Crescimento, desenvolvimento e produção de sementes da planta daninha capim-branco (Chloris polydactyla)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a produção de sementes da planta daninha capim-branco (Chloris polydactyla). Para isso, foram realizadas 16 avaliações periódicas de crescimento, quantificando-se fenologia, área foliar e massa seca (total, parte aérea e raízes) das plantas. Foram, também, calculadas as taxas de crescimento absoluto (G) e relativo (R). Quantificaram-se o número de racemos florais de 28 plantas, o comprimento de 100 racemos aleatórios e o número de sementes presentes em 100 unidades de 10 mm de racemo, após o florescimento. Observou-se que o capim-branco é uma espécie com desenvolvimento e crescimento iniciais lentos, uma vez que iniciou o florescimento e a posterior produção de sementes apenas aos 112 dias após a semeadura. Trata-se de uma espécie com grande potencial final de crescimento e produção de sementes, uma vez que um único perfilho e toda a planta foram capazes de produzir mais de 3.000 e 30.000 sementes, respectivamente. O crescimento inicial lento dessa planta daninha pode desfavorecer a competição interespecífica no interior dos campos agrícolas, em especial na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, onde é encontrada com maior freqüência, colonizando carreadores e bordas de talhão. No entanto, sua alta produção de sementes sugere ser uma planta daninha que poderá aumentar em importância na cultura.

Similarity among periphyton algal communities in a lentic-lotic gradient of the upper Paraná river floodplain, Brazil

Floristic comparison of periphyton communities from three systems with different hydrodynamic regimes (lentic, semilotic, and lotic) was carried out during high and low water periods on the Upper Paraná River floodplain. For each period and system, glass slides were sampled every two days during 18-day periods, and Eichhornia azurea Kunth petioles were sampled three times. A total of 228 species was collected, representing 12 classes, mainly diatoms and desmids. The highest species-richness was found in communities from lentic system and during high water. Species richness in the lotic system was more stable over succession and hydrological periods. Algal taxonomic structure in river community was clearly separated from the other two systems, with 43% of similarity level. The hydrological period was next in importance, followed last by the substratum type, with communities associated at 65-78% similarity levels, depending on system and hydrological period. The type of system, but not the water levels,was the main factor that influenced community richness, followed by disturbances caused by flood pulses and the operation of reservoirs upstream. The periphyton on artificial and natural substrata presented high degree of similarity.

Phytosociology of the remaining xerophytic woodland associated to an environmental gradient at the banks of the São Francisco river - Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil

Floristic and phytosociological surveys were carried out for 12 months in the Embrapa-SPSB, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. A transect was laid on starting at the river bank extending for 790 m away from the river and divided into 140 10 × 10 m contiguous plots. In each plot, all standing plants, alive or dead, with stem diameter at soil level > 3 cm and total height > 1 m were sampled. Along this transect, an elevation range of 9.40 m was registered and five topographical environments were identified: riverside (MR), dike (D), floodable depression (DI), boundary terrace (TL) - all of them belonging to the fluvial terrace with Fluvic Neosol and Haplic Cambisol both silty textured eutrophic soils - and the inlander tableland (TS), with medium sandy-textured Red-Yellow Argisols. Fourty-eight species/morphospecies, distributed into 39 genera and 21 families, were identified. Four phytogeoenvironments (MR, D + TL, DI + TL, and TS) were registered based on environmental variations and floristic similarities among plots using cluster analyses. The MR environment showed the largest total density, total basal area, maximum and medium heights and maximum diameter. Moreover, it had 8.1% of plants with heights above 8 m against 0.6% for D + TL, 0.2% for DI + TL, and 0% for TS. The species with the largest importance value were Inga vera subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D. Pennington in MR, Mimosa bimucronata Kunth in D + TL and DI + TL and M. tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. in TS.

Alismatales from the upper and middle Araguaia river basin (Brazil)

The present study deals with a survey of the order Alismatales (except Araceae) in the upper and middle Araguaia River region located between the states of Mato Grosso and Goiás, Brazil. Field expeditions were carried out during the rainy and dry seasons. The route covered approximately 2,000 km and 41 aquatic environments were visited. Thirteen taxa, representing the families Alismataceae (nine), Hydrocharitaceae (three) and Najadaceae (one) were identified. Keys for the identification of families and species in field, brief diagnoses, schematic illustrations and relevant comments were elaborated based on field observations as well as on the analysis of the specimens collected.

Impacts of the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam construction on pioneer vegetation formations along the Xingu River, Pará State, Brazil

There is an important pioneer vegetation formation along the Xingu River in the area where the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam is being constructed that is highly adapted to a seasonally fluctuating water levels. The aim of this study was to examine the habitat and flora of the pioneer formations in the Belo Monte area. The area was divided in three sections for study purposes (Reservoir, Low Flow, and Control) that were expected to experience different degrees of impact from the dam project. The calculations of habitat losses were based on satellite imagery classifications, and a total of 111 plots were established in the three areas for vegetation sampling. Habitat losses of the pioneer formations will total 89.7% when the project is fully functional. Forty-five of the 72 recorded species are restricted to single areas. Species richness and diversity were significantly lower in the control area. The completion of the Belo Monte reservoir will result in habitat reductions and will consequently reduce the richness and diversity of pioneer formations. Studies suggest monitoring the populations located in the reduced flow area to determine possible impacts resulting from changes in the regional hydrological cycle caused by the Xingu River dam.

Ecological distribution of stream macroalgae in different spatial scales using taxonomic and morphological groups

We examined the ecological distribution of macroalgal communities in streams using species groups (taxonomic units = algal phyla, and morphological = morphological types) with similar structures and functions instead of the species themselves. The study was conducted from June to July/2007 in two drainage basins located in mid-southern region of Paraná State , Brazil. Evaluations of macroalgal communities took into consideration the following spatial scales: the drainage basin (the Pedras river and Marrecas river basins), shading regime (open and shaded stream segments), mesohabitats (riffles and pools), and microhabitats (sampling units of 0.05m2). A total of 29 taxa (23 subgeneric, one generic, and five vegetative groups) were identified. On these, 12 taxa belong to Chlorophyta, 11 to Cyanobacteria, four to Heterokontophyta, and two to Rhodophyta. The proportions of morphological types were: 24% free filaments, 17.25% mats, tufts, gelatinous colonies, and gelatinous filaments, 7% crusts. In terms of spatial scales, we observed a predominance of Chlorophyta in open stream segments and Cyanobacteria in shaded stream segments, reflecting the loss of competitive advantage of green algae in sites with low energy availability. In the mesohabitats, the morphological types recorded in pools were predominantly poorly adapted to fast currents (free filaments), while those found in riffles (mats, tufts and gelatinous filaments) were highly resistant to fast water flows. As such, the use of species groupings based on algal taxonomy associated with morphological characteristics proved to be useful to understanding the distributions of these organisms in lotic environments.

Genetic variability of Prochilodus lineatus (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) in the upper Paraná river

The genetic variability of the "curimba", Prochilodus lineatus, from three locations in the Paraná river basin, was investigated by starch gel electrophoresis. A total of 160 specimens were analyzed for 19 enzymes, 12 of which permitted successful interpretation of electrophoretic patterns. Eighteen loci were identified and six of them proved to be polymorphic (EST-1*, EST-2*, IDH-1*, PGM-1*, PGM-2*, LDH-2*). Mean heterozygosity was considered high (13%) by comparison with the literature. A low level of differentiation was found among subpopulations, with mean F ST = 0.018. Values of genetic distance and genetic identity suggest that, at least along this stretch of the river, P. lineatus comprises a single breed with high gene flow. This analysis has important implications for fishery management, aquaculture, and conservation of the stocks

Low pH and calcium effects on net Na+ and K+ fluxes in two catfish species from the Amazon River (Corydoras: Callichthyidae)

The present study analyzes Na+ and K+ disturbances caused by low pH in two catfish species from the Amazon River. Corydoras adolfoi inhabits ion-poor, black-stained, low pH (3.5-4.0) waters, while C. schwartzi is native to ion-rich waters at circumneutral pH. Fish were exposed to pH 3.5 Ca2+-free, and Ca2+-enriched (~500 µmol/l) water to determine the protective effects of calcium. Net Na+ and K+ fluxes were measured in the water collected from the fish experimental chambers. C. adolfoi was unable to control the Na+ efflux at low pH, exhibiting Na+ loss up to -594 ± 84 nmol g-1 h-1 during the first hour. After 3 and 6 h, net Na+ flux increased by 7- and 23-fold, respectively. In C. schwartzi, at pH 3.5, the initial high Na+ loss (-1,063 ± 73 nmol g-1 h-1) was gradually attenuated. A K+ loss occurred in both species, but remained relatively constant throughout exposure. High [Ca2+] affected ion losses in both species. C. adolfoi had 70% loss attenuation, indicating incapacity to control Na+ efflux. In C. schwartzi, elevated [Ca2+] completely prevented the Na+ losses caused by exposure to low pH. Rather different patterns were seen for K+ fluxes, with C. adolfoi showing no K+ disruption when exposed to low pH/high [Ca2+]. Thus, C. adolfoi loses Na+ during acid exposure, but has the ability to control K+ loss, while C. schwartzi controls diffusive Na+ loss but exhibits a slightly higher K+ loss. Ion balance was influenced by [Ca2+] at low pH in C. schwartzi but not in C. adolfoi.

Caracterização física, química e sensorial do vinho branco seco sauvignon blanc tratado com polivinilpolipirrolidona (PVPP)

A evolução química e sensorial de um vinho depende da possível presença de oxigênio e também da natureza e concentração dos compostos fenólicos, da temperatura, da concentração de dióxido de enxofre e das características físico-químicas iniciais do vinho. A oxidação de vinhos brancos e suas consequências na cor e no aroma prejudicam sua qualidade e devem ser evitadas. O nível de fenóis em vinhos pode ser reduzido pelo uso de produtos enológicos, tais como: gelatina, caseína, carvão ativado ou polímeros como a polivinilpolipirrolidona (PVPP). A remoção de compostos fenólicos tem um efeito favorável na cor e na sensibilidade do vinho à oxidação. Foram avaliadas as características físicas, químicas e sensoriais do vinho branco seco Sauvignon blanc tratado com PVPP, nas concentrações de 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5g/l. A redução nos teores de fenóis totais e de flavonóides, assim como a diminuição na intensidade de cor, foram diretamente proporcionais ao aumento na concentração do polímero. Os tratamentos com PVPP não alteraram os valores de pH e a acidez total das amostras. Doses de PVPP acima de 0,5g/l exerceram pouca influência na remoção dos ácidos 4-hidroxibenzóico e 4-hidroxi-3,5-dimetoxibenzóico. O uso de 1,5g/hl de PVPP removeu significativamente os ácidos 3,4-dihidroxibenzóico e 4-hidroxi-3-metoxibenzóico. Em todas as concentrações estudadas, o polímero foi bastante seletivo para 3,3',4',5,7-pentahidroxiflavanona (catequina). Os resultados mostraram que as características sensoriais das amostras tratadas foram similares às da amostra sem tratamento, devido aos baixos teores de fenóis totais e de flavonóides.

Microbial flora in organic honey samples of africanized honeybees from Parana river islands

The purpose of this study was to verify and compare the main contamination sources and the hygienic/sanitary conditions of organic honey samples of Apis mellifera from Parana River islands. Thirty-three (33) samples were analyzed between January 2005 and August 2006. Eleven (11) samples were collected by beekeepers and twenty-two (22) samples were collected and processed in accordance with ideal personal hygiene norms and good manufacturing practices. The samples underwent microbiological analysis in search of coliforms at 35 ºC and 45 ºC, as well as fungi enumeration analysis. As for fungi counting, the samples harvested by beekeepers showed values above the maximum established by Resolution nº 15/94 of Common Market Group - Mercosul. The results showed that secondary contamination sources are responsible for the reduction of organic honey quality.

Physicochemical characteristics of organic honey samples of africanized honeybees from Parana River islands

This research was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical composition of organic honey in Paraná River islands, in Porto Brasílio, State of Paraná. Honey was harvested directly from super of the colonies in three apiaries spread in the Floresta and Laranjeira Islands, from August 2005 to August 2006. Twenty-four samples of organic honey produced by Africanized honeybees were evaluated. The following parameters were analyzed: pH, acidity, formol index, hydroxymethylfurfural, ashes, color, electric conductivity and moisture. Three replications per sample were performed for laboratorial analysis, giving the means and standard deviation. Most honey samples were in conformity with the Normative Instruction 11 from October 20, 2000. However, 4.17% were not in accordance with the moisture standards, 8.33% showed high concentrations of hydroxymethylfurfural, thus, totalizing 12.50% of non-complying samples. Nevertheless, 87.50% of the analyzed honey samples are within the standards, being characterized as an organic product of excellent quality, with good commercialization perspectives in the market.

Characterization of maturity and quality of Brazilian apirenic grapes in the São Francisco river Valley

The objective of this study was to characterize and correlate maturity and quality of the first varieties of Brazilian seedless grapes 'BRS Clara', 'BRS Linda', 'BRS Morena', and 'Advanced Selection 8' compared with the American variety 'Crimson Seedless' in compliance with the Brazilian Normative/2002 and export standards Advanced Selection 8' is dark reddish, has large clusters, and is a very large ellipsoid berry; 'BRS Morena' is black with medium sized clusters and large berry shaped as ellipsoid to globoid; 'BRS Linda' is light green and has large sized clusters; 'Crimson' is pink and has small clusters with berries varying from medium to large sizes and ellipsoid shaped; and 'BRS Clara' is green yellowish has medium sized clusters and small berry of elongated ellipsoid shape. All varieties evaluated meet the standard for domestic market established as berry size minimum diameter 12 mm. 'BRS Clara' does not meet the export requirements of diameter. Berries of the red grapes 'BRS Morena' and 'Crimson Seedless' are firmer. The pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solids meet the official standards. Larger clusters are less acidic and present higher soluble solids/titratable acidity ratios implying that they are the sweetest type when ripe.

Sementes de ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sand. - Bignoniaceae): temperatura e substrato para o teste de germinação

A pesquisa avaliou a temperatura e o substrato para o teste de germinação das sementes de ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sand.). Em mesa termogradiente, foram avaliados 11 intervalos de temperatura entre 15°C e 35°C, sob oito horas de fotoperíodo diário. Foram analisados também os substratos papel (sobre papel e rolo de papel) e vermiculita (entre vermiculita) sob 30°C e 35°C, em germinadores com oito horas de fotoperíodo diário. As sementes e as plântulas foram avaliadas diariamente, considerando os critérios indicados nas regras para análise de sementes, e calculados a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de germinação. A temperatura e o substrato interferem na germinação das sementes de ipê-branco; a condição mais favorável para o teste de germinação dessas sementes é 30°C em substrato papel.

Armazenamento de sementes de ipê-branco e ipê-roxo em diferentes embalagens e ambientes

O armazenamento em condições ideais é de fundamental importância para a conservação da qualidade fisiológica de um lote de sementes. Nesse trabalho procurou-se identificar a condição adequada para o armazenamento de sementes de ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sand.) e de ipê-roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart.) Standl.), bem como avaliar métodos para estimar alterações na viabilidade e no vigor dessas sementes. Diferentes grupos de sementes foram acondicionados em saco de polietileno, saco de papel Kraft e lata e armazenados por até 300 dias em condições de laboratório, geladeira e câmara refrigerada. No início do armazenamento e a cada 60 dias, determinaram-se o teor de água, a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação e a condutividade elétrica da solução de embebição das sementes. A melhor condição para conservação de sementes de T. roseo-alba e T. impetiginosa foi obtida com o acondicionamento em lata e manutenção em geladeira. Sementes de T. impetiginosa também podem ser conservadas embaladas em saco de polietileno, saco de papel ou lata quando estocadas em câmara refrigerada. Alterações no vigor de sementes dessas espécies são primeiramente identificadas pela redução da velocidade de germinação.