254 resultados para IMMOBILIZED HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE
Resumo:
Este trabalho objetivou determinar a ocorrência de injúria pelo frio em abacates 'Hass'. Na primeira Etapa, os abacates foram armazenados a 5ºC (77% UR), 10ºC (79% UR) e 15ºC (79% UR) por até 21 dias. Aos 7; 14 e 21dias de armazenamento, um lote com 36 frutos foi levado ao ambiente (22°C e 77% UR) para amadurecimento. Testou-se também o armazenamento a 2°C (74% UR) e 4°C (77% UR) por até 45 dias, sendo que aos 15; 30 e 45 dias, um lote com a mesma quantidade de frutos foi levado ao ambiente, mantido a 22°C e 77% UR. Frutos armazenados ao ambiente, desde o início, foram considerados testemunha. Avalaram-se a aparência e a luminosidade da polpa. Os frutos armazenados a 10°C e 15°C não apresentaram sintomas de injúrias pelo frio, que foram observados nos frutos armazenados a 2°C, por períodos superiores a 15 dias, e nos mantidos a 4°C, por 30 dias. Quando levados ao ambiente, os frutos armazenados a 2°C conservaram aparência aceitável para o consumo (nota = 3) por até10 dias, e os armazenados a 4°C, por até 12 dias. Na segunda Etapa, analisaram-se a intensidade respiratória e a atividade das enzimas peroxidase (POD), polifenoloxidase (PPO), poligalacturonase (PG) e pectinametilesterase (PME) nos frutos armazenados a 2ºC, por 45 dias, em comparação com os testemunha. A atividade das enzimas associadas ao escurecimento, POD e PPO, assim como das associadas ao amaciamento da polpa, PME e PG, foi inibida pelo armazenamento a 2ºC, mas readquiriram atividade mais elevada que nos frutos-testemunha, quando foram transferidos ao ambiente, indicando estímulo devido aos danos pelo frio.
Resumo:
Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade de mangas 'Palmer' previamente armazenadas em baixas temperaturas, após sua transferência para a condição de ambiente. Frutos colhidos no estádio de maturação fisiológica foram cuidadosamente transportados, selecionados, padronizados quanto à coloração, tamanho e ausência de injúrias, e tratados com fungicida, antes de serem armazenados a 2ºC (75,7% UR), 5ºC (73,8% UR) e 12°C (82% UR), por 7; 14 e 21 dias. Ao final de cada período, os frutos foram transferidos para temperatura ambiente (22,9°C; 62,3% UR), onde foram mantidos por 1; 3; 5 e 7 dias, simulando o período de comercialização, e avaliados quanto à ocorrência de injúrias e podridões, coloração da casca e polpa, firmeza da polpa, teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e de ácido ascórbico, além da atividade das enzimas peroxidase, polifenoloxidase e fenilalanina amônia-liase. Os resultados indicaram que as mangas 'Palmer' podem ser conservadas a 12ºC por 21 dias, sem prejuízos ao amadurecimento, porém com limitações devido à ocorrência de podridões. O armazenamento a 2ºC e a 5ºC foi limitado pela ocorrência de injúrias na casca, porém na temperatura de 2ºC estes sintomas foram mais severos e comprometeram o desenvolvimento da coloração característica da casca. Entretanto, o amadurecimento da polpa destes frutos não foi prejudicado, mas este processo ocorreu com menor intensidade que nas mangas mantidas a 12ºC.
Resumo:
Em regiões tropicais, com ajuda da aplicação de produtos químicos para induzir a quebra de dormência, é possível obter duas safras anuais de videira. No entanto, a eficácia da utilização destes produtos é questionável, pois sua alta toxicidade é um fator preocupante. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do hidrolato obtido de pau-d'alho (Gallesia integrifolia) na brotação, produtividade e atividade das enzimas peroxidase e catalase em videiras cv. Benitaka. O experimento foi conduzido em vinhedo comercial no município de Marialva, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, em dois ciclos consecutivos: 2011, de agosto a dezembro, e 2012, de janeiro a julho. Os tratamentos consistiram nas seguintes doses de hidrolato de pau-d'alho: 0; 50; 100; 150 e 200 mL L-1, além da testemunha positiva com cianamida hidrogenada a 20 mL L-1. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: porcentagem de gemas brotadas, número de cachos, peso dos cachos, produtividade (t ha-1), atividade das enzimas catalase e peroxidase, e teor de açúcares redutores nas gemas. Na porcentagem de gemas brotadas, houve efeito quadrático em função das doses do hidrolato de pau-d'alho com máxima brotação estimada para as doses de 108,8 e 97 mL L-1 de hidrolato de pau-d'alho para o primeiro e segundo ciclos, respectivamente, com resultados semelhantes ao tratamento-padrão com cianamida hidrogenada. Os tratamentos com hidrolato de pau-d'alho também incrementaram o número e o peso dos cachos e a produtividade, apresentando também efeito quadrático em função das doses. Verificou-se, ainda, redução da atividade das enzimas catalase, peroxidase e para os teores de açúcares redutores nas gemas para as plantas tratadas com hidrolato de pau-d'alho, evidenciando seu modo de ação via injúrias oxidativas, similarmente ao efeito do tratamento convencional com cianamida hidrogenada. Com base nos resultados obtidos, o hidrolato de pau-d'alho, nas doses entre 100 e 150 mL L-1, pode ser uma alternativa para a quebra de dormência de videiras cv. Benitaka em regiões tropicais para a viticultura sustentável.
Resumo:
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicação de ácido cítrico em duas concentrações, associadas ou não à quitosana, na manutenção da qualidade de lichias 'Bengal'. Após a colheita e seleção, os frutos no estádio de maturação maduro foram imersos por 1 minuto nas seguintes soluções de ácido cítrico e de quitosana: [1] Testemunha - sem imersão; [2] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1; [3] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana; [4] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana; [5] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1; [6] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana; [7] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana. Após a imersão, os frutos foram colocados em gôndolas para escorrer o excesso de solução. Em seguida, foram armazenados em câmara fria, previamente higienizada, a 5ºC, durante 20 dias. O experimento foi conduzido seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial composto por sete soluções de recobrimento e cinco datas de amostragem. A cada cinco dias, foi avaliada a perda de massa fresca dos frutos, a coloração, o teor de antocianinas e a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase da casca. A solução de ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1, associada ou não à quitosana, e a combinação de quitosana 0,3% com 300 g L-1 de ácido cítrico foram as mais eficientes para a manutenção da cor avermelhada e a redução do escurecimento da casca de lichias 'Bengal' por 20 dias, a 5ºC.
Resumo:
A model for the construction of a simple and cheap apparatus to be used as bioreactor for reactions catalyzed by baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is described. The bioconversion and separation of cells from products and residual substrates are obtained at the same time. The reactions carried out in this type of reactor are faster than those catalyzed by immobilized cells. Yeast cells can be cultivated in this bioreactor operating with cell recycling at appropriated conditions using glucose and other nutrients.
Resumo:
Lipases have been immobilized in microemulsion-based organogels (MBG's) and successfully utilized for the enantioselective esterification, diesterification and transesterification reactions, in organic solvents at 25ºC. This methodology is described as a new alternative for the use of enzymes in organic solvents. High enzymic stability has been observed. We have also used this methodology for the successful resolution of chiral secondary alcohols. This is a convenient way of using this catalyst in organic solvents which employs small amounts of the enzyme (250mg/mL).
Resumo:
Results on the optimization of analytical methods for the determination of phosphorus in phosphino-polycarboxylate (PPCA), used frequently as scale inhibitor during oil production, by ICP-AES and ICP-MS are presented. Due to the complex matrix of production waters (brines) and their high concentration in inorganic phosphorus, the separation of organic phosphorus prior to its determination is necessary. In this work, minicolumns of silica immobilized C18 were used. Optimization of the separation step resulted in the following working conditions: (1) prewashing of the column with methanol (80% v/v); (2) use of a flow rate of 5 mL/min and 10 mL/min, respectively, for the preconditioning step and for percolation of the water sample; (3) final elution of organic phosphorus with 7 mL of buffer of H3BO3/NaOH (0.05 M, pH 9) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Sample detection limits (3s) for different combinations of nebulizers and spectrometric methods, based on 10 mL water aliquots, are: ICP-AES -Cross flow (47 mg/L) and Ultrasonic (18 mug/L); ICP-MS -Cross flow (1.2 mug/L), Cyclonic (0.7 mug/L) and Ultrasonic (0.5 mug/L). Typical recoveries of organic phosphorus are between 90 and 95% and the repeatability of the whole procedure is better than 10%. The developed methodology was applied successfully to samples from the oil-well NA 46, platform PNA 2, Campos basin, Brazil. Assessment of the PPCA inhibitor was possible at lower concentrations than achieved by current analytical methods, resulting in benefits such as reduced cost of chemicals, postponed oil production and lower environmental impacts.
Resumo:
The applicability of the silylant agents of the general formula Y3Si-R-X, depends on the reactivity of Y group (halide or alcoxide) attached to silicon and the organic function X (halide, amine, thiol, cyanide, etc) in the extreme position of the chain. Both groups are linked together by an organic chain R, containing usually three methylene groups. A series of these agents can be covalently bonded to an inorganic matrix, since the available OH groups are distributed on the surface, making silica gel the most common support. However, other inorganic oxides, zeolites, lamellar inorganic phosphates and chrysotile can also have these agents anchored. Some illustration are presented for immobilized surface in the use as extractors of cations from dilute aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, catalysts agents, ionic exchanged materials, support for enzyme immobilization, chromatographic applications, use in some industrial features and in many other areas. The evolution of this exciting research field to produce new materials, for many tecnological applications, is strongly dependent on the development of a sensible systematic process for the synthesis of a series of new specific silylant agents.
Resumo:
The phase diagram formation of microemulsion-based gels composed of an anionic surfactant aerosol-OT sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl)-sulphosuccinate), water, gelatin and an organic solvent is presented for heptane. The stability of this organo- gel, when an enzyme is immobilized is discussed in terms of its reutilization in various esters synthesis.
Resumo:
Some modifications made at silanization step and the introduction of r-nitrobenzil bromide as an alternative reagent to the 8-hydroxiquinolein immobilization in silica gel were important points that brought up the reduction of synthesis time, efficency improvement of the immobilization process and better hydrolysis stabilization to the final materials. The caracterization was made by infrared spectroscopy, elementary analysis, complexing capacity and acid-base properties.
Resumo:
This article describes the progress of a group of investigation on thermochemistry, which started in 1972. A homemade calorimeter was employed to provide quantitative support to the information on interative effect between lanthanide cations and halides or pseudohalides, in non-aqueous solvents, previously derived from conductometric titrations. However, the features of this instrument were not able to detect the thermal effects. Therefore, the great input to the group came from the acquisition of an LKB commercial apparatus, by the University in 1975. Considering the historical development of the coordination chemistry in Brazil, which was previously dedicated to strutural features of adducts, without focusing the energetic envolved in any coordinationcompound. Since starting the thermochemistry study, numerous masters and doctoral thesis covering more than a hundred adducts and a reasonable number of chelates, were presented systematizing data in order to understand the behavior of this kind of coordination compounds (C. Airoldi and A. P. Chagas, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1992, 119, 29). This knowledge enabled an extension of the study to include some heterogeneous systems formed by natural or synthetic materials like immobilized silica gel, lamellar phosphate, phosphonate or sulphate compounds, clays, polysaccharides, chrysotile, soils, etc. Many students are now engaged as staff members in Universities, Research Instituitions or other private institutions, developing many activities. Due to a multiplying effect on the formation of researchers, the group is now reaching the fourth generation.
Resumo:
A simple and low cost flow cell is proposed for measurements by solid-phase spectrophotometry employing a conventional spectrophotometer. The flow cell geometry allows the employment of a large amount of the solid support without causing both excessive attenuation of the radiation beam and increasing of the back-pressure. The adaptation of the flow cell in the optical path of the spectrophotometer in order to increase the precision is discussed. The flow cell characteristics were demonstrated by measurements of Co(II), employing 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) immobilized on C18 bonded silica as solid support. The apparent molar absorptivity and coefficient of variation were estimated as 1.86 x 10(5) L mol-1 cm-1 and 1.4 % (n=15). A sample throughput of 40 determinations per hour and a detection limit of 15 mug L-1 (99.7 % confidence level) were achieved.
Resumo:
A flow injection spectrophotometric method was developed for determining aspartame in sweeteners. Sample was dissolved in water and 250 µL of the solution was injected into a carrier stream of 5.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 sodium borate solution. The sample flowed through a column (14 cm x 2.0 mm) packed with Zn3(PO4)2 immobilized in a polymeric matrix of polyester resin and Zn(II) ions were released from the solid-phase reactor by formation of the Zn(II)-aspartame complex. The mixture merged with a stream of borate buffer solution (pH 9.0) containing 0.030 % (m/v) alizarin red S and the Zn(II)-alizarin red complex formed was measured spectrophotometrically at 540 nm. The calibration graph for aspartame was linear in the concentration range from 10 to 80 µg mL-1 with a detection limit of 4 µg mL-1 of aspartame. The RSD was 0.3 % for a solution containing 40 µg mL-1 aspartame (n = 10) and seventy results were obtained per hour. The proposed method was applied for determining aspartame in commercial sweeteners.
Resumo:
This work investigates the reaction parameters of an immobilized lipase in the esterification reaction of n-butanol and butyric acid. Microbial lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized onto styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (STY-DVB) and subsequently introduced in an organic medium containing substrates in appropriate concentrations. Heptane was selected as solvent on the basis of its compatibility with the resin and the enzyme. The influence of molar ratio of acid to alcohol, amount of immobilized lipase and temperature on the butyl butyrate formation was determined. The results were compared with those achieved with free lipase and Lipozyme (commercially immobilized lipase) under the same operational conditions.
Resumo:
The most relevant advances on the analytical applications of glutathione determination based on glutathione redox cycle and the antioxidant system are given. The main enzymes that participate of the glutathione metabolism are the glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The glutathione peroxidase has a major role in the removal of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides from the cells. These enzymes, operating in tandem with catalase and superoxide dismutase promote a scavenging of oxyradical products in tissues minimizing damages caused by these species. Reduced glutathione is the major intracellular thiol found in mammals and changes in the glutathione concentration in biological fluids or tissues may provide a useful marker in certain disorders like hemolytic anemia, myocardial oxidative stress and in the investigation of some kinds of cancers. Particular attention is devoted to the main advantages supplied by biosensors in which there is an incorporation of bioactive materials for the glutathione determination. The correlation between stability and sensitivity of some reduced glutathione electrochemical sensors is discussed.