Comparison of maps of spatial variability of soil resistance to penetration constructed with and without covariables using a spatial linear model

A study about the spatial variability of data of soil resistance to penetration (RSP) was conducted at layers 0.0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m and 0.2-0.3 m depth, using the statistical methods in univariate forms, i.e., using traditional geostatistics, forming thematic maps by ordinary kriging for each layer of the study. It was analyzed the RSP in layer 0.2-0.3 m depth through a spatial linear model (SLM), which considered the layers 0.0-0.1 m and 0.1-0.2 m in depth as covariable, obtaining an estimation model and a thematic map by universal kriging. The thematic maps of the RSP at layer 0.2-0.3 m depth, constructed by both methods, were compared using measures of accuracy obtained from the construction of the matrix of errors and confusion matrix. There are similarities between the thematic maps. All maps showed that the RSP is higher in the north region.

Spatial variability of leaf nutrient contents in a drip irrigated citrus orchard

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of leaf content of macro and micronutrients. The citrus plants orchard with 5 years of age, planted at regular intervals of 8 x 7 m, was managed under drip irrigation. Leaf samples were collected from each plant to be analyzed in the laboratory. Data were analyzed using the software R, version 2.5.1 Copyright (C) 2007, along with geostatistics package GeoR. All contents of macro and micronutrients studied were adjusted to normal distribution and showed spatial dependence.The best-fit models, based on the likelihood, for the macro and micronutrients were the spherical and matern. It is suggest for the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur the minimum distances between samples of 37; 58; 29; 63; 46 and 15 m respectively, while for the micronutrients boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc, the distances suggests are 29; 9; 113; 35 and 14 m, respectively.

Spatial variability of air dry bulb temperature and black globe humidity index in a broiler house during the heating phase

The air dry-bulb temperature (t db),as well as the black globe humidity index (BGHI), exert great influence on the development of broiler chickens during their heating phase. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the structure and the magnitude of the t db and BGHI spatial variability, using geostatistics tools such as semivariogram analysis and also producing kriging maps. The experiment was conducted in the west mesoregion of the states of Minas Gerais in 2010, in a commercial broiler house with heating system consisting of two furnaces that heat the air indirectly, in the firsts 14 days of the birds' life. The data were registered at intervals of five minutes in the period from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. The variables were evaluated by variograms fitted by residual maximum likelihood (REML) testing the Spherical and Exponential models. Kriging maps were generated based on the best model used to fit the variogram. It was possible to characterize the variability of the t db and BGHI, which allowed observing the spatial dependence by using geostatistics techniques. In addition, the use of geostatistics and distribution maps made possible to identify problems in the heating system in regions inside the broiler house that may harm the development of chicks.

Influence of the sample area in the variability of losses in the mechanical harvesting of soybeans

The mechanical harvesting is an important stage in the production process of soybeans and, in this process; the loss of a significant number of grains is common. Despite the existence of mechanisms to monitor these losses, it is still essential to use sampling methods to quantify them. Assuming that the size of the sample area affects the reliability and variability between samples in quantifying losses, this paper aimed to analyze the variability and feasibility of using different sizes of sample area (1, 2 and 3 m²) in quantifying losses in the mechanical harvesting of soybeans. Were sampled 36 sites and the cutting losses, losses by other mechanisms of the combine and total losses were evaluated, as well as the water content in seeds, straw distribution and crop productivity. Data were subjected to statistical analysis (descriptive statistics and analysis of variance) and Statistical Control Process (SCP). The coefficients of variation were similar for the three frames available. Combine losses showed stable behavior, whereas cutting losses and total losses showed unstable behavior. The frame size did not affect the quantification and variability of losses in the mechanical harvesting of soybeans, thus a frame of 1 m² can be used for determining losses.

Spatial variability of mechanical resistance to penetration evaluated with mobile unit on haplic vertisol cultivated with mango

Since the advent of mechanized farming and intensive use of agricultural machinery and implements on the properties, the soil began to receive greater load of machinery traffic, which can cause increased soil compaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil mechanical resistance to penetration (RP) in the layers of 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30 and 0.30-0.40m, using geostatistics in an area cultivated with mango in Haplic Vertisol of the northeastern semi-arid, with mobile unit equipped with electronic penetrometer. The RP data was collected in 56 points from an area of 3 ha, and random soil samples were collected to determine the soil moisture and texture. For RP data analysis we used descriptive statistics and geostatistics. The soil mechanical resistance to penetration presented increased variability, with adjustment of the spherical and exponential semivariograms in the layers. We found that 42% of the area in the layer of 0.10-0.20m showed RP values above 2.70 MPa. Maximum values of RP were found in the layer of 0.19-0.27m, predominantly in 56% of the area.

Outlining precision boundaries among areas with different variability standards using magnetic susceptibility and geomorphic surfaces

There is an increasing demand for detailed maps that represent in a simplified way the knowledge of the variability of a particular area or region maps. The objective was to outline precision boundaries among areas with different accuracy variability standards using magnetic susceptibility and geomorphic surfaces. The study was conducted in an area of 110 ha, which identified three compartment landscapes based on the geomorphic surfaces model. To determinate pH, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, the total sand and clay, 514 soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.20 m and 0.60-0.80 m. The sum of base, cationic exchange capacity and base saturation were calculated and the magnetic susceptibility was evaluated in the laboratory using a system based on a balance of analytical precision method. Geomorphic surfaces identification allowed setting specific management areas (locations with maximum homogeneity of soil attributes). The map of spatial variability of magnetic susceptibility can be used to validate the precise boundaries among geomorphic surfaces identified in the field and infer the variability of clay content and soil base saturation.

Spatial variability of apparent electrical conductivity and soil properties in a coffee production field

Precision agriculture based on the physical and chemical properties of soil requires dense sampling to determine the spatial variability of these properties. This dense sampling is often expensive and time-consuming. One technique used to reduce sample numbers involves defining management zones based on information collected in the field. Some researchers have demonstrated the importance of soil electrical variables in defining management zones. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the spatial variability of the apparent electrical conductivity and the soil properties in the coffee production of mountain regions. Spatial variability maps were generated using a geostatistical method. Based on the spatial variability results, a correlation analysis, using bivariate Moran's index, was done to evaluate the relationship between the apparent electrical conductivity and soil properties. The maps of potassium (K) and remaining phosphorus (P-rem) were the closest to the spatial variability pattern of the apparent electrical conductivity.

Management zones using fuzzy clustering based on spatial-temporal variability of soil and corn yield

Clustering soil and crop data can be used as a basis for the definition of management zones because the data are grouped into clusters based on the similar interaction of these variables. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify management zones using fuzzy c-means clustering analysis based on the spatial and temporal variability of soil attributes and corn yield. The study site (18 by 250-m in size) was located in Jaboticabal, São Paulo/Brazil. Corn yield was measured in one hundred 4.5 by 10-m cells along four parallel transects (25 observations per transect) over five growing seasons between 2001 and 2010. Soil chemical and physical attributes were measured. SAS procedure MIXED was used to identify which variable(s) most influenced the spatial variability of corn yield over the five study years. Basis saturation (BS) was the variable that better related to corn yield, thus, semivariograms models were fitted for BS and corn yield and then, data values were krigged. Management Zone Analyst software was used to carry out the fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. The optimum number of management zones can change over time, as well as the degree of agreement between the BS and corn yield management zone maps. Thus, it is very important take into account the temporal variability of crop yield and soil attributes to delineate management zones accurately.

Ultra-sonografia intra-operatória durante colecistectomia laparoscópica

Durante um período de sete meses, em noventa pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica foi realizada ultra-sonografia intra-operatória e, em 81 pacientes, a colangiografia intra-operatória foi possível. A ultra-sonografia laparoscópica (USL) foi realizada através dos trocartes umbilical e epigástrico, sem mobilização duodenal e após a colangiografia sistemática. A USL detectou coledocolitíase em 11 pacientes (12,2%), embora apenas seis (6,6%) destes pacientes tivessem este diagnóstico antes da cirurgia. A colangiografia diagnosticou coledocolitíase em 8,8% dos casos. As vias biliares foram visualizadas pela USL em todos os casos. Durante a colecistectomia laparoscópica, a ultra-sonografia intra-operatória é uma técnica simples e eficiente na detecção de cálculos na via biliar principal.

Efeito do dextran sobre a intensidade das aderências peritoneais intra-abdominais pós-operatórias: estudo experimental em ratos: experimental study in rats

Os autores pesquisam o efeito do Dextran 40 sobre a formação de aderências pós-operatórias em um modelo experimental em ratos. Vinte ratos Wistar foram divididos de forma aleatória em dois grupos. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a laparotomia mediana e realizada escarificação serosa do peritônio visceral do intestino grosso e peritônio parietal adjacente. O grupo I (controle), formado por dez animais que não receberam tratamento complementar, e o grupo 2, formado por dez animais nos quais administrou-se Dextran 40 na cavidade peritoneal. No vigésimo dia de pós-operatório, os animais foram mortos e submetidos a nova laparotomia mediana e retirada dos segmentos intestinais previamente escarificados. A análise histológica das peças operatórias demonstrou menor formação de fibrose no grupo de animais nos quais foi utilizado Dextran 40 (grupo 2), quando comparados ao grupo controle (p<0,05). Os autores concluem que o Dextran 40 interfere no processo de fibrinogênese reduzindo as aderências intra-abdominais pós-operatórias.

Avaliação diagnóstica da laparoscopia associada à análise do líquido intraperitoneal nas lesões intra-abdominais provocadas por arma de ar comprimido: estudo experimental em cães

Avaliação de eficácia da laparoscopia, associada à análise bacteriológica do líquido intraperitoneal pela coloração de Gram., no diagnóstico de lesões intra-abdominais provocadas em cães com arma de ar comprimido. A alta incidência de óbitos como resultado de ferimentos por arma de fogo tem contribuído para implantação de novas técnicas diagnósticas. O uso crescente de laparoscopia diagnóstica em urgências torna necessário aprimorar qualidade e fidedignidade dos resultados obtidos. Este experimento avalia acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade da laparoscopia, incluindo 20 cães submetidos a trauma abdominal, com disparo do tipo encostado, e cinco cães como grupo de controle. Na laparoscopia, foram feitos inventário sistemático da cavidade abdominal, conferido por laparotomia, e coleta de líquido intraperitoneal para análise bacteriológica. A laparoscopia apresentou acurácia de 88,29%, sensibilidade de 88,29% e especificidade de 100%. O valor preditivo positivo da coloração de Gram foi 100%. Concluiu-se que a laparoscopia é eficaz no diagnóstico de lesões intra-abdominais provocadas por arma de ar comprimido, em cães hemodinamicamente estáveis. Mas, algumas lesões, evidenciadas na laparotomia, passaram despercebidas na laparoscopia. Realização concomitante de análise bacteriológica pela coloração de Gram pode aumentar a eficácia e diminuir a possibilidade de erros no diagnóstico de lesões. Laparoscopia associada à análise bacteriológica possibilita melhores resultados com mínimo dano ao paciente

Preparo intra-operatório do cólon

OBJETIVO: Apresentar nossa experiência com o preparo intra-operatório do cólon no tratamento de pacientes com obstrução neoplásica do cólon esquerdo. MÉTODO: Vinte e três pacientes com obstrução neoplásica do cólon esquerdo foram operados no Hospital de Ensino da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC e no Hospital São Bernardo no período de 1992 a 1999. O preparo intra-operatório do cólon e a anastomose intestinal primária foram realizados em todos os pacientes e os resultados analisados. RESULTADOS: Em todos os pacientes o preparo de cólon foi adequado e a anastomose intestinal primária foi realizada em condições satisfatórias. Um paciente (4,3%) apresentou fístula bloqueada e outro (4,3%) broncopneumonia, complicações estas não relacionadas com o método de preparo intestinal; ambos evoluíram bem com tratamento clínico. Os demais não apresentaram complicações e permaneceram internados em média sete dias. CONCLUSÕES: O preparo intra-operatório do cólon é um método simples, seguro e permite a reconstrução imediata do trânsito intestinal em situações adversas.

Terapia trombolítica intra-arterial intra-operatória

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um tratamento coadjuvante à desobstrução mecânica, nas oclusões arteriais agudas de membros. MÉTODO: A impossibilidade de desobstrução mecânica cirúrgica completa dos vasos tem levado a altas taxas de amputações. Utilizamos como coadjuvante desta a aplicação de agente trombolítico intra-operatório, intra-arterial regional, seguida da infusão de solução de diálise peritoneal à baixa temperatura. RESULTADO: Neste pequeno grupo de doentes, verificamos que o uso de fibrinolítico seguido da lavagem da árvore arterial com solução preservadora, à baixa temperatura, aumenta a taxa de sucesso cirúrgico com preservação do membro e sua função. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia trombolítica intra-arterial regional, associada ao uso de solução de diálise peritoneal heparinizada, apresentou um percentual de sucesso de 88,88% dos casos tratados com este método.

Localização de insulinoma pela injeção seletiva intra-arterial de cálcio

Insulinomas are rare endocrine tumors with an estimated incidence of 1(one) per million. Optimal therapy for all islet tumors of the pancreas is curative surgical resection. However, previous reports have show that, in the absence of preoparative localization, insulinoma may not be found intraoperatively in about 20% of patients. With current imaging technology, including serial computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography, localization of insulinomas less than 2cm remains inadequate. This case report shows that selective intraarterial calcium injection with hepatic venous sampling for insulin levels measured is a efficient technique for the localization of insulinomas.

Pressão intra-abdominal em pacientes com trauma abdominal

OBJETIVOS: Pacientes com trauma abdominal tratados cirurgicamente são muito suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de hipertensão intra-abdominal e síndrome do compartimento abdominal, cujo diagnóstico é baseado na medição da pressão intraabdominal associada a parâmetros clínicos. Este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar prospectivamente o comportamento da pressão intra-abdominal de pacientes com trauma abdominal cirurgicamente tratados e identificar se há relação entre tal comportamento e parâmetros clínicos destes pacientes. MÉTODO: A técnica de Kron foi utilizada para medir a pressão intra-abdominal. A casuística foi composta por 17 homens e três mulheres com média de idade de 36,9 anos (D.P. 12,943). O mecanismo de trauma mais freqüente foi contusão abdominal 12 (60%) contra oito (40%) pacientes com ferimentos penetrantes. Os dados foram coletados em 6 e 18 horas de pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: As médias de pressão intra-abdominal foram 10,4 cmH2O (D.P. 3,939) em 6 horas e 10,263 cmH2O (D.P. 3,445) em 18 horas de pós operatório. A análise dos resultados mostrou correlação estatisticamente significante entre o volume de colóides infundidos e a pressão intra-abdominal em 6 e 18 horas pós-operatórias (p = 0,0380 e p = 0,0033 respectivamente). É provável que tal correlação se deva ao edema visceral causado pelo extravasamento capilar de soluções, aumentando a pressão intra-abdominal. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados deste estudo ratificam a idéia de relação entre grandes volumes de infusão venosa, sobretudo colóides, e o aumento da pressão intra-abdominal e destacam a importância da avaliação da pressão intra-abdominal em pacientes com trauma abdominal submetidos a grandes reposições volêmicas, sobretudo as soluções coloidais.