Influência de hidrocolóides na textura de gel de amido de milho

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a influência das interações das gomas xantana e guar com o amido de milho de alto teor de amilose na textura de gel durante o armazenamento. Foram utilizadas amostras de amido milho Hylon VII® (71% de amilose, National Starch, goma guar (Higum 55I®, Rhodia) e goma xantana (Rhodigel 200®, Rhodia). Foram utilizadas diferentes concentrações das gomas guar e xantana, que variaram de 0 a 1%, de acordo com o delineamento experimental central composto rotacional. Em cada tratamento foram utilizadas 50g de amido com alto teor de amilose (Hylon VII), adicionadas das gomas. Estas amostras foram diluídas em água destilada e submetidas à agitação mecânica até completa dissolução. As soluções foram aquecidas até 95°C por 5 minutos para formação dos géis, os quais foram acondicionados em recipientes plásticos de 50mL e mantidos em temperatura de 5-10°C até 120h. Nos tempos T1 (24h), T2 (48h), T3 (72h), T4 (96h) e T5 (120h) de armazenamento foram feitas medidas da força máxima do gel de amilose em texturômetro (Stable Micro-System, Modelo TAX-T2). No período inicial, de 24 horas, a goma guar não apresentou influência positiva na redução da força do gel, sendo que a aplicação de goma xantana entre 0,7 e 1,0% apresentou os menores valores de força do gel de amilose. Após 120h de armazenamento, a força do gel de amilose diminuiu com a adição de 0,5-1,0% de goma xantana e 0-0,15% de goma guar.

Amido resistente, a última geração no controle de energia e digestão saudável

Estudos clínicos demonstraram que amido resistente tem propriedades semelhantes a fibras e mostra benefícios fisiológicos em humanos, podendo resultar em prevenção de doenças. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda que cerca de 55% da energia ingerida seja proveniente de carboidratos. A preocupação com o tipo de carboidrato ingerido é importante, pois há fibras, por exemplo, que devem ser ingeridas de 25-30 g/dia/pessoa, e normalmente não o são. Por ser um alimento resistente à digestão e fermentado no intestino grosso, principalmente pelas bifidobactérias, o amido resistente é um alimento prebiótico. Durante a fermentação ocorre a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, principalmente o butirato, que contribui muito para a saúde do cólon, inibindo o crescimento de células cancerígenas devido à redução do pH no intestino grosso. Além disso, contribui para a produção da energia difusa progressiva (EDP), que é a energia liberada ao longo do tempo de uma digestão lenta, e para a queda do índice glicêmico dos alimentos, proporcionando uma menor resposta glicêmica e, conseqüentemente, uma resposta insulínica mais adequada, auxiliando no tratamento da diabete, principalmente do tipo 2 e mantendo o indivíduo com sensação de saciedade por um período maior de tempo. A National Starch Food Innovation possui o Hi-Maize 260 como amido resistente que, quando comparado com as fibras convencionais, apresenta muitas vantagens. É branco e possui sabor brando, tamanho pequeno de partícula e baixa capacidade de retenção de água, praticamente não altera a textura de produtos de baixa umidade como pães, macarrão, barrinha de cereais, etc, ao contrário das fibras convencionais, o que permite formular produtos com alto teor de fibras e ainda ser rotulado como simplesmente "amido de milho". Também apresenta teor calórico reduzido e pode ser usado como agente de corpo complementar em formulações com valor reduzido ou sem gordura.

Influência do tratamento térmico e da acidez no comportamento reológico de amidos nativos funcionais de milho cerosos orgânicos comerciais

Os amidos são amplamente utilizados em alimentos como molhos para salada, molhos e pratos prontos. Entretanto, as propriedades funcionais de amidos nativos não resistem aos processos estressantes tais como tratamento térmico, acidez e alto cisalhamento. Os amidos podem ser modificados quimicamente neste sentido, mas não atribuem ao alimento o rótulo de "natural". Uma outra opção é obter amidos naturais resistentes às condições de estresse. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a avaliação de dois amidos que se comercializam rotulados como nativos e orgânicos frente ao tratamento térmico e à acidez. Suspensões dos amidos nativos funcionais orgânicos (9460 e 9560, National Starch and Chemical Industrial) preparadas numa concentração de 5% (peso/volume), foram acidificadas com ácido cítrico 1M ou autoclavadas a 121 °C por 30 minutos. O resultado dos tratamentos foi avaliado por microscopia óptica, pelas curvas de escoamento e pelos espectros mecânicos, obtidos por reologia estacionária e dinâmica. A acidez e o tratamento térmico aumentaram a estruturação dos géis dos amidos, que resistiram aos processos estressantes. Os géis apresentaram comportamento não newtoniano, (pseudoplástico) e tixotrópico. O comportamento pode ser modelado pela equação Lei da Potência ou Herschel-Bukley. Todos os géis apresentaram comportamento viscoelástico de gel fraco que foi preservado nos diversos tratamentos.

Caracterização físico-química, reológica, morfológica e térmica dos amidos de milho normal, ceroso e com alto teor de amilose

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os amidos de milho normal, ceroso e com alto teor de amilose, fabricados pela National Starch, por meio da determinação das suas características físico-químicas, morfológicas, térmicas e reológicas. O amido de milho com alto teor de amilose (AM) apresentou teor de amilose igual a 71%, sendo que os valores obtidos para o amido de milho normal (M) e o amido de milho ceroso (AP) foram de 27,8 e 1,8%, respectivamente. Traços de proteína e lipídios foram encontrados nas amostras. O amido de milho ceroso apresentou maior viscosidade máxima e uma menor tendência à retrogradação, se comparado ao amido de milho normal. O amido AP apresentou menor entalpia de gelatinização, como pode ser observado nas análises de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), na qual a temperatura de gelatinização foi de 75 °C e o ΔH de 3,34 J.g-1, e também na análise de RVA (Rapid Visco Analyser), em que a temperatura de pasta foi de 71 °C. Apresentando, dessa forma, valores inferiores aos verificados para os outros amidos. O valor do ΔH de retrogradação do amido AP, mostrou-se 25,8% inferior ao ΔH do amido M. O amido AM apresentou o valor de 26,38 J.g-1, demonstrando o maior envolvimento da molécula de amilose no processo de retrogradação. Isso também foi evidenciado pela medida da força dos géis: o gel de AM apresentou força 99,18% superior, retrogradando mais que os outros amidos. As análises de difração de raio X mostraram que os amidos de milho normal e ceroso apresentaram um padrão de difração do tipo A e o amido de milho com alto teor de amilose apresentou padrão do tipo B.

Cultivar, harvest year, and storage conditions affecting nutritional quality of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Sixteen common bean cultivars were compared concerning the physicochemical characteristics of their raw seeds in the course of two consecutive harvests, as well as the effect of storage conditions on starch and dietary fiber content of cooked beans. Using cluster analysis it was possible to identify groups of cultivars with different nutritional features. Bean cultivars were categorized into four different groups according either to their macronutrient content (crude protein-PROT, total dietary fiber-TDF, insoluble dietary fiber-IDF, soluble dietary fiber-SDF, digestible starch-DS, and resistant starch-RS) or to their micronutrient levels (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ca, Mg, and P). Guateian 6662 and Rio Tibagi appeared to be the most suitable cultivars to prevent nutritional deficiencies, because they had high PROT, DS, Fe, and Zn content. The high total dietary fiber and RS content of Iraí, Minuano, and TPS Bonito cultivars, and specially the high soluble fiber content of Guateian 6662 and Rio Tibagi cultivars suggests that they could have a beneficial role in controlling blood lipid and glucose levels. Cooked beans had a decrease in DS and an increase in RS content after storage (4 °C or -20 °C), but these changes were more prominent in beans that had low RS content before cooking than in those of high RS content. TDF, IDF, and SDF did not change after storage.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd.) as a source of dietary fiber and other functional components

Four varieties of an Andean indigenous crop, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), were evaluated as a source of dietary fiber, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The crops were processed by extrusion-cooking and the final products were analyzed to determine the dietary fiber, total polyphenols, radical scavenging activity, and in vitro digestibility of starch and protein. There were no significant differences in the contents of total dietary fiber between varieties of quinoa. In all cases, the contents of total and insoluble dietary fiber decreased during the extrusion process. At the same time, the content of soluble dietary fiber increased. The content of total phenolic compounds and the radical scavenging activity increased during the extrusion process in the case of all 4 varieties. There were significant differences between the varieties and the content of total polyphenols. The in vitro protein digestibility of quinoa varieties was between 76.3 and 80.5% and the in vitro starch digestibility was between 65.1 and 68.7%. Our study demonstrates that quinoa can be considered a good source of dietary fiber, polyphenols and other antioxidant compounds and that extrusion improves the nutritional value.

Color degradation kinetics in low-calorie strawberry and guava jellies

The purpose of this study was to follow-up color changes in low-calorie strawberry and guava jellies during storage. To this end, one formulation of each flavor was prepared varying the application of hydrocolloids (pectin and modified starch). The jellies were studied regarding pH, soluble solids, water activity and syneresis. In order to follow-up color changes, the samples remained stored for 180 days in chambers with controlled temperatures of 10 °C (control) and 25 °C (commercial), and color instrumental analyses (L*, a*, and b*) were performed every 30 days. Arrhenius model was applied to reaction speeds (k) at different temperatures, where light strawberry and guava jellies showed greater color changes when stored at 25 °C compared to the samples stored at 10 °C. Activation energy values between 13 and 15 kcal.mol-1 and Q10 values between 2.1 and 2.3 were obtained for light strawberry jelly and light guava jelly, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that, with respect to color changes, every 10 °C temperature increase reduces light jellies shelf-life by half.

Simultaneous α-amylase and protease production by the soil bacterium Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 under submerged culture using whey protein concentrate and corn steep liquor: compatibility of enzymes with commercial detergents

Protease and α-amylase production by a thermophilic Bacillus sp. SMIA-2 cultivated in liquid cultures containing 0.25% (w/v) starch as a carbon source reached a maximum at 18 hours (47 U.mg-1 Protein) and 36 hours (325 U.mg-1 Protein), respectively. Culture medium supplementation with whey protein concentrate (0.1%, w/v) and corn steep liquor (0.3%, w/v) not only improved the production of both enzymes but also enabled them to be produced simultaneously. Under these conditions, α-amylase and protease production reached a maximum in 18 hours with levels of 401 U.mg-1 protein and 78 U.mg-1 protein, respectively. The compatibility of the enzymes produced with commercial laundry detergent was investigated. In the presence of Campeiro® detergent, α-amylase activity increased while protease activity decreased by about 27%. These enzymes improved the cleaning power of Campeiro® detergent since they were able to remove egg yolk and tomato sauce stains when used in this detergent.

Optimization of extrusion process for production of nutritious pellets

A blend of 50% Potato Starch (PS), 35% Quality Protein Maize (QPM), and 15% Soybean Meal (SM) were used in the preparation of expanded pellets utilizing a laboratory extruder with a 1.5 × 20.0 × 100.0 mm die-nozzle. The independent variables analyzed were Barrel Temperature (BT) (75-140 °C) and Feed Moisture (FM) (16-30%). The effect of extrusion variables was investigated in terms of Expansion Index (EI), apparent density (ApD), Penetration Force (PF) and Specific Mechanical Energy (SME), viscosity profiles, DSC, crystallinity by X-ray diffraction, and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The PF decreased from 30 to 4 kgf with the increase of both independent variables (BT and FM). SME was affected only by FM, and decreased with the increase in this variable. The optimal region showed that the maximum EI was found for BT in the range of 123-140 °C and 27-31% for FM, respectively. The extruded pellets obtained from the optimal processing region were probably not completely degraded, as shown in the structural characterization. Acceptable expanded pellets could be produced using a blend of PS, QPM, and SM by extrusion cooking.

Effect of harvest at different times of day on the physical and chemical characteristics of vegetable-type soybean

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of harvest at different times of day on the chemical and physical characteristics of vegetable-type soybean BRS 267 cultivar, harvested at the R6 stage (seed development) and to compare it with that on the grains harvested at the R8 stage (maturation). The pods of the BRS 267 cultivar were harvested at the R6 stage (at 8:00 AM, 12:00 AM, and 6:00 PM), the color parameters were evaluated, and the grains were analyzed for chemical composition, activity inhibitor trypsin, phytic acid content, starch, sugars, fatty acids, and isoflavones. No differences were observed among the different harvest times in terms of the chemical constituents of vegetable-type soybean BRS 267 cultivar harvested at the R6 stage. Isoflavones content did not change with different harvest times, and the aglycone forms (daidzein, glycitein, and genistein) were found in smaller quantities at the R6 stage compared to the R8 stage. The color of the pods of soybean BRS 267 cultivar, harvested at the R6 stage did not change with different harvest times. The grains harvested at the R6 stage had lower protein content, phytic acid, and sucrose and higher levels of lipids, carbohydrates, starch, glucose, fructose, stachyose, and linolenic acids than those collected at the R8 stage. The different times of harvest did not affect the quality of the vegetable-type soybean BRS 267 cultivar harvested at stage R6. Nevertheless, it is recommended to harvest in the morning, when the temperature is milder, like other vegetables, to facilitate and optimize its marketing and in natura consumption.

Effect of soaking on the nutritional quality of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) peel flour

Pequi peel comprises 76% of the whole fruit and it is discarded during consumption. Thus, pequi peel has been considered a solid residue, although it has potential for use in various applications. Limitations in the use of this material are mainly due to the lack of information of its nutritional composition, especially about the toxic or antinutritional factors. Soaking is often used to prepare complementary foods and has been reported to be beneficial for enhancing nutritive value. The effect of soaking on the nutritional quality of pequi peel flour was determined by measuring changes in chemical composition, antinutritional factors, total phenols and in vitro protein and starch digestibility. The results showed that 24 h of maceration increases the content of lipids (200%), protein (28.3%) and dietary fibber (31%), while carbohydrate and ash content decreases. There were no haemagglutination activity or α-amylase inhibitors, but it was detected the presence of phytic acid (0.4 g 100 g-1). The soaking reduced 8.5% phenols and 19.0% tannins, 6.2% protein digestibility, and was also effective to eliminate trypsin inhibitors, and increase starch digestibility (24.2%). Soaking was efficient to improve nutritional characteristics of the pequi peel flour, opening up possibilities for its use in food formulations.

Biochemical characteristics of composite flours: influence of fermentation

The purpose of this study was to introduce yam in the development of two new composite flours containing soy and cassava. Two composite flours were obtained after fermentation of yam, soybean, and cassava in respectively 60, 30, and 10% proportions. Two varieties of yam were used: Dioscorea alata (variety "Bete bete") and Dioscorea cayenensis (variety "Lokpa"). Proximate composition, mineral content, some anti-nutritional factors (oxalates, phenols), microbiological quality, and α-amylase digestibility were determined for the fermented and unfermented composite flours. The results indicated that for the composite flours made of D. alata and D. cayenensis, fermentation increased ash and titrable acidity. Carbohydrates, pH, and energy decreased. Crude fat content was not affected by the fermentation process. Anti-nutritional factors such as oxalates and phenols were found to decrease significantly after the fermentation of the composite flours. Fermentation increased the mineral content (Mg, K, Fe, and Ca) of the composite flours. A decrease in P and Na was observed after fermentation. The microbiological study showed that safety flours contain no potential pathogenic germs. The in vitro α-amylase digestibility of the composite flours was significantly improved after fermentation. The biochemical characteristics and good hygienic quality of the obtained flours suggest that these flours can be considered as a feeding alternative for children in poor areas where yam is produced.

Characterization and development of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.)

The objectives of this study was the physical, chemical, and physiological characterization of marolo (Annona crassiflora, Mart.) during its development. The fruits were harvested 12 Km off Itumirim, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, at 20-d intervals from anthesis to fruit maturity. The first fruits were harvested within 60 days. The total development of the fruit took 140 days starting from anthesis. At 140 days after anthesis, the fruit reached its maximum size, with mass of 1.380g, transverse diameter of 13.0 cm, and longitudinal diameter of 11.5 cm. During its development, the fruit showed increase in mass and in traverse and longitudinal diameters. The changes during maturation and ripening, such as: pH reduction and starch degradation, pectic solubilization, and increase in total sugars, soluble solids (ºB), respiratory rate (CO2), titratable acidity, vitamin C, and β-caroteno were observed from the 120th day of marolo development. A decrease in ability to sequester free radicals was observed up the 120th day, followed by an increase. The volatile compounds identified at the end of the development included the esters group only.

Characterization of new sources of derivative starches as wall materials of essential oil by spray drying

Starch derivatives of taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott) and rice were characterized as wall materials of orange oil (d-limonene) by spray drying. Native starches were initially hydrolyzed with HCl and then esterified. Succinylated starches were modified using a conventional method in a slurry and were extruded; whereas, the phosphorylated starches were modified using the extrusion process. Viscosity and solubility of starches reduced after acid hydrolysis, derivatization, and extrusion. The particle size of the wall materials ranged between 20.05 and 31.81 µm. The encapsulation efficiency of the phosphorylated taro, rice, and waxy corn starches was 96.9, 96.8 and 97.1% respectively, and 98.6, 98.1, and 98.8% for succynilated taro, rice, and waxy corn starches, respectively. Starch derivatives of taro and rice could potentially be used as wall materials of orange oil d-limonene.

Characterization of commercial cooked hams according to physicochemical, sensory, and textural parameters using chemometrics

Cooked ham is considered a high-value product due to the quality of its raw material. Although its consumption is still low in Brazil, it is increasing due to the rising purchasing power of sectors of the population. This study aimed to assess the microbiological, physicochemical, rheological, and sensory quality of cooked hams (n=11) marketed in Brazil. All samples showed microbiological results within the standards established by Brazilian legislation. Eight of the eleven samples studied met all the legal requirements; two samples violated the standards due to the addition of starch; one sample had lower protein content than the minimum required, and another one had sodium content higher than that stated on the label. The use of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis allowed the agglomeration of the samples into three groups with distinct quality traits and with significant differences in moisture content, chromaticity, syneresis, and heating and freezing loss. Principal Component Analysis showed that the samples which correlated to higher sensory acceptance regarding flavor and overall acceptability were those with higher moisture, protein, fat, and luminosity values. This study confirmed the efficacy of multivariate statistical techniques in assessing the quality of commercial cooked hams and in indicating the physicochemical parameters associated with the perception of product quality.