Effect of the application of different water depths and nitrogen and potassium doses on quality of Tanzania grass

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of different water depths and nitrogen and potassium doses in the quality of Tanzania grass, in the southern of the state of Tocantins. The experiment was conducted on strips of traditional sprinklers, and used, as treatments, a mixture of fertilizer combinations of N and K2O always in the ratio of 1 N:0.8 K2O. This study determined throughout the experiment: plant height (PH), the crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The highest plant height obtained was 132.4 cm, with a fertilizer dose of 691.71 kg ha-1 in the proportion of N:0.8 K2O, in other words, 384.28 kg ha-1 of N and 307.43 kg ha-1 of K2O, and water depth of 80% of the ETc. The highest crude protein content was 12.2%, with the fertilizer dose application of 700 kg ha-1 yr-1 in the proportion of 1 N to 0.8 of K2O, in other words, 388.89 kg ha-1 of N and 311.11 kg ha-1 of K2O and absence of irrigation. The lowest level of neutral detergent fiber was 60.7% with the application of the smallest dose of fertilizer and highest water depth. It was concluded in this study that there was an increase in plant height by increasing the fertilizer dose and water depth. The crude protein content increased 5.4% in the dry season, by increasing the fertilizer dose and water depth. In the dry season, there was an increase of NDF content by 4.5% by increasing the application of fertilizer and water depth.

Potential of adjuvants to reduce drift in agricultural spraying

The reduction of pesticide spraying drift is still one of the major challenges in Brazilian agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of different adjuvant products, such as surfactants, drift retardants, mineral oil and vegetable oil for reducing drift in agricultural spraying. The experiment consisted of quantifying drift of sprayings of 18 adjuvants dissolved in water under controlled conditions in a wind tunnel. Tests were performed in triplicates with spraying nozzles type Teejet XR8003 VK, pressure of 200kPa and medium drops. Solutions sprayed were marked with Brilliant Blue dye at 0.6% (m v-1). The drift was collected using polyethylene strips transversally fixed along the tunnel at different distances from the nozzle and different heights from the bottom part of the tunnel. Drift deposits were evaluated by spectrophotometry in order to quantify deposits. The adjuvants from chemical groups of mineral oil and drift retardant resulted in lower values of drift in comparison with surfactants and water. The results obtained in laboratory show that the selection of appropriate class and concentration of adjuvants can significantly decrease the risk of drift in agricultural spraying. However, the best results obtained in laboratory should be validated with pesticide under field conditions in the future.

Criopreservação de sêmen humano: comparação entre métodos de congelação e tipos de envase

OBJETIVOS: comparar duas diferentes técnicas de congelação e dois tipos de envase do sêmen humano durante processo de criopreservação. MÉTODOS: estudo experimental, no qual foi analisada a criopreservação de 18 amostras de sêmen de 18 voluntários. Após a adição de meio crioprotetor, "Test-yolk buffer" , as amostras de sêmen foram envasadas em palhetas com capacidade de 0,25 mL ou em criotubos de 2 mL e submetidas à criopreservação por dois métodos, um lento e outro rápido, totalizando quatro tratamentos distintos: RP (congelação pelo método rápido e envasado em palheta), RT (rápido-criotubo), LP (lento-palheta) e LT (lento-criotubo). As amostras, após 24 horas, foram descongeladas em temperatura ambiente e mantidas a 37ºC. Os dados coletados foram analisados através do teste t de Student, com p<0,05, utilizando o programa de computador SPSS for Windows® versão 11.0.0. RESULTADOS: houve redução da motilidade espermática após o processo de criopreservação. A taxa de motilidade inicial foi 58,1% e as motilidades após os diferentes métodos de criopreservação foram: 19,2% (RP), 27% (RT), 21,1% (LP) e 30,3% (LT). Houve redução significativa na morfologia normal. A taxa de morfologia normal inicial foi 14,2% e as morfologias após os diferentes métodos de criopreservação foram: 12,8% (RP), 12,6% (RT), 12,6% (LP) e 12,4% (LT). CONCLUSÕES: o método de criopreservação lento com envase em criotubo esteve associado à melhor motilidade espermática após o descongelamento. Não houve diferença entre os métodos quando avaliada a morfologia espermática.

Evaluation of tear production with modified Schirmer tear test-1 during the neonatal period in cats

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.

Variations in weed population densities, rate of change and community diversity in RR-soybeans and RR-maize strip crops under two herbicide strategies

Concerns about the sustainability of large-scale, direct-drilled RR-soybeans (Glycine max), and RR-maize (Zea mays) under monoculture in central Argentina are growing steadily. An experiment was conducted during three consecutive years to determine the effects of crops and systems (monocultures and strips) and herbicide strategy on weed density, population rate of change (l), b community diversity (H´), crop yields and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). Not only crops but also crop systems differentially influenced weed densities along their growth and development. For crop harvests, weed densities increased in both maize crop systems as compared to in the one for soybeans, but the lowest increase occurred in soybean strips. Differences were leveled by both herbicide strategies, which achieved 73% efficacy during the critical periods in both crops. l of annual monocotyledonous increased, thus shifting the weed community composition. Species richness and H´ were not affected by crop systems, but both herbicide strategies, particularly POST, either in soybeans in monoculture or in maize strips, significantly enhanced H´. Crop yields significantly increased in the maize-strip system with POST (Year 1) or PRE (Years 2 and 3) strategies, thus increasing LER above 1. Herbicide Environmental Load treatments fall within very low or low field use rating.

Effect of Serjania lethalis ethanolic extract on weed control

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Serjania lethalis leaves and stems on the diaspore germination and seedling growth of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The crude ethanolic extract was prepared from 100 g of dry plant material dissolved in 500 ml of ethanol. The extracts were solubilized in a buffer solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at concentrations of 10.0, 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5 mg mL-1. The effect of these extracts was compared with herbicide oxyfluorfen in bioassays. The ethanolic extracts of S. lethalis leaves and stems inhibited the germination and seedling growth of barnyardgrass and wild poinsettia in a concentration-dependent manner. The reduction in the root length of E. heterophylla seedlings might be attributed to the reduced elongation of metaxylem cells. The phytotoxicity of the extracts ranged according to the receptor species, and for some variables, the inhibitory effect was similar, and even superior, to that of the commercial herbicide. Thus, S. lethalis extracts might be a promising alternative for sustainable weed management.

Composição florística e fitossociologia do componente arbóreo das florestas ciliares do rio Iapó, na bacia do rio Tibagi, Tibagi, PR

Foram realizados estudos da composição florística e fitossociologia de 1 ha de floresta ciliar do rio Iapó (bacia do rio Tibagi), município de Tibagi, PR (24º31’S e 50º25’W) utilizando-se 100 parcelas contíguas de 10 x 10 m, tendo-se como critério de inclusão um diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) mínimo de 5 cm. Para cada espécie amostrada foram estimados parâmetros relativos à freqüência, densidade e dominância, além do índice do valor de importância (IVI) e índice do valor de cobertura (IVC). O levantamento resultou em 1594 indivíduos pertencentes a 127 espécies, 81 gêneros e 43 famílias. As espécies mais importantes em IVI e IVC foram Eugenia blastantha, Faramea porophylla, Casearia obliqua, Nectandra grandiflora, Sebastiania commersoniana, Casearia sylvestris e Actinostemon concolor. As três famílias com maior IVI foram Myrtaceae, Lauraceae e Euphorbiaceae, sendo que Lauraceae possui 15 espécies e 142 indivíduos, Myrtaceae, 14 espécies e 280 indivíduos e Euphorbiaceae, cinco espécies e 274 indivíduos. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver encontrado foi de 3,67.

Diversidade e estrutura de fragmentos de mata de várzea e de mata mesófila semidecídua submontana do rio Jacaré-Pepira (SP)

O objetivo deste trabalho é de comparar a diversidade específica e a estrutura comunitária de mata de várzea (MV), inundada anualmente, e de mata mesófila semidecídua submontana (MS) situada em áreas adjacentes a cursos d’água, mas que não sofre inundações freqüentes. Para realizar esta comparação, foram estudados 15 fragmentos de mata ao longo do rio Jacaré-Pepira, no centro do estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se o método de quadrantes para amostrar os indivíduos dos estratos arbóreo e arbustivo com 3 cm ou mais de diâmetro do caule a 1,3 m de altura do solo. Os fragmentos de MV apresentam uma baixa diversidade (1,6 nats/tree £ H’ £ 2,9 nats/ind.) em relação aos fragmentos de MS (3,2 nats/ind. £ H’ £ 4,3 nats/ind.). Essa diferença é significativa numa análise discriminante (F= 9,544, p= 0,013). No entanto, alguns fragmentos podem conter os dois tipos de mata (MV e MS) e apresentarem, então, valores altos de diversidade (H’ próximo de 3,9 nats/ind.). Em relação à densidade total (DT) e à área basal total (ABT), os valores apresentam grandes variações, particularmente para os fragmentos de MS (2040 ind./ha £ DT £ 5479 ind./ha; 21,05 m2/ha £ ABT £ 65,35 m2/ha). Nenhum destes dois parâmetros permite distinguir significativamente MS de MV (p > 0,05). Os valores do Índice de Valor de Cobertura (IVC) mostram que os fragmentos de MV apresentam sempre as mesmas espécies de maior IVC (Croton urucurana e Inga affinis ), enquanto os fragmentos de MS apresentam uma grande variedade de espécies de maior IVC, apesar dos levantamentos terem sido feitos num trecho curto do rio e em condições semelhantes de solo e topografia. Nas bordas dos rios, existe uma faixa de mata transicional, de largura variável em função do relevo e da descarga do rio, que apresenta estruturas intermediárias entre as de MV e MS.

Composição florística e estrutura fitossociológica de uma floresta ripária em Itutinga, MG, e comparação com outras áreas

A composição florística e a estrutura fitossociológica foram investigadas em uma área de 7,55 ha de floresta ripária em Itutinga, MG. Essa floresta acompanha um pequeno curso d’água e tem limites bem definidos com um campo limpo montano. O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado em 28 parcelas de 10 x 30 m, onde todos os indivíduos com diâmetro do tronco à altura do solo igual ou maior que 5 cm foram registrados, tendo seus diâmetros medidos e alturas estimadas. O levantamento florístico baseou-se em coletas dentro e fora das parcelas. Encontraram-se 162 espécies pertencentes a 54 famílias. A área de estudos foi comparada com outras florestas dos Estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais por meio de análises multivariadas. As áreas floristicamente mais semelhantes com a floresta estudada foram as da mesma região (alto rio Grande). Sugeriu-se que as variáveis mais fortemente ligadas à diferenciação florística entre as florestas comparadas sejam a estacionalidade das chuvas e a altitude. No levantamento fitossociológico, foram registrados 2145 indivíduos distribuídos em 141 espécies. As maiores semelhanças estruturais ocorreram com as florestas de Itutinga e Bom Sucesso e as maiores diferenças com Madre de Deus e Poço Bonito, diferenças que podem ser decorrentes de variações de propriedades dos solos.

Purification and characterisation of a lectin from the red marine alga Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G. Gmel.) Santel. & Hommers.

A lectin present in the marine red alga Pterocladiella capillacea was purified and characterised by extraction of soluble proteins (crude extract) in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5. Among the analysed erythrocytes (human blood group A, B and O and the animals ox, goat, chicken and rabbit) the lectin agglutinated specifically rabbit erythrocytes. The hemagglutinating activity assay showed that the lectin was not dependent on divalent cations and was shown to be inhibited by the glycoproteins avidin and mucin. The purification procedure was conduced by precipitation of the crude extract with 80% saturation ammonium sulfate (F0/80) followed by affinity chromatography on guar-gum column. The lectin of P. capillacea was purified 14.5 fold and had a recovery of 27.4% of the original total specific activity present in the crude extract. The absence of carbohydrate suggested that the lectin is not a glycoprotein. The molecular mass of P. capillacea lectin, determined by gel filtration, was 5.8 kDa. SDS-PAGE in the presence of ß-mercaptoethanol gave one band, indicating that the native lectin is a monomeric protein. The activation energy of denaturation process (D G') was calculated to be 106.87 kJ . mol-1 at 70 ºC.

Vegetative organ anatomy of Ianthopappus corymbosus Roque & Hind (Asteraceae-Mutisieae)

A study on the vegetative organ anatomy of Ianthopappus corymbosus was conducted in order to provide a basis for comparison with the genus Richterago, since this species had been previously included in that genus. The anatomical characters of I. corymbosus that support its exclusion from the genus Richteragon are: epithelial cell organization of adventitious root secretory canals, non-glandular trichomes, and presence of cortical vascular bundles in the stem. In Ianthopappus corymbosus, the underground system consists of rhizophore from which adventitious roots branch off. The subapical meristem of the adventitious root revealed that the ground meristem forms the inner layer which in a meristematic phase, forms 2/3 of the cortex. This layer will differentiate in the endodermis, with Casparian strips, and is referred to as meristematic endodermis. Endodermic secretory canals, limited by four epithelial cells, appear in the region adjacent to the primary phloem.

Inter-annual variations in the floristic and population structure of an herbaceous community of "caatinga" vegetation in Pernambuco, Brazil

The influence of climatic variations on the herbaceous component of the "caatinga" vegetation was examined in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 105 1 × 1 m-plots were established, of which 35 were in a level micro-habitat, 35 in a riparian micro-habitat, and 35 in a stony microhabitat. During two consecutive years all herbaceous plants in these plots were counted, measured (height and diameter), and collected for identification. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the equitability were calculated for each year, as well as the density, frequency, dominance, total basal area and importance index for each species. The total annual pluviometric was 819.5 and 448.8 mm in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The herbaceous flora in the study area was composed of 71 species, of which 58 were sampled in the plots. The families with the greatest species richness were Malvaceae (8 species), Euphorbiaceae (7), Poaceae (6), Convolvulaceae (4), Fabaceae (4), and Portulacaceae (4). The diversity indices were 2.66 and 3.01 nats ind-1 in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The density, frequency, dominance and importance value of herbaceous populations, as well as, the height and diameter of plants were low in the dryer year. The riparian group was the most isolated of the microhabitats examined, both in terms of its floristic and its population structure. Annual seasonal climatic variations greatly modified these populations structure during the course of this study, emphasizing the fact that long-term studies are needed in order to better understand the dynamics of the herbaceous component of the "caatinga" vegetation.

Spatial variation in the structure and floristic composition of "restinga" vegetation in southeastern Brazil

We examined large-scale spatial variation of structural parameters and floristic composition in open Clusia scrub, a vegetation type of the Brazilian "restingas" (sandy coastal plain vegetation). This vegetation is organized in islands separated by sandy stretches with sparse herbaceous vegetation. We located 12 sample areas on three consecutive beach ridges, lying parallel to the coastline and at different distances from the ocean, in close proximity to two lagoons (Cabiúnas and Comprida). Each sample area was divided into three strips. We used the line intercept method to sample all woody plants ³ 50 cm tall. We used nested ANOVA to verify structural variation between different sampling scales. TWINSPAN analysis was performed to examine the variation in floristic composition between areas. The overall diversity index was 3.07. Six species are repeatedly dominant throughout the entire sampling area. There was homogeneity in relation to diversity and species richness between beach ridges but not within beach ridges. Floristic composition and structural parameters did not vary in relation to distance from the sea but floristic composition did vary as a function of proximity to Cabiúnas or Comprida lagoon. Differences in plant cover between sample areas may be related to the paleoformation of this sandy coastal plain.

Leaf anatomy of two Anemia Sw. species (Schizaeaceae-Pteridophyte) from a rocky outcrop in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The ferns Anemia tomentosa (Sav.) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel and Anemia villosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. are widely associated with vegetation islands on rocky outcrops in Rio de Janeiro. Both species are desiccation tolerant. The leaf anatomy of these species was examined aiming to identify morphological characteristics that would allow the establishment of these species in water-scarce environments. The plants were harvested on "Pedra de Itacoatiara" and prepared according to the usual procedures. The petiole has a uniseriate epidermis with lignified cell walls, conical stegmata, and uniseriate multicelular and glandular trichomes. In A. villosa, the stomata protrude in a respiratory line. Under the epidermis the cells have thick, lignified walls. The parenchyma has phenolic compounds and starch grains. The petiole vascular bundles are surrounded by endodermis with Casparian strips and the xylem is V-shaped (A. villosa) or arc-shaped (A. tomentosa var. anthriscifolia). The leaf blades have a uniseriate epidermis with sinuous anticlinal and convex periclinal walls, conical stegmata and chloroplasts on both surfaces. The leaf margins of A. villosa have lignified cells. The guard cells of the stomata on the abaxial surface are on the same level or are raised above ordinary epidermal cells. Multicelular uniseriate trichomes and glandular hairs were observed. The dorsiventral mesophyll has loosely packed chlorenchyma with arm-shaped and H-shaped cells. The vascular bundles are surrounded by endodermis with Casparian strips and with parenchymatic extensions towards the epidermis. Anatomical results were analyzed considering the interaction of these plants with abiotic factors.

Quantitative features of Cedrela odorata L. wood (Meliaceae)

Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae) occurs in the Atlantic forest, Amazon rain forest, riparian forest of the country, and wetlands, which demand species adapted to their water conditions. Studies in ecological wood anatomy demonstrated that weather factors' variations have direct influence on the wood anatomical structure and that the fragmentation of the natural habitats is a direct cause of the edge effect which alters the abiotic aspects of the location, interfering consequently in its vegetation. A comparative analysis of 20 anatomical quantitative features of the wood structure was performed in populations of Cedrela odorata growing inside and on the edge of the swamp forest and granulometric analysis was made on the soil. The quantitative data were submitted to the Mann-Whitney's nonparametric test, presenting a statistically significant value decrease in the eleven wood features mean for the specimens growing in the edge of swamp forest.