Notas de ixodologia: III - conformação de Ixodes aragãoi Fonseca, 1935, de Ixodes amarali Fonseca, 1935, e lista das espécies do gênero Ixodes que ocorrem no Brasil (Acari, Ixodidae)

After comparison of the types of Ixodes ricinus aragãoi Fonseca, 1935, with a lot of Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899, kindly loaned by Dr. Kohls, it was observed that both species differ by the aspect of the dorsal scutm, no large punctations being in the posterior border in the Brazilian material. Therefore is FONSECA'S species maintened as Ixodes aragãoi Fonseca, 1935. Ixodes amarali Fonseca, 1935 was reexamined and confirmed as a valid species. A list of Brazilian species of the genus Ixodes studied by the authors is presented.

Notas de Ixodologia: IV - considerações sôbre a nomeclatura de algumas espécies do gênero Amblyomma do Brasil e países limítrofes (Acari: Ixodidae)

An attempt is made to clear the nomenclature of some netropical species of the genus Amblyomma. Amblyomma myrmecophagium Schulze, 1933 and Amblyomma brasiliense guyanense Floch et Abonnenc, 1933, are synonyms of Amblyoma scalpturatum Neumann, 1906. Amblyomma superbrasiliense Schulze, 1941, is cospecific with Amblyomma incisum Neumann, 1906. Amblyomma ypsilophorum Schulze, 1941, is a synonym of Amblyomma cooperi Nuttal et Warburton, 1907.

Notas de ixodologia: V - A propósito da validade de algumas espécies do gênero Amblyomma do continente americano (Acari: Ixodídoe)

a) The species Amblyomma tapiri Tonelli Rondelli, 1937 and Amblyomma finitimum Tonelli Rondelli, 1937 are synonymous with Amblyomma cajennense Fabricius, 1787. Both species are based in differences of size, colour, punctations and form of the dorsal shield, presence or absence of ventral plates, size, form and direction of the spine of coxa IV. Such differences prouved to be only variations frequently observed in large lots or in cultures of Amblyomma cajennense. The revalidation of Koch's species Amblyomma tenellum Koch, 1844 and Amblyomma mixtum Koch, 1844 proposed by TONELLI RONDELLI as also of Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, 1888 and Amblyomma versicolor Nuttal et Warburton, 1908 cannot be accepted by the same reasons. b) Amblyomma beccari Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 and Amblyomma latepunctatum Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 are cospecific with Amblyomma scalpturatum Neumann, 1899 the same being true for Amblyomma myrmecophagium Schulze, 1935 and for Amblyomma brasiliense var. guianense Floch et Abonnenc, 1940, as previously stated. c) Amblyomma tasquei Floch et Abonnenc, 1940 is a good species but synonym with Amblyomma romitii Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 which has priority. d) Amblyomma curruca Schulze, 1936 is a synonym of Amblyomma parvum Aragão, 1908. e) Amblyomma deminutivum Neumann, 1899 represents a variation of Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844, a species whose internal spine of coxa IV may be poorly developed or even absent. f) Amblyomma nigrum Tonelli Rondelli, 1939 prouved to be synonym with Amblyomma paccae Aragao, 1911 the type representing a blackish specimen of the later species. g) Amblyomma brimonti Neumann, 1913 is a synonym of Amblyomma humerale Koch, 1844.

Contribuição ao Conhecimento do Gênero Sarcophagula Wulp, 1887 (Diptera-Sarcophagidae)

The present paper, a revision of the genus Sarcophagula Wulp, is based upon material from the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz and the American Museum of Natural History. Five species are considered two of wich are new ones.

Os anofelinos do sub-gênero kerteszia em relação à distribuição das bromeliáceas em comunidades florestais do município de Brusque, Estado de Santa Catarina

The present work is part of the studies realized under the authority of the National Service of Malaria (Brazil), with the collaboration of scientists of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, in some forests of the southern part of Brazil.This is the first of a series and its subject is the development of the Anopheles mosquitoes of the kerteszia in water collected in Bromeliaceae leaves. The ecology of Bromeliaceae was studied in a previous work. The botanical material was classified by specialists from several botanical institutions from Europe and the United States of America. The most important ecological relations of the “bromeliad-kerteszia” problem were presented through four indices: 1st Positivity index – Relative frequency of bromeliad with watery forms in the bromeliad examined. 2nd Larval index – Mean number of watery forms in the positive bromeliad. 3rd Ovoposition index – Product of the Positivy index by the Larval index. 4th MK index – Product of the Ovoposition index by the total number of bromeliad, positive or not, in a unity of area (1.000 m²). The capture of flying forms in relation to the relative humidity was also studied. From the several forests of the Brusque region we have selected one community of each type, which were the most representative forests in Southern Brazil. Conclusions on the “bromeliad-kerteszia” problem – From a general point of view only a few factors are really important and these are listed below: 1°) The volum of water on the bromeliad. 2°) The level where the bromeliad is fixed. 3°) The number of bromeliad in unity of area. The distribution of microclimas in the forest through the considered levels has a direct influence on the species of subgenus Kerteszia (qualitative influence) and an indirect influence through the ecological distribution of the more frequent bromeliad with best qualities as biotope for the watery forms (qualitative influence). The MK index is roughly proportional to the square of half the total number of Bromeliaceae in a certain type of forest. Then the MK index would be a certain function of the ecological type of the forest and of the total number of bromeliad in a unity of area. MK approximately α x (x/10)² . x = n° of bromeliad in a unity of área (1.000 m²); α = qualitative factor. It would be interesting to see if this proportion is maintained when we have examined a greater number of forests of different types.

Da concentração da matéria orgânica nos criadouros de anofelíneos do sub-gênero Kerteszia

Os autores, examinando a distribuição, pelas várias alturas, do teôr do matéria orgânica das águas armazenadas no imbricamento das fôlhas de certas bromeliáceas, verificaram: 1.º) O têor de matéria orgãnica contido na água das bromeliáceas depende da cobertura vegetal. 2.º) As curvas da sua distribuição são semelhantes ás encontradas para o índice MK dos anofelíneos do sub-gênero Kerteszia.

O órgão odorífero masculino de uma espécie do gênero Episimus (Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae)

Nesta comunicação descreve-se o aparelho odorífero masculino de uma espécie do grupo transferranus WLK., pergentcente ao gênero Episimus. Cosntra êle de um conjunto de células glandulares, localizadas na tégula, e de uma área glandular situada no interior de uma dobre na tégula, e de uma área glandular situada no interior de uma dobra membranosa, fortemente enrolada e disposta por baixo da articulação da asa posterior. As secreções dos dois tipos de células, que compõem as referidas formações, penetram num pincel de cerdas rígidas, através das quais se evaporam. A parte apical das referidas cerdas está, quando em repouso, escondida no interior da dobra do metatórax. Pelo fato de possuir duas funções bem marcadas, o dispositivo descrito foi chamado de "pincel irradiador-distribuidor". A ereção das cerdas é possibilitada pela membrana de inserção - bastante comprida - bem como por uma modificação de seu canal de inserção e pedúnculo. A energia necessária para o citado movimetno é fornecida pelo enchimento de dois grandes sacos traqueais do interior da tégula. Entre a tégula e a parede do tórax, encontra-se uma formação intercalada. Por contração muscular, a tégula sofre uma torsão no sentido lateral, de modo que o pincel, saindo do enrolamento indicado entra em contacto com o ar, permitindo a evaporação das secreções. Descreve-se, também, um "aparelho de fixação", formado por uma área provida de ganchos, situada no lado inferior da parte anal da asa anterior. Formação similar encontra-se no escuto do metatórax. Em posição de repouso, os ganchos das duas citadas áreas prendem-se entre si, mantendo fixa a posição das asas e proporcionando, assim, ao delicado aparelho odorífero, localizado por debaixo desta, uma proteção especial.

Considerações gerais sôbre os biótopos e habitats dos Anofelíneos do sub-gênero Kerteszia

Die vorliegende Arbiet koennen wir, entsprechend den obigen Erklaerungen, wie folgt, zusammenfassen: 1. Es bestehen im vertikalen Sinne besondere oekologische Bedingungen bezueglich der Eiablage fuer Anopheles (Kerteszia) homunculus und bellator, waehrend A. (K.) cruzii eine grosse Indifferenz bezueglich des Mikroklimas zeigt. 2. Die Anophelinen zeigen keine besondere Bevorzugung irgendeiner Bromelienart in Bezug auf die Eiablage. Es laesst sich feststellen, dass gewisse Bedingungen eines Biotops erfuelt sein muessen, damit dieses in begrenztem Wohnbezirk zu ienem ausgesprochenen Brutplatz wird. Aus diesem Grunde wurden einige Bromelienarten zu Hauptbrutstaetten der Anopheleslarven des Gebietes. 3. Bezueglich der Wassermenge finden wir in der gesamten Region die Anopheleslarven weitaus am haeufigsten in Bromelien mit grosser Kapazitaet. Die Arten mit geringem Fassungsvermoegen, die wesentlich zahlreicher als die erstgenannten sind, sind nur gute Brutstaetten, ween sie auf dem Boden wachsen oder Talsohle in huegeligem Gelaende, dort wo der Wald ausreichend dicht ist. Hier halten die mikroklimatischen Bedingungen die Verdunstung hintan, wodurch den Anopheleslarven in diesen Bromelien das Leben ermoeglicht wird. 4. Es besteht eine Beziehung zwischen der Periodizitaet der Larven und der gefluegelten Formen der Anophelinen, die in einem Waldstueck gefangen wurden. Die letzteren zeigen im vertikalen Sinne keine ausgesprochenen Variationen bezueglich der prozentualen Haeufigkeit, waehrend die Larven in ieder Hoehe ausgesprochene Haeufigkeitsschwankungen aufweisen, die immer von der von Art bevorzugten Habitat in einer bestimmten Hoehenlage abhaengen. Bezueglich einer moeglichst vollstaendigen Erklaerung des Problems "Bromelien-Malaria" dieser Region, koennen wir folgendes feststellen: 5. Die definitive Loesung des Problems wird wesentlich erleichtert durch den Nachweis, dass nur eine geringe Anzahl von Bromelien (12 Arten) - und gerate die weniger haeufigen...