Geomorphology and land development in the Maraca area of northern Roraima, Brazil.

The geomorphological materials and forms of the Maraca area of Roraima, Brazil are described, an their sgnificance for land development examined. Significant contrasts are noted in areas presently under rainforest and savanna vegetation. Lateritic gravels and extensive shetwash accumulations in savanna areas constrast with incipient or absent plinthite development, few gravels and limited evidence of colluvium under rainforest. Terrain is in general relatively highly-dissected. Slope profiles are characterised, particularly within the savanna zone, by a relatively steep lower concavity. These contrasts are sharply-demarcated by the present savanna/rainforest bondary, unexpectedly in view of the generally accepted hypothesis of repeated contraction an expansion of Amazonian rainforest throughout the Pleistocene. It is concluded that geomorphological conditions in the Maraca area are not favorable for land develoment.

EFICIÊNCIA DE Bacillus thuringieneisE DE DELTAMETRINA, EM APLICAÇÃO AÉREA, PARA O CONTROLE DE Thyrinteina arnobiaSTOLL, 1782 (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) EM EUCALIPTAL NO PARÁ

A avaliação da eficiência relativa de formulações de Bacillus thuringiensise de deltametrina, em aplicações aéreas para o controle de Thyrirrteina arnobiaStoll, 1782 (Lepidoptera: Geometndae) em Eucalyptus urophyllaem Monte Dourado no Pará, foi feita no presente ensaio, onde faixas de 10 ha (100x1000 m) foram pulverizadas com formulações comercoais de B. thuringiensise/ou deltametrina. Foram tomados cinco pontos de amostragem para cada tratamento e as avaliações foram feitas 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas após a aplicação dos inseticidas. Cerca de 144 horas após a aplicação, foi feita uma pulverização drástica de uma mistura de malation e deltametrina, para a verificação do número total de insetos presentes nos pontos amostrados. A deltametrina mostrou eficiência máxima nas doses de 200 e 400 ml/ha e grande efeito de impacto sobre a população de lagartas. A ação do B. thuringiensismostrou-se mais lenta, mas o uso de formulações de alta qualidade desta bactéria e promissor para o controle de lagartas em reflorestamentos no trópico úmido, podendo ser usadas isoladamente ou em mistura com a deltametrina para um maior efeito de impacto. Verificou-se, também, o\ue tanto B. thuringiensisquanto a deltametrina tiveram pouco efeito sobre a população de nemípteros predadores. Assim, a deltametrina pode ser usada no controle de lagartas de eucalipto, preservando-se esses inimigos naturais.

Biomassa da parte aérea da vegetação da Floresta Tropical úmida de terra-firme da Amazônia Brasileira

Usando um banco de dados com 315 árvores, com DAP≥5 cm, foram testados quatro modelos estatísticos - linear, não linear e dois logarítmicos - para estimar a biomassa de árvores em pé. Os dados foram coletados, de forma destrutiva, na região de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, em um sítio coberto por floresta de terra-fírme sobre platôs de latossolo amarelo. Em diferentes simulações com diferentes intensidades de amostragem, os quatro modelos estimam precisamente a biomassa, sendo que o afastamento entre a média observada e a estimada, em nenhuma ocasião ultrapassou 5%. As equações para estimar a biomassa de árvores individuais em uma parcela fixa, distintamente para árvores com 5≤ DAP<20 cm e com DAP≥20 cm, são mais consistentes do que o uso de uma única equação para estimar, genericamente, todas as árvores com DAP≥5 cm. O modelo logarítmico com apenas uma variável independente, o DAP, apresenta resultados tão consistentes e precisos quanto os modelos que se utilizam também da variável altura total da árvore. Além do modelo estatístico para estimar o peso da massa fresca total de uma árvore, outras informações são apresentadas, estratificadas nos diferentes compartimentos (tronco, galho grosso, galho fino, folhas e, eventualmente, flores e frutos) de uma árvore, como: concentração de água para estimar o peso da massa seca, concentração carbono e a contribuição do peso de cada compartimento no peso total.

A new genus of Holothyrina: Neothyridae (Arachnida, Anactinotrichida) from the Manaus area, Amazonas state, Brazil

A new genus of Neothyridae, type species Diplothyrus schubarti sp. n., is described from the leaf litter of a primary forest in the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. The two pairs of lateral excretory orifices instead of a single one in the type genus Neothyrus of the family Neothyridae, are diagnostic. A protonymph of Neothyrus ana Lehtinen, 1981, is also described as the first known nymphal stage of this family.

Tree species diversity in a seasonally-dry forest: the case of the Pinkaití site, in the Kayapó Indigenous Area, Southeastern limits of the Amazon

This study investigates patterns of forest structure and tree species diversity in an anthropogenic palm grove and undisturbed areas at the seasonally-dry Pinkaití research station, in the Kayapó Indigenous Area. This site, managed by the Conservation International do Brasil, is the most southeastern site floristically surveyed in the Amazon until now. The secondary and a nearby undisturbed forest were sampled in a group of 52 floristic plots of 0.0625-ha (25x25-m) where all trees with DBH > 10 cm were measured and identified. The analyses were complemented with other two floristic plots of 1-ha (10x1000-m). The present study has shown that the Pinkaití, like other seasonally-dry forests, have great heterogeneity in forest structure and composition, associated with biotic characteristics of the most important tree species, natural disturbance and history of land-use. The palm grove, moderately dominated by the arborescent palm Attalea maripa (Aubl.) Mart., presented high tree species diversity and was floristically similar to undisturbed forests at the study site. It is discussed the importance of large arborescent palms for the seasonally-dry Amazon forests regeneration.

Nutritional status and specific leaf area of mahogany and tonka bean under two light environments

Studies on nutritional status and leaf traits were carried out in two tropical tree species Swietenia macrophylla King (mahogany) and Dipetryx odorata Aubl. Willd. (tonka bean) planted under contrasting light environments in Presidente Figueiredo-AM, Brazil. Leaves of S. macrophylla and D. odorata were collected in three year-old trees grown under full sunlight (about 2000 µmol m-2 s-1) and natural shade under a closed canopy of Balsa-wood plantation (Ochroma pyramidale Cav. Ex. Lam.Urb) about 260 µmol m-2 s-1. The parameters analysed were leaf area (LA), leaf dry mass (LDM), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nutrient contents. It was observed that, S. macrophylla leaves grown under full sunlight showed LA 35% lower than those grown under shade. In D. odorata leaves these differences in LA were not observed. In addition, it was observed that S. macrophylla shade leaves, for LDM, were 50% smaller than sun leaves, while in D. odorata, there differences were not observed. SLA in S. macrophylla presented that sun leaves were three times smaller than those grown under shade. In D. odorata, no differences were observed. Nutrient contents in S. macrophylla, regardless of their light environments, showed higher contents for P and Ca than those found in D. odorata. The N, K, Fe and Mn contents in S. macrophylla leaves decreased under shade. Finally, we suggest that the decreasing in leaf nutrient contents may have a negative influence on leaf growth. The results demonstrated that the tested hypothesis is true for leaf traits, which D. odorata, late-successional species, showed lower plasticity for leaf traits than Swietenia macrophylla, mid-successional species.

Forest structure of artificial islands in the Tucuruí dam reservoir in northern Brazil: a test core-area model

Construction of hydroelectric dams in tropical regions has been contributing significantly to forest fragmentation. Alterations at edges of forest fragments impact plant communities that suffer increases in tree damage and dead, and decreases in seedling recruitment. This study aimed to test the core-area model in a fragmented landscape caused by construction of a hydroelectric power plant in the Brazilian Amazon. We studied variations in forest structure between the margin and interiors of 17 islands of 8-100 hectares in the Tucuruí dam reservoir, in two plots (30 and >100m from the margin) per island. Mean tree density, basal area, seedling density and forest cover did not significantly differ between marginal and interior island plots. Also, no significant differences were found in liana density, dead tree or damage for margin and interior plots. The peculiar topographic conditions associated with the matrix habitat and shapes of the island seem to extend edge effects to the islands' centers independently of the island size, giving the interior similar physical microclimatic conditions as at the edges. We propose a protocol for assessing the ecological impacts of edge effects in fragments of natural habitat surrounded by induced (artificial) edges. The protocol involves three steps: (1) identification of focal taxa of particular conservation or management interest, (2) measurement of an "edge function" that describes the response of these taxa to induced edges, and (3) use of a "Core-Area Model" to extrapolate edge function parameters to existing or novel situations.

Associação entre características da parte aérea e do sistema radicular em mudas de guaranazeiro por correlações canônicas

Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar o grau de asociação entre variáveis de parte aérea e de raízes em mudas clonadas de guaranazeiro, utilizando-se correlações canônicas, a fim de aperfeiçoar o procedimento de seleção de mudas para garantir o aumento da porcentagem de sobrevivência das mudas após o plantio. Foram avaliados dois grupos de variáveis em mudas aptas ao plantio definitivo de 36 clones de guaranazeiro. O delineamento usado foi o aleatorizado em blocos com cinco repetições e 10 plantas por parcela, sob condições de viveiro. Os caracteres avaliados foram submetidos à análise de correlações canônicas. Utilizou-se a análise de correlações canônicas. O grupo de variáveis da parte aérea não se mostrou independente do grupo de variáveis do sistema radicular. Através de seleção baseada em variáveis da parte aérea pode-se melhorar o sistema radicular, principalmente através do maior comprimento do ramo (CRA). A seleção de clones de guaraná para maior peso de raiz pode ser efetuada de forma indireta, realizando-se mensurações do comprimento dos ramos, o que evita a necessidade de se destruir as mudas.

Mangrove sedimentary characteristics and implications for crab Ucides cordatus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Ucididae) distribution in an estuarine area of the Amazonian region

At the coastal zone sediments, water and organisms interact intensely. At equatorial tidal-dominated coast mangroves are abundant. These areas are well-known for their ecological importance. Considering the mangroves of Atlantic South America, the mangrove crab, Ucides cordatus has ecological and economic prominence. High densities of this crab are found on the Amazon coast. This study investigates the sediment distribution of the Bragança mangrove area (Amazon coast, Brazil) and its correlations with vegetation and mangrove crab distribution. Sediments of 47 sites, as well as crabs from sites with different sediment and vegetation, were sampled. Results show that surface sediment of the area is mainly composed by silt (59%), with 21% sand and 20% clay. Variations in sorting and skewness are the product of local variations in clay and sand content. The vegetation type was significantly correlated to mangrove crab characteristics, abundance and weight/size. Sediment characteristics are also substantially different according to the vegetation type. Areas where Avicennia germinans prevails have more sand and clay than areas of Rizophora mangle, in which silt is dominant and crabs were significantly heavier. The present results have showed that the distribution of sediments, crabs and vegetation at mangrove areas are strongly correlated. Thus, they should be studied in conjunction.

Reproductive biology of Ameerega trivittata (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in an area of terra firme forest in eastern Amazonia

The reproductive success of tropical amphibians is influenced by factors such as body size and the characteristics of breeding sites. Data on reproductive biology are important for the understanding of population dynamics and the maintenance of species. The objectives of the present study were to examine the abundance of Ameerega trivittata, analyze the use of microhabitats by calling males and the snout-vent length (SVL) of breeding males and females, the number of tadpoles carried by the males and mature oocytes in the females, as well as the relationship between the SVL of the female and both the number and mean size of the mature oocytes found in the ovaries. Three field trips were conducted between January and September, 2009. A total of 31 plots, with a mean area of 2.3 ha, were surveyed, resulting in records of 235 individuals, with a mean density of 3.26 individuals per hectare. Overall, 66.1% of the individuals sighted were located in the leaf litter, while 17.4% were perched on decaying tree trunks on the forest floor, 15.7% on the aerial roots of Cecropia trees, and 0.8% on lianas. Males were observed transporting a mean of 10.8 tadpoles on their backs. A significant correlation was found between the size of the females and the mean diameter of the oocytes. New data were collected on the size of oocytes and no pattern was found in the type of perches used by calling males of the different Ameerega species.

Frugivory by birds on Schefflera morototoni (Araliaceae) in a Cerrado-Amazon orest transition area, eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil

Schefflera morototoni fruits are important food source for neotropical frugivorous birds. The objectives of the present study were to record bird species that consumed fruits of S. morototoni in a forest in the transition Cerrado-Amazon Forest, Mato Grosso, Brazil and evaluate the potential of these bird species as seed dispersers of this plant species. During 31 observation hours, from November 1 to 5, 2011, 23 bird species were recorded consuming S. morototoni fruits. Out of these, 20 bird species were considered potential seed dispersers, as they swallow the fruits whole. The species consuming the greatest number of fruits were Aburria cujubi (24% of total consumed fruits), Pteroglossus castanotis (18%), Tangara palmarum (12%), Patagioenas speciosa (11%), Ramphastos toco (8%), and Dacnis lineata (5%). The species T. palmarum showed the highest visit frequency (VF = 1.51), followed by P. castanotis (VF = 0.80), and D. lineata (VF = 0.77). All bird species employed picking foraging method for removal of fruits and in 11 species (48%) this method was the only one used. Agonistic interactions represented 13% of the total number of visits. Dacnis lineata received the highest number of attacks and P. castanotis and Pitangus sulphuratus were the more aggressive species. The high bird richness and the great number of consumed fruits indicated that the fruits of S. morototoni may be an important food resource for birds in the Cerrado-Amazon Forest transition

Litterfall production in intact and selectively logged forests in southern of Amazonia as a function of basal area of vegetation and plant density

Nutrient recycling in the forest is linked to the production and decomposition of litter, which are essential processes for forest maintenance, especially in regions of nutritionally poor soils. Human interventions in forest such as selecttive logging may have strong impacts on these processes. The objectives of this study were to estimate litterfall production and evaluate the influence of environmental factors (basal area of vegetation, plant density, canopy cover, and soil physicochemical properties) and anthropogenic factors (post-management age and exploited basal area) on this production, in areas of intact and exploited forest in southern Amazonia, located in the northern parts of Mato Grosso state. This study was conducted at five locations and the average annual production of litterfall was 10.6 Mg ha-1 year-1, higher than the values for the Amazon rainforest. There were differences in litterfall productions between study locations. Effects of historical logging intensity on litterfall production were not significant. Effects of basal area of vegetation and tree density on litterfall production were observed, highlighting the importance of local vegetation characteristics in litterfall production. This study demonstrated areas of transition between the Amazonia-Cerrado tend to have a higher litterfall production than Cerrado and Amazonia regions, and this information is important for a better understanding of the dynamics of nutrient and carbon cycling in these transition regions.

Is psychodynamic psychotherapy an effective intervention for individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis?: a case report

OBJECTIVE: To report a case and to discuss the use of psychodynamic psychotherapy (PD-P) to treat individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis. METHODS: An individual at UHR was followed up for 24 months. The baseline evaluation included a psychiatric interview, the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS), the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), and neuropsychological assessment. He underwent weekly sessions of PD-P for 12 months and was followed up for 12 months after the end of PD-P. The evaluations were at baseline, after 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up. No medication was prescribed during the 24-month follow-up. RESULTS: The prodromal symptoms remitted. The initial total score on the SIPS/SOPS was 37 points. After the first 12 months of PD-P, there was a reduction to 12 points on the SIPS/SOPS score, which stabilized in the 24-month follow-up. There was also a slight improvement in his performance on the neuropsychological evaluations. CONCLUSION: This case report suggests that PD-P can reduce prodromal symptoms; nevertheless, a better understanding of the specificity and efficacy of PD-P as an option of treatment for UHR individuals is needed.

Influence of angiotensin II receptor subtypes of the paraventricular nucleus on the physiological responses induced by angiotensin II injection into the medial septal area

OBJECTIVE: We determined the effects of losartan and PD 123319 (antagonists of the AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptors, respectively), and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II (a relatively peptide antagonist of angiotensin receptors) injected into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on water and 3% NaCl intake, and the diuretic, natriuretic, and pressor effects induced by administration of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the medial septal area (MSA) of conscious rats. METHODS: Holtzman rats were used . Animals were anesthetized with tribromoethanol (20 mg) per 100 grams of body weight, ip. A stainless steel guide cannula was implanted into the MSA and PVN. All drugs were injected in 0.5-mul volumes for 10-15 seconds. Seven days after brain surgery, water and 3% NaCl intake, urine and sodium excretion, and arterial blood pressure were measured. RESULTS: Losartan (40 nmol) and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II (40 nmol) completely eliminated whereas PD 123319 (40 nmol) partially blocked the increase in water and sodium intake and the increase in arterial blood pressure induced by ANG II (10 nmol) injected into the MSA. The PVN administration of PD 123319 and [Sar¹, Ala8] ANG II blocked whereas losartan attenuated the diuresis and natriuresis induced by MSA administration of ANG II. CONCLUSION: MSA involvement with PVN on water and sodium homeostasis and arterial pressure modulation utilizing ANGII receptors is suggested.

Pressão expiratória positiva na via aérea por máscara facial na hemodinâmica de pós-operatórios cardíacos

FUNDAMENTOS: A pressão expiratória positiva na via aérea por máscara facial (EPAP) é utilizada no pós-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas, entretanto, seus efeitos hemodinâmicos não foram claramente estudados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações hemodinâmicas causadas pela EPAP em pacientes pós-cirurgia cardíaca monitorados por cateter de Swan-Ganz. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo, pacientes no primeiro ou segundo pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, estáveis hemodinamicamente e com cateter de Swan-Ganz. Eles foram avaliados em repouso e após o uso de 10 cmH2O de EPAP, de forma randomizada. As variáveis estudadas foram: saturação de oxigênio, frequências cardíaca e respiratória, pressões arteriais médias sistêmica e pulmonar (PAM e PAMP), pressões venosa central (PVC) e de oclusão da atéria pulmonar (POAP), débito e índice cardíacos, e resistências vasculares sistêmica e pulmonar. Os pacientes foram divididos em subgrupos (com fração de ejeção <; 50% ou > 50%) e os dados foram comparados por teste t e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito pacientes foram estudados (22 homens, idade média 68 ± 11 anos). Comparando o período de repouso versus EPAP, as alterações observadas foram: POAP (11,9 ± 3,8 para 17,1 ± 4,9 mmHg, p < 0,001); PVC (8,7 ± 4,1 para 10,9 ± 4,3 mmHg, p = 0,014); PAMP (21,5 ± 4,2 para 26,5 ± 5,8 mmHg, p < 0,001); PAM (76 ± 10 para 80 ± 10 mmHg, p = 0,035). As demais variáveis não mostraram diferenças significativas. CONCLUSÃO: A EPAP foi bem tolerada nos pacientes e as alterações hemodinâmicas encontradas mostraram aumento nas medidas de pressão de enchimento ventricular direito e esquerdo, assim como, na pressão arterial média.