erythocytes. Agglutination was observed against all vertebrate erythrocytes tested (human ABO, duck, rabbit, mouse, sheep, chicken and cow). Cow erythrocytes showed the lowest titre. Concerning human erythrocytes, the lectin activity was similar in the types A+,B+ and AB+ while the highest activity was observed in the type O+. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations was carried out with human erythrocytes type O+. Agglutination was inhibited by several carbohydrates (rhamnose. D-galatose, raffinose, D-lactose and D-fucose). Rhamnose wasreported as the strongest inhibitor (0.78mM). The results suggest the presence of more than one lection in the haemolymph of P. megistus.

Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1965 (Trypanorhyncha: Dasyrhynchidae) description of the adult form

One out of four specimens of sharks, Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1860), captured off the southern Brazilian Coast, harboured cestodes identified as Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1965, of which the adult form is now described and referred as ocurring in Brazil.

Isolamento de amostras do Trypanosoma cruzi por xenodiagnóstico e hemocultura de pacientes na fase crônica da doença de Chagas

Cinquenta e nove pacientes chagásicos crônicos foram submetidos a xenodiagnósticos e hemocultura concomitantes para isolamento de amostras de Trypanosoma cruzi. O xenodiagnóstico foi composto de 40 ninfas de Panstrongylus megistrus, Triatoma infestans e Dipetalogylus megistus, Triatoma infestans e Dipetalogaster maximus num total de 120 triatomíneos. Os insetos foram dissecados em grupo de 10 por espécie e o conteúdo intestinal, agrupado, examinado após prévia trituração e homogeneização. O material negativo ao microscópio foi semeado em meio LIT e examinado após 20 dias. Vinte e nove pacientes foram parasitologicamente comprovados, sendo 15 apenas no xenodiagnóstico, quatro apenas com a hemocultura e 10 por ambos os métodos. Discutem-se as dificuldades para a comprovação parasitológica dos pacientes chagásicos crônicos, o valor da utilização simultânea de diferentes espécies de triatomíneos no xenodiagnóstico e a hemocultura, numa associação positiva favorável ao aumento da sensibilidade para o diagnóstico da doença de Chagas. A positividade de 49,2% obtida neste grupo de pacientes visualiza abordagens do tipo ensaio clínico-terapêutico e/ou epidemiológico (tipo caso-controle) com a finalidade de investigar uma possível associação entre amostras do T. cruzi e diferentes formas clínicas da doença de Chagas.

Tegumental Ca-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity in adult Schistosoma mansoni worms

A Ca-stimulated ATPase activity (pH 9.5) associated with the tegumental membrane enriched (TME) fraction of Schistosoma mansoni adults was partially inhibited by NAP-taurine or by increasing concentrations of chlorpromazine; endogenous calmodulin was found associated with the TME fraction. A similar activity (pH 8.6) was histochemically visualized whithin the tegument of fixed worms on the cytoplasmic leaflet of both the doubel surface membrane and the basement membrane; this reaction was inhibited by 1 µM chloropromazine and it was also observed on the inner side of double membrane vesicles present in the TME fraction. No ATPase activity could be seen at alkaline pH with added Mg or Na/K ions. Without ATP, the addition of external Ca to the fixed worms induced the appearance of lead precipitates on the tegumental discoid bodies; this reaction was inhibited by molybdate and not by chlorpromazine. The intrategumentary regulation of calcium by the systems described and the possible use of phenothiazines against schistosimes are discussed.

On Pomacea sordida (Swainson, 1823) (Prosobranchia, Ampullariidae)

A description of Pomacea sordida (Swainson, 1823) collected in Caxias and Nova Iguaçu, state of Rio de Janeiro, is presented. The shell is globose, heavy, whith greenish or horn-colored periostracum and dark spinal bands; apex subelevated, 4-5 moderately shoudered whorls, increasing rather rapidly and separated by deep suture. Aperture large, moderately round, yellowish or violaceous; lip thick and sometimes dark brown; umbilicus large and deep; operculum corneous and heavy, entirely closing the aperture. Ratios: shell width/shell length = 0.81-0.91 (mean 0.86); aperture length/shell length = 0.66-0.75 (mean 0.70). Testis, spermiduct and penis pouch as in Pomacea lineata (Spix, 1827). Seminal vesicle whitish and bean-shaped. Prostate cylindric and narrow, cream in coloar as the testis. Penis whiplike whith a closed circular spermiduct. Penial sheath elongated and tapered, with its distal tip turned to the right; outer basal gland situated on the left; inner median gland rounded; apical gland elongated and wrinkled. Ovary composed of branched whitish tubules lying superficially on the digestive gland; oviduct and seminal receptacle as in P. lineata; albumen gland yellowish - orange. Vestigial male copulatory apparatus (penis and its sheath) present in all females examined.