Soil CO2 flux: a method comparison of closed static chambers in a sugarcane field

A large variety of techniques have been used to measure soil CO2 released from the soil surface, and much of the variability observed between locations must be attributed to the different methods used by the investigators. Therefore, a minimum protocol of measurement procedures should be established. The objectives of this study were (a) to compare different absorption areas, concentrations and volumes of the alkali trapping solution used in closed static chambers (CSC), and (b) to compare both, the optimized alkali trapping solution and the soda-lime trapping using CSC to measure soil respiration in sugarcane areas. Three CO2 absorption areas were evaluated (7; 15 and 20 % of the soil emission area or chamber); two volumes of NaOH (40 and 80 mL) at three concentrations (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mol L-1). Three different types of alkaline traps were tested: (a), 80 mL of 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH in glass containers, absorption area 15 % (V0.5); (b) 40 mL of 2 mol L-1 NaOH retained in a sponge, absorption area 80 % (S2) and (c) 40 g soda lime, absorption area 15 % (SL). NaOH concentrations of 0.5 mol L-1 or lower underestimated the soil CO2-C flux or CO2 flux. The lower limit of the alkali trap absorption area should be a minimum of 20 % of the area covered by the chamber. The 2 mol L-1 NaOH solution trap (S2) was the most efficient (highest accuracy and highest CO2 fluxes) in measuring soil respiration.

Deposição de resíduos vegetais, matéria orgânica leve, estoques de Carbono e Nitrogênio e Fósforo remanescente sob diferentes sistemas de manejo no cerrado Goiano

O sistema plantio direto (SPD), em função de seu tempo de estabelecimento, pode promover aumento na quantidade de resíduos vegetais adicionados à superfície do solo e, consequentemente, modificações nos seus atributos químicos e físicos. O trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar a deposição de resíduos vegetais na superfície do solo (RVS) e as modificações nos teores de matéria orgânica leve (MOL), nos estoques de carbono e nitrogênio, nos teores de fósforo remanescente (Prem) e nos atributos físicos do solo - densidade de partículas (Dp), densidade do solo (Ds) e volume total de poros (VTP) -, bem como avaliar a origem do carbono por meio de técnicas isotópicas (13C). Para isso, em Montividiu (GO) foram selecionadas áreas sob SPD com diferentes tempos de implantação: SPD com três anos de implantação (SPD3), SPD com 15 anos de implantação (SPD15) e SPD com 20 anos de implantação (SPD20), as quais foram comparadas a uma área de Cerrado nativo stricto sensu (CE) e a uma área de pastagem plantada de Brachiaria decumbens (PA). Em cada uma das áreas, foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. O solo das áreas de estudo foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado. Foi observado aumento nos teores de RVS, MOL, VTP, Prem, C e N em função do tempo de implantação do SPD. A área de SPD com 20 anos apresentou maiores valores de C e N e valores semelhantes de Ds e MOL, em relação ao CE. As análises de 13C demonstraram que as leguminosas estão contribuindo de forma significativa para a composição da matéria orgância nas áreas sob SPD. Nas áreas sob SPD, verificou-se aumento dos valores de estoque de C e de N em função do tempo de implantação em todas as profundidades analisadas; as áreas SPD15 e SPD20 apresentaram nas camadas superficiais valores semelhantes e, ou, superiores aos da área de CE. A área de PA apresentou os piores valores dos atributos analisados, demonstrando estar em estádio mais avançado de degradação.

Characterization and nutrient release from silicate rocks and influence on chemical changes in soil

The expansion of Brazilian agriculture has led to a heavy dependence on imported fertilizers to ensure the supply of the growing food demand. This fact has contributed to a growing interest in alternative nutrient sources, such as ground silicate rocks. It is necessary, however, to know the potential of nutrient release and changes these materials can cause in soils. The purpose of this study was to characterize six silicate rocks and evaluate their effects on the chemical properties of treated soil, assessed by chemical extractants after greenhouse incubation. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized plots, in a 3 x 6 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors were potassium levels (0-control: without silicate rock application; 200; 400; 600 kg ha-1 of K2O), supplied as six silicate rock types (breccia, biotite schist, ultramafic rock, phlogopite schist and two types of mining waste). The chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of the alternative rock fertilizers were characterized. Treatments were applied to a dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (Ferralsol), which was incubated for 100 days, at 70 % (w/w) moisture in 3.7 kg/pots. The soil was evaluated for pH; calcium and magnesium were extracted with KCl 1 mol L-1; potassium, phosphorus and sodium by Mehlich 1; nickel, copper and zinc with DTPA; and the saturation of the cation exchange capacity was calculated for aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, and overall base saturation. The alternative fertilizers affected soil chemical properties. Ultramafic rock and Chapada mining byproduct (CMB) were the silicate rocks that most influenced soil pH, while the mining byproduct (MB) led to high K levels. Zinc availability was highest in the treatments with mining byproduct and Cu in soil fertilized with Chapada and mining byproduct.

Urea coated with oxidized charcoal reduces ammonia volatilization

Urea is the most consumed nitrogen fertilizer in the world. However, its agronomic and economic efficiency is reduced by the volatilization of NH3, which can reach 78 % of the applied nitrogen. The coating of urea granules with acidic compounds obtained by charcoal oxidation has the potential to reduce the volatilization, due to the acidic character, the high buffering capacity and CEC. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of HNO3-oxidized carbon on the control of NH3 volatilization. These compounds were obtained by oxidation of Eucalyptus grandis charcoal, produced at charring temperatures of 350 and 450 ºC, with 4.5 mol L-1 HNO3. The charcoal was oxidized by solubilization in acidic or alkaline medium, similar to the procedure of soil organic matter fractionation (CHox350 and CHox450). CHox was characterized by C, H, O, N contents and their respective atomic relations, by the ratio E4 (absorbance 465 nm) by E6 (absorbance 665 nm), and by active acidity and total acidity (CEC). The inhibitory effect of CHox on the urease activity of Canavalia ensiformis was assessed in vitro. The NH3 volatilization from urea was evaluated with and without coating of oxidized charcoal (U-CHox350 or U-CHox450) in a closed system with continuous air flow. The pH of both CHox was near 2.0, but the total acidity of CHox350 was higher, 72 % of which was attributed to carboxylic groups. The variation in the ionization constants of CHox350 was also greater. The low E4/E6 ratios characterize the high stability of the compounds in CHox. CHox did not inhibit the urease activity in vitro, although the maximum volatilization peak from U-CHox450 and U-CHox350 occurred 24 h after that observed for uncoated urea. The lowest volatilization rate was observed for U-CHox350 as well as a 43 % lower total amount of NH3 volatilized than from uncoated urea.

Phosphorus accumulation and pollution potential in a hapludult fertilized with pig manure

Successive applications of pig litter to the soil surface can increase the phosphorus (P) content and alter its adsorption, promoting P transfer to surface or subsurface waters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate P accumulation and the pollution potential of a soil after application of pig litter. In March 2010, eight years after the installation of an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil, on a Typic Hapludult, soil was sampled (layers 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-30 cm) after the following fertilization treatments: no pig litter fertilization, pig slurry application and pig manure application. In this period, 694 and 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 were applied in the treatments with pig slurry and pig manure, respectively. The P content was determined, based on Mehlich-1, anion exchange resin (AER), 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 and total P in the samples. The adsorption isotherm parameters were also determined by the Langmuir and Koski-Vähälä & Hartikainem models in the layers 0-2.5 and 20-30 cm. The application of 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 in the form of pig manure led to P accumulation, as evidenced by Mehlich-1, down to a depth of 15 cm, by AER and 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 down to 20 cm and by total P to 30 cm. After application of 1,890 kg P2O5 ha-1 in the form of pig manure, the values of maximum P adsorption capacity were lowest in the deepest layer (20-30 cm), indicating the occupation of part of the adsorption sites of the particles. The application of swine manure to the soil over eight years increased the P quantity in the soil solution of the surface layer, indicating environmental contamination risk for surface and subsurface waters.

Estimating subsoil resistance to nitrate leaching from easily measurable pedological properties

Leaching of nitrate (NO3-) can increase the groundwater concentration of this anion and reduce the agronomical effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers. The main soil property inversely related to NO3- leaching is the anion exchange capacity (AEC), whose determination is however too time-consuming for being carried out in soil testing laboratories. For this reason, this study evaluated if more easily measurable soil properties could be used to estimate the resistance of subsoils to NO3- leaching. Samples from the subsurface layer (20-40 cm) of 24 representative soils of São Paulo State were characterized for particle-size distribution and for chemical and electrochemical properties. The subsoil content of adsorbed NO3- was calculated from the difference between the NO3- contents extracted with 1 mol L-1 KCl and with water; furthermore, NO3- leaching was studied in miscible displacement experiments. The results of both adsorption and leaching experiments were consistent with the well-known role exerted by AEC on the nitrate behavior in weathered soils. Multiple regression analysis indicated that in subsoils with (i) low values of remaining phosphorus (Prem), (ii) low soil pH values measured in water (pH H2O), and (iii) high pH values measured in 1 moL L-1 KCl (pH KCl), the amounts of surface positive charges tend to be greater. For this reason, NO3- leaching tends to be slower in these subsoils, even under saturated flow condition.

Compared boron uptake and translocation in cotton cultivars

The mobility of boron (B), a commonly deficient micronutrient in cotton, has been shown to be low in the plant phloem. Nevertheless, studies have indicated that cotton cultivars can respond differently to B application. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare B absorption and mobility in cotton cultivars grown in nutrient solution. Treatments consisted of three cotton cultivars (FMT 701, DP 604BG and FMX 993), and five B rates (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 µmol L-1). Plant growth and development were monitored for four weeks from the appearance of the first square. The time of onset and severity of B deficiency symptoms varied among cotton cultivars. Initial B uptake of cv. DP 604BG was lower than of the other cultivars, but a greater amount of available B in the nutrient solution was required to prevent deficiency symptoms in this cultivar. Boron deficiency impairs cotton growth, with no differences among cultivars, regardless of the time of appearance and intensity of B deficiency symptoms.

Remediação de um solo contaminado com petróleo por oxidação química

A remediação de uma amostra de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo contaminado artificialmente com petróleo (5.000 mg kg-1) foi estudada comparando diferentes oxidantes químicos: KMnO4 0,10 mol L-1; K2S2O8 0,10 mol L-1; H2O2 0,10 mol L-1; H2O2/Fe2+ 0,10/0,080 mol L-1 (reação de Fenton); e H2O2/Fe2+/UV 0,10/0,080 mol L-1 (reação de foto-Fenton). A remediação foi praticamente completa aos 30 min para o processo de foto-Fenton (99 %). Todos os outros oxidantes não atingiram essa taxa de dissipação até 180 min. O processo em que se usou H2O2 0,10 mol L-1 (70,51 %) foi o de menor eficiência. A adição de íons Fe aumentou a taxa de dissipação para 86,98 % (H2O2/Fe2+ 0,10/0,080 mol L-1). Os métodos convencionais apresentaram taxas de dissipação de 76,58 % (KMnO4 0,10 mol L-1) e 93,85 % (K2S2O8 0,10 mol L-1).

Aluminum in corn plants: influence on growth and morpho-anatomy of root and leaf

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the most limiting factors for productivity. This research was carried out to assess the influence of Al nutrient solution on plant height, dry weight and morphoanatomical alterations in corn (Zea mays L.) roots and leaves. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with five treatments consisting of Al doses (0, 25, 75, 150, and 300 µmol L-1) and six replications. The solutions were constantly aerated, and the pH was initially adjusted to 4.3. The shoot dry matter, root dry matter and plant height decreased significantly with increasing Al concentrations. Compared to the control plants, it was observed that the root growth of corn plants in Al solutions was inhibited, there were fewer lateral roots and the development of the root system reduced. The leaf anatomy of plants grown in solutions containing 75 and 300 µmol L-1 Al differed in few aspects from the control plants. The leaf sheaths of the plants exposed to Al had a uniseriate epidermis coated with a thin cuticle layer, and the cells of both the epidermis and the cortex were less developed. In the vascular bundle, the metaxylem and protoxylem had no secondary walls, and the diameter of both was much smaller than of the control plants.

Potential acidity estimated by SMP pH in soils of the state of Pará

The use of SMP pH to estimate the potential acidity (H + Al) is more practical than the method of 0.5 mol L-1 calcium acetate for routine laboratory analyses. The objective was to fit an equation to estimate the H + Al from SMP pH values of soils of the State of Pará. From various regions of the state, 177 soil samples were collected, in which the SMP pH was determined in 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 solution and H + Al in 0.5 mol L-1 calcium acetate and the results were related by regression analysis. The equation H + Al = 77.77 + 20.61 SMP pH - 1.435 SMP pH² (R² = 0.90) expressed the H + Al values (in cmol c dm-3) best. When the SMP pH values were used in equations referring to other regions or states in Brazil, the H +Al values were over- or underestimated. The potential acidity in soils of Pará can be estimated by the method of SMP pH.

Phosphorus fractions in sandy soils of vineyards in southern Brazil

Phosphorus (P) applications to vineyards can cause P accumulation in the soil and maximize pollution risks. This study was carried out to quantify the accumulation of P fractions in sandy soils of vineyards in southern Brazil. Soil samples (layers 0-5, 6-10 and 11-20 cm) were collected from a native grassland area and two vineyards, after 14 years (vineyard 1) and 30 years (vineyard 2) of cultivation, in Santana do Livramento, southern Brazil, and subjected to chemical fractionation of P. Phosphorus application, especially to the 30-year-old vineyard 2, increased the inorganic P content down to a depth of 20 cm, mainly in the labile fractions extracted by anion-exchange resin and NaHCO3, in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 and 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH, and in the non-labile fraction extracted by 1 mol L-1 HCl, indicating the possibility of water eutrophication. Phosphorus application and grapevine cultivation time increased the P content in the organic fraction extracted by NaHCO3 from the 0-5 cm layer, and especially in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH, down to a depth of 20 cm.

Aplicação do método de mineralização de nitrogênio com lixiviação para solo tratado com lodo de esgoto e composto orgânico

A determinação da taxa de mineralização de nitrogênio (N) em solos tratados com resíduos é fundamental para definir as doses a serem aplicadas, fornecendo N às plantas na época adequada, sem perdas do elemento por lixiviação. Inúmeros estudos em solos tratados com resíduos utilizam o teste de mineralização de N sem lixiviação e a caracterização das formas mineralizadas pelo método volumétrico. Em razão da deficiente repetibilidade do teste e da baixa sensibilidade do método de determinação observada em estudos com lodo de esgoto e composto orgânico, adotaram-se o método pouco difundido de mineralização de N com lixiviação e a especificação das formas minerais de N, por meio de métodos espectrofotométricos. O teste foi realizado em colunas de PVC, com 30 mm de diâmetro, preenchidas com terra retirada da camada 0,20 m de um solo classificado como Nitossolo Háplico, álico, argiloso, misturada às seguintes doses de resíduos, em Mg ha-1 (base úmida): lodo de esgoto - L1: 3,6; L2: 7,2; e L3: 14,4; e composto de lodo de esgoto e material vegetal triturado proveniente da poda de árvores urbanas - C1: 7,2; C2: 14,4; e C3: 28,8. As colunas foram incubadas e lixiviadas periodicamente com solução 0,01 mol L-1 KCl e as formas minerais de N determinadas colorimetricamente. Maiores taxas de mineralização ocorreram nas menores doses aplicadas de lodo e composto, evidenciando efeito priming, indesejado à fertilidade de solos sob condições tropicais. Menores taxas ocorreram nas doses L2 e C2, com valores próximos àqueles sugeridos pela legislação, não suprindo a demanda de N almejada, indicando possível necessidade de revisão na norma vigente. De modo geral, as taxas de mineralização foram maiores para o composto orgânico, enquanto a velocidade de degradação do composto orgânico foi menor que para o lodo, revelando maior distribuição da disponibilidade de N para a cultura ao longo do tempo. O método de mineralização com lixiviação e a determinação das formas de N-minerais por colorimetria evidenciaram-se rápidos e eficientes; estudos com solos e resíduos diversos podem validá-los para seu uso em rotina.

Forms and accumulation of copper and zinc in a sandy typic hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter

Successive applications of pig slurry and pig deep litter may lead to an accumulation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fractions in the soil profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Cu and Zn forms and accumulation in a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter. In March 2010, eight years after initiating an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, on a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, soil samples were collected from the 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers in treatments consisting of no manure application (control) and with applications of pig slurry and deep litter at two levels: the single and double rate of N requirement for maize and black oat succession. The soil was dried, ground in an agate mortar and analyzed for Cu and Zn contents by 0.01 mol L-1 EDTA and chemically fractionated to determine Cu and Zn. The applications of Pig deep litter and slurry at doses equivalent to 90 kg ha-1 N increased the contents of available Cu and Zn in the surface soil layer, if the double of this dose was applied in pig deep litter or double this dose in pig slurry, Cu and Zn migrated to a depth of 15 cm. Copper is accumulated mainly in the organic and residual fractions, and zinc preferentially in the fraction linked to clay minerals, especially in the surface soil layers.

Dinâmica da matéria orgânica de um neossolo quartzarênico de cerrado convertido para cultivo em sucessão de soja e milheto

O uso e o manejo de Neossolos Quartzarênicos podem influenciar a matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), mas a magnitude dessas alterações ainda é pouco pesquisada nas condições de Cerrado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as variações que ocorrem na MOS em um Neossolo Quartzarênico, por consequência da conversão da vegetação original para o uso agrícola e cultivo sequencial de soja e milheto em sucessão. Em uma área de cultivo comercial em Alto Garças, MT, foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-5, 0-10, 0-20 e 0-40 cm, em talhões que estavam sob sucessão soja-milheto durante 1, 2, 6, 8 e 10 anos e, como referência da vegetação original, amostras foram tomadas em área adjacente sob Cerrado nativo. Foram determinados os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT), carbono e nitrogênio total e o teor de carbono nas frações ácidos húmicos, ácidos fúlvicos e na matéria orgânica leve (MOL), além da relação isotópica do carbono na MOS. A conversão do Cerrado para cultivo agrícola elevou o teor de COT do solo, sobretudo em razão do aporte de MOL e fragmentos de carvão. O manejo desse solo com a sucessão soja-milheto, mesmo com o uso de gradagens pesadas, não causou reduções nos teores de COT, ao longo do tempo. Contudo, observou-se variação na distribuição do carbono nas diferentes frações da MOS ao longo do tempo de cultivo, indicando alterações significativas na qualidade da MOS. Notou-se aumento no percentual de carbono na forma de MOL e redução dos teores de carbono na forma de ácidos fúlvicos ao longo do tempo de cultivo, sugerindo a perda seletiva dos compostos mais solúveis. A relação isotópica do carbono do solo aumentou com o tempo de cultivo, indicando maior contribuição do carbono derivado do milheto para a manutenção dos teores de MOS. Os atributos da MOS relativos à camada de 0-20 cm foram mais sensíveis às variações em razão do tempo de cultivo do que os mesmos atributos avaliados nas demais camadas estudadas. As variáveis relacionadas ao fracionamento da MOS evidenciaram-se mais sensíveis às variações por causa do tempo de cultivo do que simplesmente do teor de COT do solo, apresentando o potencial de uso dessas variáveis como indicadores de qualidade do solo.

Accumulation of phosphorus fractions and contamination potential in vineyard soils in the southern region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

In vineyards, if phosphate is applied both before planting and at intervals during growth without consideration of technical criteria, the soil P fractions may be increased and their proportions altered. This study was carried out to evaluate the accumulation of P fractions and the parameters of the adsorption isotherm in a sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in vineyards with a history of successive and excessive phosphate fertilization. In December 2010, two vineyards were selected, one 4 and the other 15 years old, in Urussanga, State of Santa Catarina (Brazil). Three trenches were dug in each area and soil was collected from the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm depth ranges. The soil samples were dried in a forced-air oven, sieved and subjected to chemical analyses, P chemical fractionation and P adsorption isotherms. Excessive phosphate fertilization, before and during cultivation, particularly in the older vineyard and, consequently, with a longer history of phosphate fertilization, increased the inorganic P concentrations to the depth of 20 cm, especially in labile fractions extracted by anion exchange resin and NaHCO3 in the non-labile fraction, as well as in the non-labile fraction extracted by 1.0 mol L-1 HCl. The application of phosphate fertilizers and the long cultivation period increased the P levels in the organic labile fraction extracted by 0.5 mol L-1 NaHCO3, and especially in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 and 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH. Phosphate fertilization of older vineyards, i.e., cultivated for 15 years, increased the amounts of P desorbed in water, indicating a risk of contamination of surface waters and groundwater. The phosphate fertilization before planting, without considering the results of soil analysis, and during cultivation, disregarding the results of soil analysis, leaf analysis and expected yield, led to a reduction in the maximum P adsorption capacity in the 0-5 cm layer of vineyard 2, indicating saturation of part of the reactive particle adsorption sites.