Teores de compostos bioativos em cafés torrados e moídos comerciais

The amounts of nicotinic acid, trigonelline, 5-CQA, caffeine, kahweol and cafestol in 38 commercial roasted coffees ranged from 0.02 to 0.04; 0.22 to 0.96; 0.14 to 1.20; 1.00 to 2.02; 0.10 to 0.80 and 0.25 to 0.55 g/100 g, respectively. Evaluation of color and content of thermo-labile compounds indicated similarity in roasting degree. Differences in the levels of diterpenes and caffeine, components less influenced by the roasting degree, could be mainly explained by the species used (arabica and robusta). Gourmet coffees showed high concentrations of diterpenes, trigonelline and 5-CQA and low levels of caffeine, indicating high proportion of arabica coffee.

Aplicação da casca de arroz na adsorção dos íons Cu2+, Al3+, Ni2+ e Zn2+

The potential use of rice husk as biosorbent to remove Cu2+, Al3+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ ions from aqueous solutions was investigated under both noncompetitive and competitive conditions. The biosorbent was used in the form of particles with size smaller than 0.5 μm and in the concentration of 500 mg L-1 (dry weight). The experiments were performed using batch adsorption technique for concentrations of 10, 30 and 70 mg L-1 of metal ions at pH 4.0 and 5.0. The chemical speciation of metals in the experimental conditions used in this work was predicted by the software Visual MINTEQ 2.6.

Fitoprodutos e desenvolvimento econômico

Natural products have been, historically, very important for Brazil. Coffee, sugar and soy were some examples that prove this economical significance. A project that involves phytoproducts should be guide by three main axis: agriculture management for the plants; pharmaceutical; support the national industry and academy. In Brazil, pharmaceutical products contribute negatively to the commerce balance showing an enormous technological dependence in this economical sector. The consolidation of the phytoproduct's chain in Brazil could contribute for the development of the pharmaceutical sector in order to help all domains in natural products area.

Uso de perfis cromatográficos de voláteis de cafés arábicas torrados para a diferenciação das amostras segundo o sabor, o aroma e a qualidade global da bebida

In this work, the volatile chromatographic profiles of roasted Arabica coffees, previously analyzed for their sensorial attributes, were explored by principal component analysis. The volatile extraction technique used was the solid phase microextraction. The correlation optimized warping algorithm was used to align the gas chromatographic profiles. Fifty four compounds were found to be related to the sensorial attributes investigated. The volatiles pyrrole, 1-methyl-pyrrole, cyclopentanone, dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone, furfural, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-pyrazine, 2-etenyl-n-methyl-pyrazine, 5-methyl-2-propionyl-furan compounds were important for the differentiation of coffee beverage according to the flavour, cleanliness and overall quality. Two figures of merit, sensitivity and specificity (or selectivity), were used to interpret the sensory attributes studied.

Método para determinação de carboidratos empregado na triagem de adulterações em café

The objective in this work was to validate a chromatography method for the determination of total carbohydrates in soluble coffee, using a HPLC-UV-VIS with postcolumn derivatization system, in order to verify adulterant additions. The validated method was accurate and robust. Adulteration could be observed by increasing xylose and glucose levels in samples with addition of coffee husks and starchy products while decreasing of galactose and mannose characteristic carbohydrates presenting in high concentration in soluble coffees produced by arabica and robusta coffee beans.

Discriminação entre estádios de maturação e tipos de processamento de pós-colheita de cafés arábica por microextração em fase sólida e análise de componentes principais

A fruit chemical composition reflects its maturation stage. For coffee, it is also the reflex of the post-harvesting processing type, dry, semi-wet and wet. The object of this work was to verify if headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC) could be used to discriminate between samples harvested in different maturation stages and treated by different processes. With application of principal component analysis to the area of 117 compounds extracted by SPME, using divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber, it was possible to discriminate, in the roasted and ground coffee, the maturity stage and processing type used .

Emprego de catalisadores heterogêneos de CaO e SnO2 suportados em cinza de casca de arroz na obtenção de biodiesel

Silica obtained from rice husk after acid leaching and calcination was compared to commercial silica as a catalyst support. CaO and SnO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation and tested in the transesterification of soybean oil and the esterification of oleic acid. CaO catalysts showed basic character and were the most active for transesterification, whereas SnO2 catalysts were acid and the most effective for esterification. In both cases the performances of the catalysts prepared with rice husk ash and commercial silica were similar. These results demonstrate that rice husk is a cost-effective and environmentally-friendly source of silica that can be used as a catalyst support.

Investigando cinza da casca do arroz como fase estacionária em cromatografia: uma proposta de aula experimental nos cursos de graduação

This article describes an experiment that involves the extraction and separation of the pigments of spinach extract by column chromatography using the silica obtained from rice husk ash as a stationary phase. The experimental procedure is very simple to apply in the chemistry laboratory, and allowed to illustrate some concepts of organic chemistry: structure of organic molecules, solubility, polarity, extraction, partition coefficient, adsorption and retention factor (Rf), as well as objectives and fundamentals of chromatographic methods. The experiment can be carried out in a 4 h period.

Sorção e lixiviação de tiametoxam em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto e cultivados com cafeeiro

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption and leaching of thiamethoxam in dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol (LVAd), dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf) and Red-Yellow Argisol (PVAd) with coffee under the effect of sewage sludge doses. There was thiamethoxam sorption decreasing at higher doses of sewage sludge in LVAd and LVdf. In the PVAd, sorption was higher in samples that received the highest dose of sewage sludge. At 150 days after the application of thiamethoxam, the compound began to be detected in the effluent, in all soils. Dissolved organic carbon had no influence on the thiamethoxam leaching.

Determinação de deoxinivalenol e zearalenona em arroz natural e parboilizado e suas frações utilizando quEChERS e HPLC/UV-FL

The QuEChERS extraction method followed by quantification using HPLC/UV-FL was evaluated for deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) determination in natural and parboiled rice and their fractions (bran and husk). The comparison between QuEChERS and partition with acetonitrile extraction showed that the first one was better. It presented higher recovery (91% for DON, 105% for ZEA) wih precision ranging from 1.5 to 18.6%. The limits of quantification were 22.2 µg kg-1 for DON and 4.3 µg kg-1 for ZEA. DON and ZEA showed higher levels in endosperm of parboiled rice (8 e 111.7 µg kg-1, respectively) when compared to natural rice.

Correlação entre precursores e voláteis em café arábica brasileiro processado pelas vias seca, semiúmida e úmida e discriminação através da análise por componentes principais

The influence of pre-processing of arabica coffee beans on the composition of volatile precursors including sugars, chlorogenic acids, phenolics, proteins, aminoacids, trigonelline and fatty acids was assessed and correlated with volatiles formed during roasting. Reducing sugars and free aminoacids were highest for natural coffees whereas total sugars, chlorogenic acids and trigonelline were highest for washed coffees. The highest correlation was observed for total phenolics and volatile phenolics (R= 0.999). Experimental data were evaluated by Principal Components Analysis and results showed that washed coffees formed a distinct group in relation to semi-washed and natural coffees.

Ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molar em solos e materiais orgânicos

Determination of organic acids in soils and organic materials is important due to the important role they play in improving the soil's physical, chemical and microbiological conditions. This study identified and quantified low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) in soils (dystroferric Red Latosol, dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol and Quartzarenic Neosol) and organic materials (cow, pig, chicken, quail and horse manures, sawdust, coconut fiber, pine bark, coffee husks, biochar, organic substrate, sewage sludges 1 and 2, garbage compost, pig slurry compost). The following acids were identified: acetic, citric, D-malic, formic, fumaric, maleic, malonic, oxalic, quinic, shikimic, succinic and tartaric.

Efeito do solvente na extração de ácidos clorogênicos, cafeína e trigonelina em Coffea arabica

In this research work the effects of four solvents and their mixtures on the extraction of chlorogenic acids, caffeine and trigonelline in crude extracts of four coffee cultivars, traditional red bourbon, IAPAR59, IPR101 and IPR108 cultivars, were investigated by UV spectrophotometry and UV spectra obtained from RP-HPLC-DAD. The experimental results and the principal component analysis of UV spectra showed that the effect of solvent extraction of the metabolites does not depend on cultivars, because the spectral characteristics are similar, but the concentrations are different. The UV and UV-DAD spectra for four simplex centroid design mixtures were also similar but the concentrations of caffeine, trigonelline and the chlorogenic acids are different and depend on the solvent used in the extraction.

Influência de parâmetros de processo na obtenção de sílica a partir de cinza da casca de arroz pela ação de Fusarium oxysporum

In this work, an experimental design was used to analyze the influence of process parameters on the production of extracellular enzymes such as β-glucosidase and peroxidase, and their possible effect on the obtention of soluble and nanostructured silica from rice husk ash by the action of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Specifically, pH, fermentation time and glucose concentration in the culture medium were varied. Statistical analysis indicated that the silica synthesis in the aqueous medium was strongly dependent on pH and time. Although the glucose concentration does not exert a direct influence on the biosynthesis of silica, it is an important parameter in the production of extracellular enzymes. To prevent enzyme inhibition and provide higher dissolution of silica, it is recommended to work at a pH close to neutral with a glucose concentration of 3 g L-1 for at least 144 h.

Estudo de catalisadores de níquel suportados em cinza de casca de arroz na reforma de metano com dióxido de carbono visando a produção de hidrogênio e gás de síntese

Rice husk ash (RHA) is used as a silica source for several purposes, among them to obtain metal catalysts, as was done in this work. The catalysts were characterized by chemisorption, physisorption, thermal analyses (TG, DSC), X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, temperature-programmed reduction and scanning electron microscopy. The catalysts synthesized with different Ni loadings supported on RHA were applied to the reaction of dry reforming of methane. The reaction was tested at three temperatures of catalytic reduction (500, 600 and 700 ºC). All synthesized catalysts were active for the studied reaction, with different H2/CO ratios achieved according to degree of metallic dispersion.