Nephrotic syndrome associated with toxoplasmosis: report of seven cases

The concomitance of nephrotic syndrome and acute infection by Toxoplasma gondii is a rare occurrence in humans. In this paper seven cases of children, ranging from 11 months to 7 year-old, with concomitant nephrotic syndrome and asymptomatic acute T. gondii infection are reported. In one of those patients only the administration of anti-Toxoplasma therapy was enough to control the clinical and laboratory manifestations of the disease. In the other patients it was necessary to introduce corticosteroids or other immunosuppressant drugs. Three patients had complete clinical and laboratory improvement and the remaining showed only a partial response.

IgG Antibody responses in mice coinfected with Toxocara canis and other helminths or protozoan parasites

The immune response expressed by IgG antibodies in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with Toxocara canis, was studied with the aim of verifying the possible in vivo cross-reactivity between antigens of T. canis and other parasites (Ascaris suum, Taenia crassiceps, Schistosoma mansoni, Strongyloides venezuelensis and Toxoplasma gondii). Experiments included three groups of mice: one infected only by T. canis, another with one of the other species of parasites and a third concomitantly infected with T. canis and the other species in question. Animals were bled by orbital plexus at 23, 38 and 70 days post infection (p.i.). Sera were analyzed for anti-Toxocara antibodies by ELISA and Immunoblotting, using excretion-secretion antigens (ES), obtained from culture of third-stage larvae of T. canis. For all experiments a control group comprised by ten non-infected mice was used. Only in the case of A. suum infection, in these experimental conditions, the occurrence of cross-reactivity with T. canis was observed. However, in the case of co-infection of T. canis - S. mansoni, T. canis - S. venezuelensis and T. canis - T. crassiceps the production of anti-Toxocara antibodies was found at levels significantly lower than those found in mice infected with T. canis only. Co-infection with S. mansoni or S. venezuelensis showed lower mortality rates compared to what occurred in the animals with single infections. Results obtained in mice infected with T. canis and T. gondii showed significant differences between the mean levels of the optical densities of animals infected with T. canis and concomitantly infected with the protozoan only in the 23rd day p.i.

Evaluation of seroepidemiological toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS patients in the south of Brazil

Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the opportunistic infections for individuals with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of neurotoxoplasmosis, ocular toxoplasmosis and antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-positive patients attending the SAE (Specialized Assistance Service for HIV/AIDS), as well as to associate their serological profile with epidemiological and clinical data. A total of 250 patients participated in the study from December, 2009 to November, 2010. Serological analysis was performed using the indirect immunofluorescent technique; epidemiological data were gathered by a questionnaire, and clinical history was based on the analysis of medical charts. Prevalence of seropositivity was 80%, with history of neurotoxoplasmosis in 4.8% and of ocular toxoplasmosis in 1.6% of the patients. The Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) was not used by 32% of the patients, 18.4% of the patients had CD4+ T- lymphocyte count less than 200 cells/mm³ and 96.8% of them were not aware of the modes of disease transmission. These findings led us to conclude that the study population is at high risk of clinical toxoplasmosis, because of both reactivation of infection in the seropositive patients who do not make a regular use of HAART, and primo-infection in seronegative patients worsened by an unawareness of the modes of infection reported in this study.

TOXOPLASMOSIS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AMONG PREGNANT AND POSTPARTUM WOMEN ATTENDED IN PUBLIC HEALTH UNITS IN NITERÓI, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The present study conducted a toxoplasmosis-related knowledge level survey with 400 pregnant and puerperal women attended in public health units in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Only 111 (27.8%) women claimed to know about the disease. Most of them (n = 289; 72.2%) had never heard about toxoplasmosis nor knew how to prevent the infection by Toxoplasma gondii. A significant difference (p = 0.013) regarding the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG was observed between women who claimed to know about the disease and those who had never heard about it. These results highlight the importance of a systematic serological screening process for toxoplasmosis, as well as the importance of primary prevention by accurate information during prenatal care, an important Public Health action to be implemented.

SEROLOGICAL MARKERS OF VIRAL, SYPHILITIC AND TOXOPLASMIC INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME: CASE SERIES FROM MATO GROSSO STATE, BRAZIL

Some infections can be the cause of secondary nephrotic syndrome. The aim of this study was to describe the experience of a Renal Disease Reference Clinic from Central Brazil, in which serological markers of some infectious agents are systematically screened in children with nephrotic syndrome. Data were obtained from the assessment of medical files of all children under fifteen years of age, who matched nephrotic syndrome criteria. Subjects were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii and cytomegalovirus; antibodies against Herpes simplex, hepatitis C virus and HIV; and surface antigen (HBsAg) of hepatitis B virus. The VDRL test was also performed. 169 cases were studied. The median age on the first visit was 44 months and 103 (60.9%) patients were male. Anti-CMV IgG and IgM were found in 70.4% and 4.1%, respectively. IgG and IgM against Toxoplasma gondii were present in 32.5% and 5.3%, respectively. Two patients were positive for HBsAg, but none showed markers for HIV, hepatitis C, or Treponema pallidum. IgG and IgM against herpes simplex virus were performed on 54 patients, of which 48.1% and 22.2% were positive. IgM antibodies in some children with clinical signs of recent infection suggest that these diseases may play a role in the genesis of nephrotic syndrome.

HUMAN TOXOPLASMOSIS OUTBREAKS AND THE AGENT INFECTING FORM. FINDINGS FROM A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

SUMMARY Toxoplasmosis, a worldwide highly prevalent zoonotic infection, is transmitted either by the oocysts, from water and soil, or the tissue cysts, in raw or undercooked infected meat, of Toxoplasma gondii. An ongoing debate is whether there are differences between the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the outbreaks due to one or the other infective form of the agent. We performed a systematic review, recovering 437 reported outbreaks of which 38 were selected. They were complete reports containing ascribed Toxoplasma infecting form, and clinical and demographic data. There was no gender or age group selection in the outbreaks, which were described more often in the Americas. A large number of individuals were affected when oocysts, associated with soil and water contaminated with cat feces, were considered the transmission source. Onset of symptoms occurred early when the infection was ascribed to meat tissue cysts (11.4 ± 6.7 days) with sharpened temporal distribution of cases, while a broader and prolonged appearance of new cases was observed when oocysts in water were the source of the infection (20 ± 7 days, p < 0.001). Such information may be useful in the design and implementation of control strategies.

ACUTE TOXOPLASMOSIS IN A BREASTFED INFANT WITH POSSIBLE TRANSMISSION BY WATER

Toxoplasma gondii transmission via breastfeeding has been discussed; however, no cases have been confirmed to date. This article describes a case of acute toxoplasmosis diagnosed in a mother and her six-month-old breastfed infant. The study accounts for the possibility of breast milk transmission and directs both clinicians and pediatricians to the hypothesis that both patients acquired toxoplasmosis via water ingestion.

Toxoplasmose do sistema nervoso central. Correlação clinicopatológica em 7 casos de autópsia

O trabalho mostra o estudo anatomopatológico de 7 casos de Toxoplasmose do sistema nervoso central, com diagnósticos feitos exclusivamente em autópsias. O trabalho chama atenção para a dificuldade de diagnóstico clínico desta entidade e mostra dois casos de apresentação mais rara com manifestações clínicas e anatomopatológicas que simulam abscessos cerebrais. O comprometimento do plexo coróide, freqüente neste material, fortalece a idéia de que esta estrutura desempenha papel importante na disseminação da doença no sistema nervoso central.

Surto de toxoplasmose aguda transmitida através da ingestão de carne crua de gado ovino

Os autores apresentam 17 casos de toxoplasmose aguda sintomática adquirida pela ingestão de carne crua de carneiro, servida em uma festa à qual todos os pacientes compareceram. Em relação ao quadro clínico, o período de incubação da doença variou de 6 a 13 dias (10,9 ± 7,0) e 16 (94,5%) pacientes apresentaram febre, cefaléia, mialgia, artralgia e adenomegalia (cervical ou cervical/axilar). Outros sinais clínicos encontrados foram: hepatomegalia em 6 pacientes, esplenomegalia em 4 e exantema em 2. Um paciente apresentou quadro clínico de corioretinite, confirmada através de exame oftalmológico. Todos os pacientes apresentavam títulos séricos de anticorpos específicos (IgG e IgM) que evidenciavam fase aguda de toxoplasmose, pela Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta. Todos os pacientes foram tratados especificamente e houve boa resposta clínica e laboratorial ao tratamento.

Meningoencefalites toxoplásmica e chagásica em pacientes com infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana: diagnóstico diferencial anatomopatológico e tomográfico

Em 22 pacientes com sorologia positiva para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana, com ou sem síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, dos quais 7 com meningoencefalite toxoplásmica e 15 com meningoencefalite chagásica associadas, procuraram-se dados diferenciais, entre as duas encefalopatias, tanto à anatomia patológica quanto à tomografia computadorizada do crânio. Os resultados observados e os dados da literatura nos permitiram concluir que enquanto na meningoencefalite necrosante focal por Toxoplasma gondii o acometimento dos núcleos da base é freqüente, na meningoencefalite necrosante focal causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, lesões dessas estruturas parecem não ocorrer ou ser excepcionais. De outro lado, o acometimento da substância branca parece nitidamente maior na meningoencefalite chagásica que na meningoencefalite toxoplásmica, ao passo que o parasitismo e a hemorragia do tecido nervoso, bem como as lesões das bainhas de mielina são mais freqüentes e intensos na meningoencefalite causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi que naquela por Toxoplasma.

Soroepidemiologia da toxoplasmose e avaliação ocular pela Tela de Amsler, em pacientes da zona rural, atendidos na unidade de saúde do município de Jaguapitã, PR, Brasil

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a soroepidemiologia do T. gondii e relato de problemas oculares em pacientes da zona rural que procuraram a unidade de saúde de Jaguapitã, Paraná. Soros de 82 pacientes foram submetidos a reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta, para detectar a presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii da classe IgG, sendo a soropositividade considerada para diluições 3 1:16. Problemas oculares foram avaliados através da Tela de Amsler. Dos 82 soros avaliados 68 (82,9%) foram sororeagentes a toxoplasmose e 14 (17,1%) não reagentes. Os títulos mais frequentes foram de 64 (23/33,8%) e 256 (16/23,5%), e os maiores títulos foram de 4096 (8/11,8%). O teste da Tela de Amsler revelou 22 (26,8%) pacientes que relataram algum tipo de alteração, sendo que o sexo masculino foi um fator de proteção em relação ao sexo feminino (OR = 0,21 0,04 < OR < 0,86 c2 = 4,98 p = 0,02). No presente estudo os fatores de risco avaliados pelo inquérito sócio cultural e epidemiológico não revelaram diferenças estatísticas significativas. Através do presente trabalho observou-se que o T. gondii encontra-se amplamente distribuído na população estudada.

Toxoplasmose do sistema nervoso central em paciente sem evidência de imunossupressão: relato de caso

O quadro clínico da toxoplasmose adquirida em pacientes imunocompetentes habitualmente não inclui manifestações neurológicas focais, o que é freqüente em pacientes imunodeprimidos, como aqueles com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de uma paciente adulta que apresentou abscessos cerebrais por Toxoplasma gondii, sem evidência de qualquer fator causador de imunossupressão.

Identificação de agentes infecciosos pulmonares em autópsias de pacientes com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida

As afecções pulmonares são freqüentes em indivíduos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Neste trabalho, procurou-se identificar através de histoquímica e imunohistoquímica, agentes infecciosos nos pulmões de indivíduos portadores da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA), autopsiados entre março de 1990 e julho de 2000 na FMTM. Fragmentos de pulmão de 40 indivíduos com SIDA autopsiados foram analisados histologicamente. Foram identificados agentes infecciosos em 34 (85%) casos dos 40 analisados, sendo que bactérias foram encontradas em 22 (55%) casos. Entre os agentes fúngicos o Pneumocystis carinii foi encontrado em oito (19,1%) casos; Cryptococcus sp em quatro (9,5%), Histoplasma sp em dois (4,8%) e Candida sp em um (2,4%) caso. Detectou-se também associação entre Pneumocystis carinii, Citomegalovirus e Cryptococcus sp; CMV e Toxoplasma gondii. Em cinco casos, Candida sp, CMV e Pneumocystis carinii estiveram associados a bactérias. Entre as infecções não bacterianas, os fungos foram os agentes infecciosos mais isolados dos pulmões em autópsias de indivíduos com SIDA, sendo o Pneumocystis carinii o mais freqüente.

Serological screening and toxoplasmosis exposure factors among pregnant women in South of Brazil

Serological screening and evaluation of exposure factors for Toxoplasma gondii transmission were conducted in 2126 pregnant women from southern Brazil. Specific antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were presented by 74.5% (n=1583) of the pregnant women evaluated. Contact with soil was found to be the major factor for infection.

An estimation of the frequency of gestational toxoplasmosis in the Brazilian Federal District

Acute infections by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy (gestational toxoplasmosis) are known to cause serious health problems to the fetus (congenital toxoplasmosis). In Brasília, there have been few studies on the incidence of toxoplasmosis. This report summarizes a retrospective study performed on 2,636 selected pregnant women attended by the public health system of Guará, a satellite-city of Brasília. In this survey, 17 cases of gestational toxoplasmosis were detected; 15 of which were primary maternal infection and the remaining 2 were consistent with secondary maternal infection. These results suggest an annual seroconversion rate of 0.64 percent (90 percent confidence interval: 0.38, 0.90).