Prevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant and postpartum women attended at public healthcare facilities in the City of Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

IntroductionTo determine the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among pregnant and postpartum women attended within the public healthcare system in Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, and to detect possible exposure factors associated with T. gondii infection in this population.MethodsIgM and IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies were investigated in 276 pregnant and 124 postpartum women by using the indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT) and immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) techniques. The participants were selected by convenience sampling. All these 400 patients filled out a free and informed consent statement, answered an epidemiological questionnaire and were informed about the disease.ResultsAmong the 400 samples analyzed, 234 (58.5%) were reactive to IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies, according to the IFAT and/or ELISA assay. One pregnant woman was found to be reactive to IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies, with an intermediate IgG avidity test. Risk factor analysis showed that seropositivity was significantly associated (p<0.05) with age, contact with cats and presence of rodents at home. Through a logistic regression model, these associations were confirmed for age and contact with cats, while education at least of the high school level was found to be a protective factor.ConclusionsThe prevalence rate of IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies in the City of Niterói was high and the risk factors for infection detected after multivariate analysis were: age over 30 years, contact with cats and education levels lower than university graduate level.

Prevalence and clinical features of celiac disease in patients with hepatitis B virus infection in Southern Brazil

Introduction Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that involves gluten intolerance and can be triggered by environmental factors including hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of celiac disease in individuals with HBV infection and to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of celiac disease associated with HBV. Methods This cross-sectional study included 50 hepatitis B patients tested for IgA anti-endomysial antibodies (EMAs) and tissue anti-transglutaminase (TTG) between August 2011 and September 2012. Results Fifty patients were included with a mean age of 46.0 ± 12.6 (46.0) years; 46% were female and 13% were HBeAg+. Six patients had positive serology for celiac disease, four were EMA+, and five were TTG+. When individuals with positive serology for celiac disease were compared to those with negative serology, they demonstrated a higher prevalence of abdominal pain (100% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.008), lower median creatinine (0.7mg/dL vs. 0.9mg/dL, p = 0.007) and lower mean albumin (3.6 ± 0.4g/L vs. 3.9 ± 0.3g/L, p = 0.022). All individuals with positive serology for celiac disease underwent upper digestive endoscopy, and three of the patients exhibited a macroscopic pattern suggestive of celiac disease. Histologically, five patients demonstrated an intra-epithelial lymphocytic infiltrate level > 30%, and four patients showed villous atrophy associated with crypt hyperplasia on duodenal biopsy. Conclusions An increased prevalence of celiac disease was observed among hepatitis B patients. These patients were symptomatic and had significant laboratory abnormalities. These results indicate that active screening for celiac disease among HBV-infected adults is warranted.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with dyslipidemia and liver steatosis in chronic HBV carriers

Introduction Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and liver steatosis (LS) are the most common causes of chronic liver disease, and their coexistence is frequently observed in clinical practice. Although metabolic syndrome is the main cause of LS, it has not been associated with HBV infection. The aims of this study were to describe the lipid profile and prevalence of LS among HBV carriers and to identify the characteristics associated with LS in this group. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients evaluated during 2011 and 2012. Results Of the 83 patients included, the mean age was 46.4±12.5 years, 53% were men, and 9.1% were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) -positive. These patients exhibited the following lipid profile: total cholesterol = 175.4±38.8mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) = 113.0±32.7mg/dL, and triglycerides = 91.1±45.2mg/dL. Their fasting glucose was 95.3±14.5g/dL, and fasting insulin was 6.1±5.9µIU/mL. Liver steatosis was observed on abdominal ultrasound in 11.3% of individuals. Factors associated with the presence of LS included higher levels of total cholesterol, prothrombin activity, fasting insulin, and body mass index (BMI) as well as lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Conclusions These findings suggest that LS in patients with chronic HBV appears to be a consequence of metabolic alterations and insulin action rather than of viral factors.

Rabies surveillance in bats in Northwestern State of São Paulo

Introduction Rabies is an important zoonosis that occurs in mammals, with bats acting as Lyssavirus reservoirs in urban, rural and natural areas. Rabies cases in bats have been recorded primarily in urban areas in Northwestern State of São Paulo since 1998. This study investigated the circulation of rabies virus by seeking to identify the virus in the brain in several species of bats in this region and by measuring rabies-virus neutralizing antibody levels in the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus. Methods From 2008 to 2012, 1,490 bat brain samples were sent to the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rabies Laboratory in Araçatuba, and 125 serum samples from vampire bats that were captured in this geographical region were analyzed. Results Rabies virus was detected in the brains of 26 (2%) of 1,314 non-hematophagous bats using the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and the mouse inoculation test (MIT). None of the 176 hematophagous bat samples were positive for rabies virus when a virus detection test was utilized. Out of 125 vampire bat serum samples, 9 (7%) had levels of rabies virus neutralization antibodies (RVNAs) that were higher than 0.5IU/mL; 65% (81/125) had titers between 0.10IU/mL and 0.5IU/mL; and 28% (35/125) were negative for RVNAs using the simplified fluorescent inhibition microtest (SFIMT) in BHK21 cells. The observed positivity rate (1.7%) was higher than the average positivity rate of 1.3% that was previously found in this region. Conclusions The high percentage of vampire bats with neutralizing antibodies suggests that recent rabies virus exposure has occurred, indicating the necessity of surveillance measures in nearby regions that are at risk to avoid diffusion of the rabies virus and possible rabies occurrences.

Congenital hyperthyroidism: autopsy report

We report the autopsy of a stillborn fetus with congenital hyperthyroidism born to a mother with untreated Graves' disease, whose cause of death was congestive heart failure. The major findings concerned the skull, thyroid, heart, and placenta. The cranial sutures were closed, with overlapping skull bones. The thyroid was increased in volume and had intense blood congestion. Histological examination showed hyperactive follicles. The heart was enlarged and softened, with dilated cavities and hemorrhagic suffusions in the epicardium. The placenta had infarctions that involved at least 20% of its surface, and the vessels of the umbilical cord were fully exposed due to a decrease in Wharton 's jelly. Hyperthyroidism was confirmed by the maternal clinical data, the fetal findings of exophthalmia, craniosynostosis, and goiter with signs of follicular hyperactivity. Craniosynostosis is caused by the anabolic action of thyroid hormones in bone formation during the initial stages of development. The delayed initiation of treatment in the present case contributed to the severity of fetal hyperthyroidism and consequent fetal death.

Breastfeeding: making the difference in the development, health and nutrition of term and preterm newborns

Breastfeeding is the natural and safe way of feeding small infants, providing nutritional, immunological, psychological and economic recognized and unquestionable advantages. These qualities are especially important in premature infants, because of their vulnerability. Despite highly desirable, there is, in general, little success in breastfeeding preterm infants, especially in special care neonatal units. There are evidences that a high supportive hospital environment, with an interdisciplinary team, makes possible to these infants to be breastfed. In this article, the authors present an up-to-date review about the components of human milk and its unique characteristics, as well as describes aspects that make the breast milk particularly suitable for feeding the premature newborn.

Causes of low vision and use of optical aids in the elderly

PURPOSE: To determine the causes of low vision in an elderly population attended by a university visual rehabilitation service and to check for the use of prescribed optical aids. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients aged 60 years or over attending for the first time a university low vision service in 2001. Ophthalmic reevaluation and interview were performed by means of a structured questionnaire in 2002. RESULTS: The sample comprised 50 subjects aged between 60 and 90 years. Severe low vision (<20/200) was present in 68.0% of patients. The main cause of low vision was age-related macular degeneration (44.0%). Regarding literacy, 16.0% were illiterate and 72.0% had completed fundamental schooling. Thirty-one patients (62.0%) had been prescribed optical aids; 54.8% of these patients stated that they use them. A majority (70.6%) held a favorable opinion of these aids. CONCLUSIONS: The main cause of low vision was age-related macular degeneration. Approximately half of those receiving prescriptions reported actually using the aids in their daily activities. Making best use of residual vision in the elderly population with visual impairment is a priority, given the social context, if the independence necessary for enhanced quality of life is to be achieved.

Estudo de mecanismos envolvidos na incorporação de proteínas durante a ovogênese em Anopheles

Ovários de Anopheles triannulatus foram dissecados 24 e 48 horas após as fêmeas terem sido alimentadas com fonte protéica (sangue), afim de se estudar o seu efeito sobre a ovogênese. Foram analisadas secçõees hisiológicas, ao nível da ultraestrutura, e observadas as mudanças morfológicas que ocorrem nas interfaces células foliculares-ovócito e célula folicular-célula. Foram observados aspectos estruturais que corroboram a hipótese da produção exógena das proteínas do vitelo. Os grânulos de vitelo originaram-se principalmente por condensação das vesículas pinocíticas formadas na superfície do ovócito.

Influência do chá da caá-heê, Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni, sobre o peso dos órgãos sexuais isolados de camundongos jovens

O chá das folhas secas da Cáa-heê reduziu o peso dos ôrgãos sexuais de comundongos machos e fêmeas principalmente. Este efeito foi mais nítido após administração do chá a 1% por período de 30 dias (nas fêmeas) e 60 dias (testículos dos machos). A influência inibitória da cáa-heê variou com a dose (concentração do chá) e com o tempo de duração do tratamento.

Estudos farmacológicos preliminares dos extratos da Casearia sylvestris Swartz

O "chá de bugre", Casearia sylvestris Sawartz tem sido popularmente usado com várias finalidades. Mais recentemente lhe tem sido atribuído características abortivas. Esta possibilidade levou-nos a avaliar a toxicidade dos extratos brutos de suas folhas e os efeitos no útero sobre a motilidade espontânea e as contrações induzidas pela ocitocina. A dose letal média do extrato aquoso a quente é de 1,792g de resíduo por quilo de peso, para camundongos albinos. Com a solução aquosa do extrato etanólico observamos, "in vitro", na motilidade espontânea uterina de ratos aumento da freqüência de contração e do tonus basal e diminuição da amplitude de contração; na curva dose-resposta à ocitocina, diminuição da resposta máxima e aumento da dose efetiva média. O extrato aquaso a frio produziu, na motilidade espontânea uterina, aumento de todos os parâmetros observados; na curva-dose-resposta à ocitocina, também aumentou a resposta máxima, diminuindo, entretanto, sua dose efetiva média. Os resultados sugerem que os extratos de folhas de C.sylvestrissão capazes de modificar a atividade uterina "in vitro". Estes dados poderiam explicar o uso abortivo.

O uso da cultura celular (Hela) para triagem de novas drogas com ação "antitumoral"

A descoberta de novas drogas (produtos naturais e substâncias sintéticas) com atividade antineoplástica vem sendo dificultada devido ao teste de laboratório "in vitro". Optou-se, então por usar para triagem dessas drogas antitumorais a cultura de cálula humana neoplástica cultivada de modo contínuo: a linhagem de célula Hela derivada por Gey de uma carcinoma uterino humano. Foi utilizada uma cultura de célula estacionária, diluída 0-20 mcg/ml (conteúdo proteico celular, segundo técnica de Oyama e Eagle) em meio basal de Eagle com 10% de soro de vitelo, acrescido de penicilina 100 unidades/ml, estreptomicina 100 mcg/ml e fungizon 5 mcg/ml. A essa cultura adicionou-se o material a ser testado em doses compreendidas entre 0,001 mcg/ml a 100 mcg/ml. Após 72 horas, os resultados foram analisados para determinar-se a DI 50 (dose que inibe 50% do crescimento celular comparado ao controle). O numero de experimentos foram constantes para uma mesma droga. Foram testados 18 substâncias sintéticas e 16 produtos naturais. Consideraram-se ativas as amostras com DI 50≤40 mcg/ml para produtos naturais e com DI 50≤8 mcg/ml para substâncias sintéticas devido a menor sensibilidade da referida linhagem celular em relação a KB (derivada de carcinoma epidermóide de nasofaringe humana) cultura utilizada pelo National Cancer Institute (U.S.A) para objetivos similares ao proposto no presente trabalho.

ESTUDO QUÍMICO DAS SEMENTES E CASCA DA MADEIRA DE GUAREA TRICHILIOIDES (MELIACEAE)

Da casca da madeira de Guarea trichilioides foram isoladas e identificadas através de métodos espectrométricos as antraquinonas crisofanol e fisciona e das sementes o limonóide 7-desacetoxi-7-hidroxiazadirona. Da fração lipofílica das sementes foram ainda identificados por co-injeçao de padrões, através de cromatografia gasosa os ácidos esteárico, palmítico e linolênico.

Insetos associados á gravioleira (Annona muricata L., Annonaceae) na região de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

Os insetos da graviola (Annonaceae: Annona muricata L.) foram estudados na região de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Encontram-se 37 espécies, entre os quais, seis foram consideradas prejudiciais, quatro atacando o fruto (Bephratelloides pomorum F. (Eurytomidae), Cerconota anonella Sepp (Stenomatidae), Membracis suctifructus Boulard & Couturier (Membracidae) e Pinnaspis aspidistrae Signoret (Diaspididae); duas nas folhas jovens; (Aphis spiraecola Patch e A. gossypii Glover (Aphididae); e uma perfurando tronco e ramos, Cratosomus bombina (Curculionidae). Trinta e quatro espécies são registradas pela primeira vez.

Açaí como fonte de ferro: mito ou realidade?

Considerando-se que pouco se conhece sobre os constituintes nutricionais do açaí, determinou-se o teor de ferro no "vinho" pela técnica de Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental. Foram analisadas amostras de açaí provenientes do Pará, assim como dos municípios de Anamã, Codajas, Tabatinga, Benjamin Constant, Parintins e Barcelos, AM. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que o peso médio dos frutos variaram de 0,83g a 2,04g e semente de 0,59g a 1,38 ± 0,13g. Verificou-se baixos teores de ferro com concentrações variando de 289,8 ± 37,8 μg a 1093,5 ± 22,0pg%, demonstrando que o açaí como fonte de ferro é pouco expressivo.

Efeitos das mudanças do uso da terra na biogeoquímica dos corpos d'água da bacia do rio Ji-Paraná, Rondônia

Este trabalho discute os efeitos das mudanças do uso do solo na biogequímica dos rios da bacia de drenagem do rio Ji-Paraná (Rondônia). Nesta região, a distribuição espacial do desmatamento e das propriedades do solo resultam em sinais diferentes, possibilitando a divisão dos sistemas fluviais em três grupos: rios com águas pobres em íons e baixo impacto; rios com conteúdo iônico intermediário e impacto médio e rios com elevados conteúdo iônico e impacto antropogênico. As características biogeoquímicas dos rios têm relação significativa com a área de pasto, melhor parâmetro para prever a condutividade elétrica (r² = 0,87) e as concentrações de sódio (r² = 0,75), cloreto (r² = 0,69), potássio (r² = 0,63), fosfato (r² = 0.78), nitrogênio inorgânico (r² = 0.52), carbono inorgânico (r² = 0.81) e carbono orgânico (rain ² = 0.51) dissolvidos. Cálcio e magnésio tiveram sua variância explicada pelas características do solo e pastagem. Nossos resultados indicam que as mudanças observadas na micro-escala constituem "sinais biogeoquímicos" gerados pelo processamento do material nas margens dos rios. A medida em que os rios evoluem para ordens superiores, os sinais persistentes nos canais fluviais estão mais associdados às características da bacia de drenagem (solos e uso da terra). Apesar dos efeitos das mudanças observadas no uso do solo não serem ainda detectáveis na macro-escala (bacia amazônica), a disrupção da estrutura e funcionamento dos ecossistemas é detectável nas micro e meso escalas, com alterações significativas na ciclagem de nutrientes nos ecossistemas fluviais.