Detecção de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli em sementes de feijão em meio de cultura semi seletivo

Para a detecção de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) em extratos de sementes inteiras e moídas de feijão, naturalmente contaminadas e sadias foram utilizados os meio de cultura semi-seletivos XCP1 e MT e o não seletivo 523 de Kado & Hesket. Os extratos de sementes foram também inoculados em folhas primárias de feijoeiro. O meio de cultura semi-seletivo XCP1 foi o mais eficiente na quantificação e detecção de Xap em extratos de sementes inteiras de feijão. Os extratos de sementes contaminadas, inoculados nas folhas primárias de feijoeiro produziram sintomas do crestamento bacteriano comum.

About the kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol, with Zn2+, Cu2+ and Zn2++Cu2+ equimolar mixtures, in aqueous solutions

The kinetics and mechanism of the reactions between 4(2pyridylazo)-resorcinol and Zn2+, Cu2+ and Zn2++Cu2+ equimolar mixtures were studied. The reactions were performed in aqueous solution (pH = 8.5, borate buffer) and monitored spectrophotometrically at 500 nm using stopped-flow technique. Spectral and kinetic data indicate that the Zn2++Cu2+ equimolar mixture behaves as an unique species and it can be attributed to the interactions of Zn2+ and of Cu2+ with water molecules in the aqueous solution. A mechanism is proposed and the rate constants are calculated.

Sorption kinetics and intrapaticulate diffusivity of As(III) bioremediation from aqueous solution, using modified and unmodified coconut fiber

The pollution and toxicity problems posed by arsenic in the environment have long been established. Hence, the removal and recovery remedies have been sought, bearing in mind the efficiency, cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness of the methods employed. The sorption kinetics and intraparticulate diffusivity of As (III) bioremediation from aqueous solution using modified and unmodified coconut fiber was investigated. The amount adsorbed increased as time increased, reaching equilibrium at about 60 minutes. The kinetic studies showed that the sorption rates could be described by both pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order process with the later showing a better fit with a value of rate constant of 1.16 x 10-4 min-1 for the three adsorbent types. The mechanism of sorption was found to be particle diffusion controlled. The diffusion and boundary layer effects were also investigation. Therefore, the results show that coconut fiber, both modified and unmodified is an efficient sorbent for the removal of As (III) from industrial effluents with particle diffusion as the predominant mechanism.

Immersion enthalpy variation of surface-modified mineral activated carbon in lead (II) aqueous solution adsorption: the relation between immersion enthalpy and adsorption capacity

An activated carbon was obtained by chemical activation with phosphoric acid, CM, from a mineral carbon. Afterwards, the carbon was modified with 2 and 5 molL-1, CMox2 and CMox5 nitric acid solutions to increase the surface acid group contents. Immersion enthalpy at pH 4 values and Pb2+ adsorption isotherms were determined by immersing activated carbons in aqueous solution. The surface area values of the adsorbents and total pore volume were approximately 560 m².g-1 and 0.36 cm³g-1, respectively. As regards chemical characteristics, activated carbons had higher acid sites content, 0.92-2.42 meq g-1, than basic sites, 0.63-0.12 meq g-1. pH values were between 7.4 and 4.5 at the point of zero charge, pH PZC. The adsorbed quantity of Pb2+ and the immersion enthalpy in solution of different pH values for CM activated carbon showed that the values are the highest for pH 4, 15.7 mgg-1 and 27.6 Jg-1 respectively. Pb2+ adsorption isotherms and immersion enthalpy were determined for modified activated carbons and the highest values were obtained for the activated carbon that showed the highest content of total acid sites on the surface.

Adsorption isotherm studies of Cd (II), Pb (II) and Zn (II) ions bioremediation from aqueous solution using unmodified and EDTA-modified maize cob

The need to clean-up heavy metal contaminated environment can not be over emphasized. This paper describes the adsorption isotherm studies of Cd (II), Pb (II) and Zn (II) ions from aqueous solution using unmodified and EDTA-modified maize cob. Maize cob was found to be an excellent adsorbent for the removal of these metal ions. The amount of metal ions adsorbed increased as the initial concentration increased. Also, EDTA - modification enhanced the adsorption capacity of maize cob probably due to the chelating ability of EDTA. Among the three adsorption isotherm tested, Dubinin-Radushkevich gave the best fit with R² value ranging from 0.9539 to 0.9973 and an average value of 0.9819. This is followed by Freundlich isotherm (Ave. 0.9783) and then the Langmuir isotherm (Ave. 0.7637). The sorption process was found to be a physiosorption process as seen from the apparent energy of adsorption which ranged from 2.05KJ\mol to 4.56KJ\mol. Therefore, this study demonstrates that maize cob which is an environmental pollutant could be used to adsorb heavy metals and achieve cleanliness thereby abating environmental nuisance caused by the maize cob.

A fluorescence probe study of gemini surfactants in aqueous solution: a comparison between n-2-n and n-6-n series of the alkanediyl-a,w-bis (dimethylalkylammonium bromides)

Two series of alkanediyl-a,w-bis (dimethylalkylammonium bromide (n-2-n and n-6-n; n=8, 10,12, and 16) have been synthesized and their micelles properties studied in aqueous solution using pyrene, pyrenecarboxaldehyde (PCA) and 1,8 anilinonaphtalene sulfonic acid sodium salt (ANS) as fluorescent probes. The micelles from these surfactants have been characterized on the basis of the information provided by micelle-solubilized fluorescent probes. The obtained results indicated that the surfactant concentration at which a marked decrease in l max parameter of pyrenecarboxaldehyde (PCA) occurs corresponds to the CMC determined by conductimetric measurements. Changes in the emission spectra of ANS and PCA observed in the submicellar range for both surfactants series (n-2-n and n-6-n) were interpreted as formation of pre-aggregates. It was found that the dimeric surfactants with long spacer (s= 6) form more hydrated aggregates when compared with those formed by the n-2-n and CnTAB surfactants series. This was attributed to a more difficult packing of n-6-n surfactant molecules to form micelles.

Titrimetric assay of lisinopril in aqueous and non-aqueous media

Four simple titrimetric procedures are described for the determination of lisinopril (LNP) in bulk and in pharmaceuticals based on the neutralization of basic-amino and acidic carboxylic acid groups present in LNP. Method A is based on the neutralization of basic amino groups using perchloric acid as titrant in anhydrous acetic acid medium. Method B, method C and method D are based on neutralization of carboxylic acid group using NaOH, sodium methoxide and methanolic KOH, as titrants, respectively. Method A is applicable over 2.0-20.0 mg range and the calculations are based in the molar ratio of 1:2 (LNP:HClO4). Method B, method C and method D are applicable over 2.0-20.0 mg, 1.0-10.0 mg and 5.0-15.0 mg range, respectively, and their respective molar ratios are 1:1 (LNP:NaOH), 1:2 (LNP:CH3ONa) and 1:1 (LNP:KOH). Intraday and inter day accuracy and precision of the methods were evaluated and the results showed intra- and inter-day precision less than 2.7% (RSD), and accuracy of < 2.5 % (RE). The developed methods were applied to determine LNP in tablets and the results were validated statistically by comparing the results with those of the reference method by applying the Student's t-test and F-test. The accuracy was further ascertained by recovery studies via standard addition technique. No interferences from common tablet exipients was observed.

Potentiometric and conductimetric studies of chemical equilibria for pyridoxine hydrochloride in aqueous solutions: simple experimental determination of pKa values and analytical applications to pharmaceutical analysis

The combination of two low-cost classical procedures based on titrimetric techniques is presented for the determination of pyridoxine hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals samples. Initially some experiments were carried out aiming to determine both pKa1 and pKa2 values, being those compared to values of literature and theoretical procedures. Commercial samples containing pyridoxine hydrochloride were electrochemically analysed by exploiting their acid-base and precipitation reactions. Potentiometric titrations accomplished the reaction between the ionizable hydrogens present in pyridoxine hydrochloride, being NaOH used as titrant; while the conductimetric method was based on the chemical precipitation between the chloride of pyridoxine hydrochloride molecule and Ag+ ions from de silver nitrate, changing the conductivity of the solution. Both methods were applied to the same commercial samples leading to concordant results when compared by statistical tests (95 and 98% confidence levels). Recoveries ranging from 99.0 to 108.1% were observed, showing no significant interference on the results.

Meio de cultura semi-seletivo para detecção de Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens em solo e sementes de feijoeiro

A murcha-de-curtobacterium, causada pela bactéria Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), é um importante problema para o cultivo de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) na região Centro-Sul do Brasil. A principal forma de disseminação da bactéria é por sementes contaminadas. Embora a ocorrência desta doença seja relativamente recente no Brasil, Cff tem sido disseminado rapidamente nas regiões produtoras de feijão do país. Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar o meio de cultura CNS (Corynebacterium Nebraskense Selective Medium) para recuperação e detecção de Cff em solo e sementes de feijoeiro. Suspensões provenientes da lavagem de amostras de solo e sementes contaminadas pela bactéria foram plaqueadas no meio de cultura CNS - modificado. Os ajustes realizados no meio de cultura possibilitaram a recuperação eficiente de Cff presente em solo e sementes contaminadas. As modificações estabelecidas para o meio CNS foram a redução da concentração de sulfato de polimixina para 16 mg/l, exclusão do componente ciclohexamida e substituição do fungicida Daconil 2787-F (530 mg/ml de chlorothalonil) pelo Dacostar 500 (500 mg/ml de chlorothalonil).

Meio semi-seletivo para detectar Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli em sementes de feijoeiro e sua erradicação através do tratamento de sementes com o fungicida tolylfluanid

Estudou-se a eficiência do meio semi-seletivo desenvolvido para Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum (Xam) do algodoeiro, com algumas modificações, na detecção de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) em sementes de feijoeiro, bem como a eficiência do fungicida tolylfluanid na erradicação de Xap através do tratamento de sementes. Foram utilizadas sementes naturalmente infectadas por Xap, procedentes de diferentes municípios do Estado do Paraná. Houve o desenvolvimento de colônias bacterianas ao redor das sementes infectadas sob meio semi-seletivo entre seis e 12 dias de incubação. A freqüência de recuperação de colônias da bactéria em relação ao meio Agar nutriente (AN) variou entre 30 a 112%. O crescimento de Xap foi inibido a concentrações entre 54 a 1500 ppm do fungicida tolylfluanid. A bactéria foi recuperada das sementes não tratadas em meio semi-seletivo, mas não das sementes tratadas em solução do fungicida tolylfluanid (1,20g/L água). Em casa de vegetação, das 400 sementes tratadas com tolylfluanid não foi produzida nenhuma planta com sintomas da doença até 30 dias após a semeadura, enquanto que 9,75% das sementes não tratadas apresentaram sintomas de Xap. Em um outro experimento, das 1200 sementes não tratadas um total de 7,08% e 11,67% das plantas mostraram-se com sintomas da doença, enquanto que das sementes tratadas 0,5% e 2,4% apresentaram sintomas, 26 e 46 dias após a semeadura, respectivamente.

Semi-selective medium for Fusarium graminearum detection in seed samples

Fungi of the genus Fusarium cause a variety of difficult to control diseases in different crops, including winter cereals and maize. Among the species of this genus Fusarium graminearum deserves attention. The aim of this work was to develop a semi-selective medium to study this fungus. In several experiments, substrates for fungal growth were tested, including fungicides and antibiotics such as iprodiona, nystatin and triadimenol, and the antibacterial agents streptomycin and neomycin sulfate. Five seed samples of wheat, barley, oat, black beans and soybeans for F. graminearum detection by using the media Nash and Snyder agar (NSA), Segalin & Reis agar (SRA) and one-quarter dextrose agar (1/4PDA; potato 50g; dextrose 5g and agar 20g), either unsupplemented or supplemented with various concentrations of the antimicrobial agents cited above. The selected components and concentrations (g.L-1) of the proposed medium, Segalin & Reis agar (SRA-FG), were: iprodiona 0.05; nystatin 0,025; triadimenol 0.015; neomycin sulfate 0.05; and streptomycin sulfate, 0.3 added of ¼ potato sucrose agar. In the isolation from seeds of cited plant species, the sensitivity of this medium was similar to that of NSA but with de advantage of maintaining the colony morphological aspects similar to those observed in potato-dextrose-agar medium.

Semi-selective culture medium for Exserohilum turcicum isolation from corn seeds

Northern corn leaf blight, caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Et), is a disease of widespread occurrence in regions where corn, sweetcorn and popcorn are grown. This disease has great potential to cause damage and has been studied for years, but the association of its causal agent with seeds remains unconfirmed. Thus, the availability of a sensitive method to detect and quantify the inoculum in seeds, even at low incidence, is essential. The aim of this study was to develop a method to detect and quantify the presence of the fungus infecting and infesting corn and popcorn seeds. Artificially and naturally infected seeds were employed to develop the medium. The semi-selective medium was composed of carbendazim (active ingredient) (60 mg/L), captan (30 mg/L), streptomycin sulfate (500 mg/L) and neomycin sulfate (600 mg/L) aggregated to the medium lactose casein hydrolysate agar medium. By using this, Et was detected in naturally infected corn seeds, showing 0.124% incidence, in four out of ten analyzed samples. In addition, 1.04 conidia were detected per infested seed. By means of isolation, pathogenicity test, morphological characterization and comparison with descriptions of the species in the literature, the fungus isolated from the seeds was confirmed to be Et. Both infection and infestation were considered low; thus, for studies of Et detection in corn seeds, the use of semi-selective medium and more than 1,200 seeds/sample is suggested.

Meios de cultura semi-seletivos para Macrophomina phaseolina

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Golidanich é um fungo habitante do solo importante economicamente devido ao amplo número de espécies de plantas que infectam e da dificuldade do seu controle. Vários estudos envolvendo densidade de inóculo, taxonomia, sobrevivência, necessitam de meios de cultura seletivo ou semi-seletivo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar 16 meios de cultura quanto à especificidade a este patógeno, proporcionando maior porcentagem de detecção do seu crescimento e menor número de contaminações, para substituir o meio semi-seletivo RB modificado, rotineiramente utilizado em estudos deste patógeno. O meio semi-seletivo RB modificado é bastante eficiente e contém em sua composição o fungicida metalaxyl (inibidor de oomycetos), que atualmente não se encontra disponível comercialmente em formulação simples, sem adição do Mancozeb ou Clorotalonil que inibem o crescimento do fungo M. phaseolina. Os meios de cultura avaliados foram repicados com o inóculo do fungo produzido em substrato areno-orgânico, contido em bolsas de náilon, recuperados após 30 dias de um solo não autoclavado, contido em uma bandeja. Cada meio de cultura avaliado tiveram 7 repetições, representadas por uma placa de Petri. Para as comparações das médias das porcentagens do crescimento de M. phaseolina e do número de contaminantes foi utilizado o teste de Scott-knott a 5% de probabilidade e os valores em porcentagem foram transformados em arc sem (√/100). Dentre os meios de cultura avaliados os MSTP 1 [(BDA com tetraciclina 50 mg.L-1 mais propamocarb a 1 mL.L-1(Previcur N® 72,2% p.a.)], MSRP 0,5 (BDA com rifampicina 100 mg.L-1 mais fungicida propamocarb a 0,5 mL.L-1) e MSRP 1 (BDA com rifampicina 100 mg.L-1 mais fungicida propamocarb a 1 mL.L-1) proporcionaram maior porcentagem e detecção do fungo M. phaseolina e menor número de contaminações por outros fungos e bactérias. Estes meios de cultura semi-seletivos podem ser utilizados em futuros trabalhos visando estudos epidemiológicos e de medidas de controle do fungo M. phaseolina.

In vitro antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts from Lentinula edodes isolates against Colletotrichum sublineolum and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Passiflorae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts from fruiting bodies of different isolates of Lentinula edodeson the pathogens Colletotrichum sublineolum, the causal agent of anthracnose in sorghum, and Xanthomonas axonopodispv. passiflorae, the causal agent of bacterial spot in passion fruit. Results showed that the aqueous extracts from isolates LE JAB-K and LE 95/01 significantly reduced C. sublineolumspore germination,while the isolate LE 96/22 was the only one to inhibit the pathogen mycelial growth. However, all L. edodesisolates showed inhibitory effect on C. sublineolumappressorium formation. Regarding X. axonopodispv. passiflorae, the aqueous extracts from all L. edodesisolates significantly reduced the in vitromultiplication of the bacterium. However, antimicrobial activity was lost when the extracts were autoclaved, demonstrating their thermolabile property. The aqueous extract from isolate LE 96/22 was also partially purified by anion exchange chromatography and fraction V exhibited high inhibitory activity on the in vitromycelial growth of C. sublineolum, while the multiplication of X. axonopodispv. passifloraewas inhibited by fractions IV, V and VII. Thus, L. edodesisolates were shown to produce compounds exhibiting antifungal and antibacterial activities against phytopathogens, which are mainly concentrated in fraction V.

Biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold of soybean using saprobic fungi from semi-arid areas of Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACTThe incidence and the levels of yield loss caused by the white mold of soybean (caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) have increased in areas of higher altitude at Cerrado and Southern Brazil, causing yield losses of up to 60%. The aim of this study was to select saprobic fungi with the potential to control the white mold of soybean. First, in vitroantagonism screening was carried out to test eight saprobic fungi against S. sclerotiorum. Assessment of S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth was done at four and seven days after its placement on the culture medium. The isolate showing greatest antagonistic effect in all tests/assessments was Myrothecium sp. An in vivo experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and growth chamber, where plants previously treated with eight saprobic fungi were artificially inoculated with S. sclerotiorum. The fungal culture medium (potato-dextrose) and the commercial resistance inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl were used as controls. In the in vivotests, severity of the white mold was assessed at 8, 14 and 21 days after inoculation. The highest reduction percentage in the lesion length was observed for the treatment with Myrothecium sp. (70%), which has the greater potential to be used as biocontrol agent of soybean under the conditions of this experiment.