Arterial distensibility as a possible compensatory mechanism in chronic aortic regurgitation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate elastic properties of conduit arteries in asymptomatic patients who have severe chronic aortic regurgitation. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers aged 30±1 years (control group) and 14 asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation aged 29±2 years and left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.61±0.02 (radioisotope ventriculography) were studied. High-resolution ultrasonography was performed to measure the systolic and diastolic diameters of the common carotid artery. Simultaneous measurement of blood pressure enabled the calculation of arterial compliance and distensibility. RESULTS: No differences were observed between patients with aortic regurgitation and the control group concerning age, sex, body surface, and mean blood pressure. Pulse pressure was significantly higher in the aortic regurgitation group compared with that in the control group (78±3 versus 48±1mmHg, P<0.01). Arterial compliance and distensibility were significantly greater in the aortic regurgitation group compared with that in the control group (11.0±0.8 versus 8.1±0.7 10-10 N-1 m4, P=0.01 e and 39.3±2.6 versus 31.1±2.0 10-6 N-1 m², P=0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic aortic regurgitation have increased arterial distensibility. Greater vascular compliance, to lessen the impact of systolic volume ejected into conduit arteries, represents a compensatory mechanism in left ventricular and arterial system coupling.

The impact of syncope during clinical presentation of sustained ventricular tachycardia on total and cardiac mortality in patients with chronic Chagasic heart disease

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of syncope during sustained ventricular tachycardia on total and cardiac mortality in patients with chronic chagasic heart disease. METHODS: We assessed 78 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia and chronic Chagas' heart disease. The mean age was 53±10 years, 45 were males, and the mean ejection fraction was 49.6±13%. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence (GI=45) or absence (GII=33) of syncope during sustained ventricular tachycardia. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 49 months, total mortality was 35% (28 deaths), 22 deaths having a cardiac cause (78.6%). No difference was observed in total (33.3% x 39.4%) and cardiac (26.7% x 30.3%) mortality, or in nonfatal sustained ventricular tachycardia between GI and GII patients (57.6% x 54.4%, respectively). However, the presence of syncope during recurrences was significantly greater in those patients who had had the symptom from the beginning (65.4% x 18.1%, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Syncope during the presentation of sustained ventricular tachycardia is not associated with an increase in total or cardiac mortality in patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease. However, syncope during the recurrence ventricular tachycardia is greater in patients experiencing syncope in the first episode, of sustained ventricular tachycardia.

Assessment of Thromboembolism After the Cox-Maze Procedure for Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Secondary to Mitral Valve Lesion

OBJECTIVE: To assess the occurrence of late thromboembolism after surgical repair of chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) simultaneously with repair of mitral valve using the Cox-Maze procedure. METHODS: 69 patients underwent Cox 3 procedure, with no cryoablation simultaneously with mitral valvuloplasty or prosthesis. Mean age was 49.9±13.2 years. Mean follow-up was of 31.7±19 months. Types of lesion were as follows: 33 (48%) stenoses, 23 (33%) insufficiencies, and 13 (19%) double lesions. Procedures were: 64 (93%) valvuloplasties, 3 (4%) biological and 2 (3%) mechanical prosthesis placement. There were 9 (13%) patients with previous systemic embolism and 2 (3%) had left atrial thrombi. RESULTS: Early mortality was 7% and late 1%. 2 patients (3%) were reoperated for mitral placement. At last evaluation, 10 patients (15%), were in AF. The remaining 59 (85%) were either in sinus / atrial rythm (74%) or under pacing (12%). There were no occurrence of early or late, systemic or pulmonary embolism. Permanent anticoagulation was employed in 16 cases, 10 in regular rythm and 6 in AF. The remaining 47 (75%), 2 in AF and 45 in regular rythm, did not receive anticoagulants. CONCLUSIONS: These results are in accordance with others series, where the occurrence of embolism was rare after maze procedure. Permanent systemic anticoagulation seems to be unnecessary in those cases.

Cardiac Damage from Chronic Use of Chloroquine: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Chloroquine has been widely used in rheumatological treatment, but potential severe side effects require careful follow-up. Cardiac damage is not a common consequence, but its clinical relevance has not yet been described. We report the case of a 58-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, in whom chronic chloroquine use resulted in major irreversible cardiac damage. She presented with syncopal episodes due to complete atrioventricular block confirmed by electrophysiological study whose changes were concluded to be irreversible and a permanent pacemaker was indicated. Endomyocardial biopsy was also performed to search for histopathological and ultrastructural cardiac damage. We also reviewed the 22 cases of chloroquine-induced cardiopathy described to date as well as its pathophysiology.

Doppler Echocardiographic Assessment of Pregnant Women with Chronic Arterial Hypertension

OBJECTIVE: To assess structural and functional cardiac changes in asymptomatic pregnant women with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH). METHODS: One hundred pregnant women with CAH underwent conventional Doppler echocardiography. The Student t test was used to compare them with 29 normotensive pregnant women (NT) in their third gestational trimester. RESULTS: Systolic (SBP; mmHg) and diastolic (DBP; mmHg) blood pressure values were higher (p<0.001) in the CAH pregnant women (SBP: 139±19 and DBP: 92± 18) as compared with those of the NT group (SBP: 112±10 and DBP: 74±9). A significant enlargement of the left atrium (4.10±0.48 cm vs 3.6±0.3 cm; p<0.001) and of the left ventricular normalized mass (59.6±19.7 g/cm2,7 vs 41.9±3.4 g/cm2,7; p<0.001) was observed. Cardiac output (CO, L/min) and systolic volume (SV, mL) were significantly higher in the CAH group (CO: 6.0±1.54 vs 4.9±2.1, p<0.01; SV: 77.3±19.8 vs 56.5±25.8, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Chronic hypertensive pregnant women have structural and functional cardiac changes that justify routine cardiologic assessment, even in the absence of cardiopulmonary symptoms.

Mildly symptomatic chronic mitral regurgitation. Analysis of left ventricular systolic function and mitral regurgitant fraction under pharmacological influence: echocardiographic study

OBJECTIVE: To study echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular systolic function and valvar regurgitation under pharmacological influence in mildly symptomatic patients with chronic mitral regurgitation (MR). METHODS: We carried out a double-blind placebo controlled study in 12 patients with MR, mean aged 12.5 years old, who were randomized in 4 phases: A) digoxin; B) enalapril; C) digoxin + enalapril; D) placebo. The medication was administered for 30 days in each phase, and the following variables were analyzed: shortening and ejection fractions, wall stress index of left ventricle, left ventricular meridional end-systolic wall stress, Doppler-derived mean rate of left ventricular pressure rise (mean dP/dt), stroke volume and MR jet area. The clinical variables analysed were heart rate and systemic arterial pressure. RESULTS: No significant variation was observed in the clinical variables analysed. The shortening and ejection fraction, the mean dP/dt and stroke volume significantly increased and the wall stress index of left ventricle, the meridional left ventricular end systolic wall stress and the mitral regurgitation jet area decreased in the phases with medication as compared with that in the placebo phase. CONCLUSION: The parameters of left ventricular systolic function improved significantly and the degree of MR decreased with the isolated administration of digoxin or enalapril in mildly symptomatic patients with chronic MR. The combination of the drugs, however, did not show better results.

New auxiliary indicators for the differential diagnosis of functional cardiorespiratory limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To differentiate the nature of functional cardiorespiratory limitations during exercise in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or congestive heart failure (CHF) and to determine indicators that may help their classifications. METHODS: The study comprised 40 patients: 23 with COPD and 17 with CHF. All individuals underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill. RESULTS: The values of peak gas exchange ratio (R peak), peak carbon dioxide production (VCO2 peak), and peak oxygen ventilatory equivalent (V E O2 peak) were higher in the patients with CHF than in those with COPD, and, therefore, those were the variables that characterized the differences between the groups. For group classification, the differentiating functions with the R peak, VCO2 peak (L/min), and V E O2 peak variables were used as follows: group COPD: - 44.886 + 78.832 x R peak + 5.442 x VCO2 peak + 0.336 x V E O2 peak; group CHF: - 69.251 + 89.740 x R peak + 8.461 x VCO2 peak + 0.574 x V E O2 peak. The differentiating function, whose result is greater, correctly classifies the patient's group as 90%. CONCLUSION: The R peak, VCO2 peak, and V E O2 peak values may be used to identify the cause of the functional cardiorespiratory limitations in patients with COPD and CHF.

Frequency of hypertension in chronic Chagas' disease: retrospective clinical study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of hypertension in chagasic patients, as well as its clinical behavior and cardiologic findings. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study with 225 patients with chronic Chagas' disease and hypertension (104 males), mean age of 55.1 ± 11.8. These patients were being followed up in the outpatient care clinics from 1984 to 2000. The study assessed the clinical, electrocardiographic, and radiological viewpoints. RESULTS: Of the 225 hypertensive patients (prevalence = 33.3%), 78 (34.7%) had mild hypertension, 108 (48%) had moderate hypertension, and 39 (17.3%) had severe hypertension. The association of left anterosuperior divisional block and right bundle-branch block occurred in 39 cases (17.3%), and enlargement of the cardiac area on radiological examination occurred in 93 (44.9%) of the 207 cases studied. The undetermined form of Chagas' disease was the most prevalent, 30.2% of the cases, followed by the form associated with conduction disorders in 27.1%, and the isolated form of conduction disorders in 21.3%. CONCLUSION: Chagasic patients had a frequency of hypertension similar to that of the general population, and the clinical profile of the hypertensive chagasic patients seemed not to differ a lot from that of the chagasic patients.

Influence of skeletal muscle mass on ventilatory and hemodynamic variables during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of skeletal muscle mass on ventilatory and hemodynamic variables during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: Twenty-five male patients underwent maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill with a ramp protocol and measurement of the skeletal muscle mass of their thighs by using magnetic resonance imaging. The clinically stable, noncachectic patients were assessed and compared with 14 healthy individuals (S) paired by age and body mass index, who underwent the same examinations. RESULTS: Similar values of skeletal muscle mass were found in both groups (CHF group: 3863 ± 874 g; S group: 3743 ± 540 g; p = 0.32). Significant correlations of oxygen consumption in the anaerobic threshold (CHF: r = 0.39; P= 0.02 and S: r = 0.14; P = 0.31) and of oxygen pulse also in the anaerobic threshold (CHF: r = 0.49; P = 0.01 and S: r =0.12; P = 0.36) were found only in the group of patients with chronic heart failure. CONCLUSION: The results obtained indicate that skeletal muscle mass may influence the capacity of patients with CHF to withstand submaximal effort, due to limitations in their physical condition, even maintaining a value similar to that of healthy individuals. This suggests qualitative changes in the musculature.

Estudo pré-natal da hiper-refringência endocárdica fetal e sua relação com toxoplasmose materna

OBJETIVO: Estudar, comparativamente, um grupo de fetos de mães com toxoplasmose aguda ou recente e um grupo sem doença sistêmica, analisando-se a presença de alterações da refringência endocárdica. MÉTODOS: Avaliados 91 fetos cujas mães tinham diagnóstico de toxoplasmose aguda ou recente, detectados por soroconversão ou presença de títulos elevados de IgM e IgG, confirmados através do teste de captura e comparados com um grupo controle constituído de 182 fetos, selecionados a partir de uma população de baixo risco, participante de um programa de rastreamento de cardiopatias pré-natais. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre as idades médias gestacionais (29,2±4,6 semanas; 29,2±4,6 semanas) e maternas (25,7±6,7 anos; 26±5,4 anos) nos dois grupos. Áreas de hiperecogenicidade endocárdica observadas em 69 fetos com toxoplasmose materna (75,8%) e em apenas 6 fetos do grupo controle (3,3%) (p<0,001). Em 52 dos casos do grupo de estudo (75,4%) a hiper-refringência endocárdica era difusa e em 17 (24,3%), focal. No grupo controle, uma distribuição focal foi observada em 5 fetos (83,3%). CONCLUSÃO: A imagem ecocardiográfica pré-natal de hiper-refringência endocárdica focal ou difusa é mais prevalente em gestações com toxoplasmose materna do que naquelas normais, existindo associação entre a presença de hiperecogenicidade endocárdica fetal e doença materna.

Rastreamento populacional de anormalidades cardíacas fetais por ecocardiografia pré-natal em gestações de baixo risco no município de Porto Alegre

OBJETIVO: Estudar as anormalidades morfo-funcionais do sistema cardiovascular fetal detectáveis por ultra-sonografia. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidos 3.980 fetos de gestantes sem risco obstétrico ou cardiológico, do município de Porto Alegre, de julho/1996 a novembro/2000, ao ecocardiograma de rastreamento para malformações cardiovasculares através dos cortes de quatro câmaras e vias de saída dos ventrículos direito e esquerdo. RESULTADOS: Houve 103 diagnósticos de anormalidades cardiovasculares fetais, correspondendo a 2,5% (103/3.980) da população estudada, ou 25,8/1000, sendo que 47 referiam-se a alterações morfo-funcionais do coração fetal, prevalência global de 11,8/1000 (47/3.980), e 56 exibiam alterações na refringência (golf ball). Três falso-negativos e nenhum falso-positivo elevaram a prevalência global para 12.5/1000 (50/3.980), ou 26,6/1000 (106/3.980), quando incluídas também as alterações de refringência. CONCLUSÃO: A detecção das malformações cardiovasculares ainda no período intra-uterino, visando planejamento perinatal é possível, confirmando a experiência internacional. É sugerida implantação do rastreamento de malformações cardiovasculares, aninhada em rede de atenção rotineira de ultra-sonografia obstétrica.

Anomalia de Ebstein detectada in utero e síndrome de Down: diagnóstico pré-natal de uma combinação rara

A anomalia de Ebstein é uma doença rara, embora seja a malformação mais comum da valva tricúspide. A associação com outras síndromes e anomalias extracardíacas é muito incomum e matéria de poucos relatos de caso. Apresenta-se um caso de diagnóstico pré-natal de anomalia de Ebstein em um paciente com síndrome de Down.

Fatores preditivos de hipertensão gestacional em adolescentes primíparas: análise do pré-natal, da MAPA e da microalbuminúria

OBJETIVO: Quantificar a prevalência de HG em adolescentes primíparas; definir fatores de preditividade para a ocorrência de HG e sua repercussão nos recém-nascidos. MÉTODOS: Foram acompanhadas 29 adolescentes primíparas durante o pré-natal até a 12ª semana de puerpério, com idade média de dezesseis anos, do ambulatório do Serviço de Adolescentes da Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC) da Universidade Federal do Ceará (Fortaleza). As gestantes foram dividas em dois grupos; ou seja, nas que permaneceram normotensas (Grupo I) e naquelas que desenvolveram hipertensão gestacional -HG - (Grupo II). As variáveis investigadas na avaliação de valor de preditividade no desenvolvimento de HG foram valores antropométricos, aspectos socioeconômicos, o hábito de fumar, a hereditariedade para HAS (pai/mãe), os exames do pré-natal solicitados na primeira consulta do pré-natal e a microalbuminúria e a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) na 28ª semana de gestação. As gestantes foram acompanhadas no parto e no puerpério tardio (12ª semana de puerpério). Os recém-nascidos das mães do nosso estudo foram avaliados ao nascer pelos índices de APGAR e de Capurro, peso, estatura e pela presença de hipóxia perinatal. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de HG foi de 51,7% . A hereditariedade para HAS apresentou-se com o maior valor de preditividade para HG com odds ratio de 10,99. A pressão arterial diastólica maior ou igual a 70 mmHg, na idade média gestacional de 35 semanas, apresentou significância estatística como valor de preditividade para HG. Na MAPA encontramos valor de preditividade para HG: carga pressórica diastólica em vigília, carga pressórica sistólica e diastólica no sono noturno, variabilidade pressórica e pressão máxima diastólica no sono. Especificamente a pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) máxima na MAPA no período do sono noturno ³64 mmHg apresentou odds ratio de 6 para HG com sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 60% para o desenvolvimento de HG. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa de fatores de preditividade de HG em adolescentes primíparas se demonstrou de fácil aplicabilidade e útil para estratificar gestantes de alto risco no desenvolvimento de HG.

Diagnóstico pré-natal de aneurisma e divertículo do ventrículo esquerdo

Descrevemos dois casos de protrusão localizada do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), entidade que tem sido descrita na literatura como aneurisma ou divertículo. Em ambos os casos, observou-se uma evolução distinta da anteriormente relatada. A incidência e história natural dessas raras anomalias são pouco conhecidas, podendo evoluir de forma assintomática ou gerar graves complicações e até o óbito no período pré-natal. A abordagem terapêutica deve ser individualizada.