Estudo clínico da malária falciparum em crianças em Manaus, AM, Brasil

As características clínicas da malária falciparum foram estudadas em 61 crianças com idade de 0 a 14 anos, atendidas em centro de referência em Manaus, entre outubro e dezembro de 1997. Os sintomas encontrados foram febre (98,4%), cefaléia (80,3%), calafrios (68,9%), sudorese (65,6%), mialgia (59%), náuseas (54,1%), lombalgia (49,2%), vômitos (49,2%), tosse (45,9%), artralgia (31,1%), diarréia (34,4%), dispnéia (8,2%), convulsões (8,2%) e tonturas (4,9%). Palidez cutâneo-mucosa e anemia foram observadas mais freqüentemente nas crianças menores de 5 anos. A anemia esteve asssociada aos maiores níveis de parasitemia. Cinqüenta e oito (91,5%) pacientes apresentaram malária não complicada, 3 (4,9%) malária grave e a letalidade foi 1,6%.

Leishmaniose tegumentar na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte: aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais, terapêuticos e evolutivos (1989-1995)

Foram investigados aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais, terapêuticos e evolutivos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana em Belo Horizonte. O estudo incluiu 358 pacientes com leishmaniose cutânea (LC) e 25 com leishmaniose mucosa (LM). Comparados aos pacientes com LC, aqueles com LM apresentaram maior tempo de doença e relato de outras doenças concomitantes, sugerindo que a debilitação pela leishmaniose e/ou outras doenças podem contribuir para a ativação e/ou disseminação mucosa do parasito. As sensibilidades das reações intradérmica, de imunofluorescência indireta e da pesquisa direta do parasito foram de 78,4, 79,3 e 68,3%, respectivamente. O tratamento com antimoniato de meglumina foi 100% eficaz, com 59% de efeitos colaterais ao longo do tratamento. A recidiva após tratamento ocorreu em 32 (10,1%) dos 318 casos seguidos por até dois anos. A maioria das recidivas (31 dos 32 casos) ocorreu em pacientes com LC tratados com 15mg Sb5+/kg/dia. Na investigação de critérios de cura, a reação intradérmica negativa foi o único fator associado a um risco três vezes maior de recidiva. Um aumento da dose ou do tempo de tratamento talvez melhore o prognóstico nestes pacientes.

Leishmaniose cutânea no Norte da Argentina: fatores de risco identificados num estudo caso-coorte em três municípios de Salta

Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar fatores considerados de risco para adquirir leishmaniose cutânea em Salta, área de maior transmissão da Argentina. Aplicou-se um estudo de caso-coorte com observações entre junho de 1989 e dezembro de 1992. Aos casos e aos controles selecionados se realizou: a) um questionário sócio-demográfico; b) descrição das características da vivenda e peridomicílio; c) um exame físico de pele e mucosa nasal e bucal; d) intradermorreação de Montenegro. A análise multivariada mostrou um risco significativo para fatores extradomiciliares (realizar atividades de vaqueira, dormir no lugar de trabalho, ir caçar) e domiciliares (dormir fora do quarto, presença de três ou mais suínos no quintal da casa e existência de janelas sem fechaduras). Esta associação permitiu pela primeira vez em Salta (Argentina), identificar fatores de risco vinculados com a transmissão de leishmaniose na unidade domiciliária.

Estudo da microflora do megaesôfago chagásico

Pacientes portadores de megaesôfago chagásico foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta e coleta do material com pinças e sondas especiais, em condições estéreis. Foram realizadas quatro coletas, sendo uma do líquido de estase e três fragmentos da mucosa esofagiana respectivamente a um, três e cinco centímetros da transição esôfago-gástrica (linha Z). O material foi enviado em meio de cultura aos laboratórios de microbiologia e de anatomia patológica para a identificação dos germes presentes. Posteriormente, os resultados foram correlacionados ao grau de evolução do megaesôfago segundo a classificação de Ferreira-Santos. Observou-se que é alta a incidência de germes patogênicos no megasôfago, independentemente do grau de dilatação, transformando a cirurgia para o tratamento desta afecção em potencialmente contaminada. Não houve diferença significativa quanto à positividade das culturas em relação ao grau de dilatação esofágica.

Soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o antígeno CagA do Helicobacter pylori em pacientes com úlcera gástrica na região Norte do Brasil

O Helicobacter pylori é um agente patogênico largamente distribuído no mundo, estando envolvido no desenvolvimento de várias doenças gastrointestinais. Atualmente a infecção pela cepa virulenta (CagA+) do H. pylori é considerado um dos principais fatores etiológicos para o desenvolvimento de ulcerações gástricas. Baseado nessa informação, investigamos a soroprevalência das cepas virulentas entre os pacientes com úlcera gástrica da nossa região, utilizando testes sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos contra o H. pylori e a proteína CagA. Sendo observado que 82% (45/55) dos pacientes estavam infectados pela cepa virulenta, entre esses 89% (40/45) apresentaram grau de inflamação aumentado na mucosa gástrica, com denso infiltrado de leucócitos no tecido, o que provavelmente favoreceu a formação das ulcerações gástricas.

Avaliação da resposta imune celular em pacientes com candidíase recorrente

A candidíase recorrente cutânea ou mucosa é caracterizada pela ocorrência de, no mínimo, 4 episódios de candidíase no período de um ano. Não são conhecidos os fatores que levam à recorrência desta infecção. O presente estudo avaliou a resposta linfoproliferativa e a produção de IFN-g de pacientes com candidíase recorrente. Os índices de estimulação da resposta linfoproliferativa em culturas de células de pacientes com candidíase recorrente estimuladas com antígeno de Candida albicans, PPD e TT foram respectivamente de 6±8, 17±20 e 65±30. A adição de anticorpo monoclonal anti-IL-10 às culturas de células de 6 pacientes aumentou a resposta linfoproliferativa de 735±415 para 4143±1746 cpm. A produção de IFN-g em culturas de células estimuladas com antígeno de Candida, foi 162±345pg/ml. Pacientes com candidíase recorrente apresentam uma deficiência na resposta linfoproliferativa e na produção de IFN-g, podendo a resposta imune celular ao antígeno de Candida ser restaurada parcialmente através da neutralização da IL-10 in vitro.

Flebótomos de áreas com ocorrências de casos humanos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Município de Seropédica, Estado do Rio de Janeiro

A leishmaniose tegumentar americana é causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, que acomete a pele e mucosa; é primariamente uma infecção zoonótica. Inquéritos flebotomínicos foram realizados em quatro áreas com ocorrência de casos humanos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana do município de Seropédica. Utilizou-se a metodologia de coleta com capturas manuais no horário das 18 às 22h, durante 12 meses consecutivos. No período de outubro de 2004 e setembro de 2005, capturamos 2.390 exemplares pertencentes a quatro espécies, Lutzomyia intermedia com 97,1% do total coletado, seguida pela Lutzomyia whitmani 1,6%, Lutzomyia migonei 1,2% e Lutzomyia oswaldoi 0,1%. O Valão da Louça apresentou maior densidade flebotomínica, seguida pelas localidades de Km 39, Km 40 e Caçador. A baixa diversidade de espécie se deve a alterações significativas do ecótopo da região. Sugere-se que a transmissão da leishmaniose tegumentar americana no município de Seropédica esteja sendo veiculada pela Lutzomyia intermedia.

Relationship between antibiotic consumption, oropharyngeal colonization, and ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit of a Brazilian teaching hospital

INTRODUCTION: his study evaluated the consumption of major classes of antibiotics, the colonization of the oropharynx of patients on mechanical ventilation, and the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit for adults. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out using colonized patients (cases) by oxacillin-resistant S. aureus (ORSA) and (controls) oxacillin-sensitive S. aureus (OSSA) from May 2009 to August 2010. The occurrence of VAP by S. aureus was also evaluated in the same period. Antibiotic consumption was expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDD)/1,000 patient-days for glycopeptides, carbapenems, and extended-spectrum cephalosporins. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-six (56.1%) patients underwent mechanical ventilation with a frequency of oropharyngeal colonization of 36.4%, corresponding to 63.5% for ORSA and 36.5% for OSSA. The risk of illness for this organism was significant (p<0.05), regardless of whether colonization/infection was by ORSA or OSSA. The consumption of antibiotics was high, mainly for broad-spectrum cephalosporins (551.26 DDDs/1,000 patient-days). The high density of use of glycopeptides (269.56 DDDs/1,000 patient-days) was related to colonization by ORSA (Pearson r=0.57/p=0.02). Additionally, age >60 years, previous antibiotic therapy, and previous use of carbapenems were statistically significant by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant relationship between the colonization of the oropharyngeal mucosa and the risk of VAP by both phenotypes. The use of glycopeptides was related to colonization by ORSA.

Current status of herpesvirus identification in the oral cavity of HIV-infected children

INTRODUCTION: Some viruses of the Herpesviridae family are frequently the etiologic agents of oral lesions associated with HIV. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus type 6, type 7 and type 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8) in the oral cavity of HIV-infected children/adolescents and verify the association between viral subtypes and clinical factors. METHODS: The cells of oral mucosa were collected from 50 HIV infected children/adolescents, 3-13 years old (mean age 8.66). The majority (66%) of selected were girls, and they were all outpatients at the pediatric AIDS clinic of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Nested-PCR was used to identify the viral types. RESULTS: Absence of immunosuppression was observed in 66% of the children. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used by 72.1% of selected and moderate viral load was observed in 56% of the children/adolescents. Viral types were found in 86% of the children and the subtypes were: HSV-1 (4%), HSV-2 (2%), VZV (4%), EBV (0%), HCMV (24%), HHV6 (18%), HHV-7 (68%), HHV8 (0%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of HAART has helped to reduce oral lesions, especially with herpes virus infections. The health professionals who work with these patients should be aware of such lesions because of their predictive value and the herpes virus can be found circulating in the oral cavity without causing lesions.

cagE as a biomarker of the pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori

IntroductionHelicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastro-duodenal diseases. Genes related to pathogenicity have been described for H. pylori and some of them appear to be associated with more severe clinical outcomes of the infection. The present study investigates the role of cagE as a pathogenicity biomarker of H. pylori compare it to cagA, vacA, iceA and babA2 genes and correlate with endoscopic diagnoses.MethodsWere collected biopsy samples of 144 dyspeptic patients at the Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. After collection, the samples were sent for histological examination, DNA extraction and detection of all putative pathogenicity genes by PCR.ResultsOf the 144 patients undergoing endoscopy, 57 (39.6%) presented H. pylori by histological examination and PCR by detection of the ureA gene. Based on the endoscopic diagnoses, 45.6% (26/57) of the patients had erosive gastritis, while 54.4% (31/57) had enanthematous gastritis. The genes cagA, cagE, vacAs1/m1, vacAs1/m2 and iceA1 were related to erosive gastritis, while the genes vacAs2/m2, iceA2 and babA2 were associated to enanthematous gastritis. We found a statistically significant association between the presence of cagE and the endoscopic diagnosis. However, we detect no statistically significant association between the endoscopic diagnosis and the presence of cagA, vacA, iceA and babA2, although a biological association has been suggested.ConclusionsThus, cagE could be a risk biomarker for gastric lesions and may contribute to a better evaluation of the H. pylori pathogenic potential and to the prognosis of infection evolution in the gastric mucosa.

Anal polyp caused by Schistosoma mansoni

We describe a schistosomal polyp in the anus of a 24-year-old patient, born in Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, and living in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais. From 8 to 13 years of age, he swam in the rivers that bathe Viçosa. The histopathological examination has shown a lesion, lined by a keratinized squamous epithelium, ulcerated, with granulomas, centered or not by Schistosoma mansoni egg, laid, in loco, by the female present in the vascular lumen of a vein of the hemorrhoidal plexus. There was also a diffuse, nonspecific inflammation in the dermis. The patient was treated with praziquantel. Four months after the treatment, sigmoidoscopy showed a normal rectal mucosa, and negative oogram and stool tests. Ultrasound of abdomen was normal.

Post-splenectomy infections in chronic schistosomiasis as a consequence of bacterial translocation

INTRODUCTION : Bacterial translocation is the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria through the gut mucosa to normally sterile tissues and internal organs. Schistosomiasis may cause alterations in the immune system and damage to the intestines, portal system and mesenteric lymph nodes. This study investigated bacterial translocation and alterations in the intestinal microbiota and mucosa in schistosomiasis and splenectomized mice. METHODS : Forty female 35-day-old Swiss Webster mice were divided into the following four groups with 10 animals each: schistosomotic (ESF), splenectomized schistosomotic (ESEF), splenectomized (EF) and control (CF). Infection was achieved by introduction of 50 Schistosoma mansoni (SLM) cercariae through the skin. At 125 days after birth, half of the parasitized and unparasitized mice were subjected to splenectomy. Body weights were recorded for one week after splenectomy; then, the mice were euthanized to study bacterial translocation, microbiota composition and intestinal morphometry. RESULTS : We observed significant reductions in the weight increases in the EF, ESF and ESEF groups. There were increases of at least 1,000 CFU of intestinal microbiota bacteria in these groups compared with the CF. The EF, ESF and ESEF mice showed decreases in the heights and areas of villi and the total villus areas (perimeter). We observed frequent co-infections with various bacterial genera. CONCLUSIONS : The ESEF mice showed a higher degree of sepsis. This finding may be associated with a reduction in the immune response associated with the absence of the spleen and a reduction in nutritional absorption strengthened by both of these factors (Schistosoma infection and splenectomy).

Megabladder in experimental Chagas disease: pathological features of the bladder wall

Mega-organs, primarily in the digestive tract, are well known to occur in chronic Chagas disease. Acute experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi results in parasitism of a wide range of cells, tissues, and organs, including the urinary bladder. Infection of BALB/c mice with 100,000 bloodstream forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi induced acute infection with intense parasitism of all layers of the urinary bladder. Parasites were found in the mucosa, lamina propria, muscular, adventitial connective, and fat tissue. Desquamate epithelial cells with amastigotes in the bladder lumen were also found. After 60 days of infection, mice inoculated with 50 bloodstream forms developed dilated, thin-walled bladders that had inflammatory infiltrates and foci of fibrosis replacing areas of damaged muscular layer. These lesions result from direct damage to the muscle fibers by the T. cruzi, leading to myosites, muscle damage, and scarring. Direct damage of paraganglia cells secondary to parasitism, leading to dilatation, damage of muscle fibers, and scarring with replacement of muscular tissue with connective tissue, should also be considered as a cause of functional disturbance of the urinary bladder.

Helicobacter pylori genotyping from positive clotests in patients with duodenal ulcer

Even though the seroprevalence of H. pylori may be high in the normal population, a minority develops peptic ulcer. Colonization of the gastric mucosa by more pathogenic vacA strains of H. pylori seems to be associated with enhanced gastric inflammation and duodenal ulcer. H. pylori genotyping from positive CLOtests was developed to determine the vacA genotypes and cagA status in 40 duodenal ulcer patients and for routine use. The pathogenic s1b/ m1/ cagA genotype was the most frequently occurring strain (17/42.5%); only two (5%) patients presented the s2/ m2 genotype, the less virulent strain. Multiple strains were also detected in 17 (42.5%) patients. Multiple strains of H. pylori colonizing the human stomach have been underestimated, because genotyping has been performed from cultures of H. pylori. We concluded that genotyping of H. pylori from a positive CLOtest had the advantages of reducing the number of biopsies taken during endoscopy, eliminating the step of culturing H. pylori, and assuring the presence of H. pylori in the specimen being processed.

Ursodeoxycholic acid does not interfere with in vivo Helicobacter pylori colonization

A low frequency of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa of patients with alkaline gastritis has been reported. At the same time, it can be noted that the growth of bacteria can be inhibited by bile acids. We studied 40 patients with chronic gastritis related to Helicobacter pylori in order to determine the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on this infection. Diagnoses of the infection and the inflammatory process were obtained by histologic study of gastric biopsies collected during endoscopy. Two groups were studied: group I received ursodeoxycholic acid - 300 mg/day, and group II received the placebo, twice a day, both for 28 days. The colonization by Helicobacter pylori and the intensity of the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate were determined before (time 1) and after (time 2) treatment. Ursodeoxycholic acid had no effect on the Helicobacter pylori infection. A significant reduction in the intensity of the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of the gastric antrum mucosa was observed in patients from group I, when we compared not only times 1 and 2 but also groups I and II. However, this was not the case with the body mucosa. We concluded that ursodeoxycholic acid had no action on the colonization by Helicobacter pylori or on the polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate, but it caused a significant reduction in the intensity of the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of the gastric antrum.