Effect of the exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood on the body mass index until adolescence

OBJECTIVE Investigate the effect of exposure to smoking during pregnancy and early childhood on changes in the body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence.METHODS A population-based cohort of children (0-5 years old) from Cuiabá, Midwest Brazil, was assessed in 1999-2000 (n = 2,405). Between 2009 and 2011, the cohort was re-evaluated. Information about birth weight was obtained from medical records, and exposure to smoking during pregnancy and childhood was assessed at the first interview. Linear mixed effects models were used to estimate the association between exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and preschool age, and the body mass index of children at birth, childhood and adolescence.RESULTS Only 11.3% of the mothers reported smoking during pregnancy, but most of them (78.2%) also smoked during early childhood. Among mothers who smoked only during pregnancy (n = 59), 97.7% had smoked only in the first trimester. The changes in body mass index at birth and in childhood were similar for children exposed and those not exposed to maternal smoking. However, from childhood to adolescence the rate of change in the body mass index was higher among those exposed only during pregnancy than among those who were not exposed.CONCLUSIONS Exposure to smoking only during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, seems to affect changes in the body mass index until adolescence, supporting guidelines that recommend women of childbearing age to stop smoking.

Spatial analysis of avoidable hospitalizations due to tuberculosis in Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil (2006-2012)

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the spatial distribution of avoidable hospitalizations due to tuberculosis in the municipality of Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil, and to identify spatial and space-time clusters for the risk of occurrence of these events. METHODS This is a descriptive, ecological study that considered the hospitalizations records of the Hospital Information System of residents of Ribeirao Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil, from 2006 to 2012. Only the cases with recorded addresses were considered for the spatial analyses, and they were also geocoded. We resorted to Kernel density estimation to identify the densest areas, local empirical Bayes rate as the method for smoothing the incidence rates of hospital admissions, and scan statistic for identifying clusters of risk. Softwares ArcGis 10.2, TerraView 4.2.2, and SaTScanTM were used in the analysis. RESULTS We identified 169 hospitalizations due to tuberculosis. Most were of men (n = 134; 79.2%), averagely aged 48 years (SD = 16.2). The predominant clinical form was the pulmonary one, which was confirmed through a microscopic examination of expectorated sputum (n = 66; 39.0%). We geocoded 159 cases (94.0%). We observed a non-random spatial distribution of avoidable hospitalizations due to tuberculosis concentrated in the northern and western regions of the municipality. Through the scan statistic, three spatial clusters for risk of hospitalizations due to tuberculosis were identified, one of them in the northern region of the municipality (relative risk [RR] = 3.4; 95%CI 2.7–4,4); the second in the central region, where there is a prison unit (RR = 28.6; 95%CI 22.4–36.6); and the last one in the southern region, and area of protection for hospitalizations (RR = 0.2; 95%CI 0.2–0.3). We did not identify any space-time clusters. CONCLUSIONS The investigation showed priority areas for the control and surveillance of tuberculosis, as well as the profile of the affected population, which shows important aspects to be considered in terms of management and organization of health care services targeting effectiveness in primary health care.

Estudos epidemiológicos entre grupos indígenas de Rondônia: I— Piodermites e portadores inaparentes de Staphylococcus sp. na boca e nariz entre os Suruí e Karitiana

Foram realizadas culturas bacteriológicas a partir de material colhido na boca e nariz entre 38 pacientes indígenas Suruí e 58 Karitiana, no Estado de Rondônia. Entre os Suruí, foi isolado S. aureus em 10 (26,3%) indivíduos e S. epidermidis em 25 (65,8%). Na população Karitiana, S. aureus foi isolado em 21 (36,2%) pacientes e S. epidermidis em 42 (72,4%). Testes de sensibilidade as drogas foram realizados com todas as cepas de S. aureus isoladas. É discutido o papel de portadores inaparentes desta bactéria nas cavidades oral e nasal, assim como alguns aspectos relacionados à sua transmissão e prevalência de piodermites entre populações indígenas.

Infecção pulmonar fatal por Lagochilascaris sp., provavelmente Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909

É descrito um caso fatal de infecção por Lagochilascaris sp., — provavelmente Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 —, com localização pulmonar. O paciente, do sexo feminino, oriundo de Curralinho-Estado do Pará, desenvolveu uma pneumonite grave, que lhe acarretou a morte, por insuficiência respiratória, em pouco menos de três meses. À autópsia, numerosas lesões de natureza exsudativa e granulomatosa podiam ser vistas em ambos os pulmões, indicando tuberculose ou infecção micótica pulmonar. Todavia, quando se procedeu ao exame microscópico, ovos, larvas e até uma fêmea grávida do verme foram encontrados nos tecidos, como causa da doença — sempre no interior de granulomas ou de extensas áreas de necrose. Em quase todos os casos, até agora conhecidos, de lagoquilascaríase humana — cerca de 25 —, o parasito se localizava nos tecidos do pescoço, nos seios da face ou sobre a apófise mastóide. Neste caso, pela primeira vez, um representante do gênero Lagochilascaris é referido em sítio bem distinto do habitual, no hospedeiro humano. O achado, por outro lado, dos diferentes estádios evolutivos do helminto, dispersos pelo parênquima pulmonar, além de mostrar a natureza errática do parasitismo, sugere fortemente a existência de um ciclo pulmonar na lagoquilascaríase humana.

Acute diarrhoea associated with Cryptosporidium sp in Belém, Brazil (preliminary report)

Cryptosporidium sp was detected in faeces from three children suffering from acute diarrhoea. In two cases no other concomitant agents were detected and in a 3rd. this agent was associated with Entamoeba histolytic, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Chilomastix mesnili and Pentatricbomonas hominis.

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis. association with Pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus and Candida sp. Infections

This is a case report of intestinal cryptosporidiosis diagnosed in histological specimen collected from autopsy. The patient was a child of 5 months admitted to the hospital with severe acute diarrhea associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalic sialadenitis, oral and dermal candidiasis. The presence of multiple opportunistic infections in this case indicated immunodeficiency state. Cryptosporidium sp is a possible etiology of acute diarrhea in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent patients and has to be searched for at autopsy when diagnosis was not possible "in vivo".

Infecção natural de Equus caballus por Leishmania sp - São Paulo, Brasil (Breve comunicação científica)

E assinalado, pela primeira vez, o encontro de um cavalo (Equus caballus) infeclado por Leishmania sp, no Estado de São Paulo.

Use of saprophytic leptospira strains in the serodiagnosis of experimental leptospirosis in guinea-pigs (Cavia sp)

The efficiency of four Leptospira biflexa strains (Buenos Aires, Patoc 1, Rufino and São Paulo) as single antigen in the serodiagnosis in guinea-pigs experimentally infected with seven Leptospira interrogans serovars (canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, tarassovi and wolffi) was evaluated by the microscopic agglutination test. The four saprophytic strains were not able to reveal antibody titres in sera of guinea-pigs experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans. Serological cross-reactions were observed between strains Patoc 1 and São Paulo and between serovars wolffi and hardjo.

Incidência de escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), rotavirus e Clostridium perfringens de casos de diarréia em crianças, na região de Campinas, SP, Brasil

Foi realizada uma pesquisa na região de Campinas, SP, Brasil, sobre a presença de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), rotavírus e Clostridium perfringens enterotoxigênico em fezes diarréicas de crianças com até 2 anos de idade. Dos 132 espécimens fecais examinados quanto à presença de ETEC 27 (20,45%) foram positivos. Destes foram isoladas 41 amostras de ETEC, das quais 40 produziram apenas a enterotoxina termolábil (LT) detectada pelo teste de imuno hemólise radial modifi cado. Entre as 183 amostras de fezes examinadas para rotavírus, 29 (15,84%) foram positivas pelas técnicas de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) e ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE), sendo que destas, 15 (51,7% ) foram provenientes de materiais coletados nos meses de inverno. Todas as amostras pertenciam ao grupo A e, através da técnica de PAGE, pode-se observar que o tipo eletroforético mais freqüente (9 amostras) foi designado Ib, IIc, Illb, IVa, de acordo com a classificação por nós adotada. Apenas 113 amostras de fezes foram examinadas para a presença de C. perfringens enterotoxigênico. Para a detecção da enterotoxina nos sobrenadantes das culturas foram utilizadas as técnicas de hemaglutinação passiva reversa e inoculação intravenosa em camundongos, sendo encontradas 12 (10,61%) amostras entero-toxigênicas. Diante destes resultados é chamada a atenção sobre o valor apenas relativo de uma coprocultura convencional para fins de diagnóstico, ressaltando-se a importância da criação de métodos simplificados que favoreçam a detecção e identificação dos grupos de agentes enteropatogênicos estudados na presente pesquisa.

Chronic myocardial damage in experimental T. cruzi infection of a new world primate, Cebus sp. monkey

Eighteen Cebus apella monkeys, (juvenile and adult of both sexes) were inoculated five years ago, with three Trypanosoma cruzi strains (CA1, n = 10; Colombian, n=4 and Tulahuen, n=4), either by conjunctival or intraperitoneal route, once or repeatedly. Parasitological, hematological, serological, enzymatic, radiographic, electro and echocardiographic findings have been peviously published15 and they are similar to those observed in human pathology. The most frequent electrocardiographic alteration was right branch bundle block. Six animals, chosen at random, were sacrificed. Those sacrificed 20 to 25 months post-first inoculation showed focal accumuli of leukocytes with myocytolysis. Foci of diffuse interstitial fibrosis with mild infiltrate of leukocytes among fibers were observed in the animals sacrificed 36 to 47 months post-inoculation. No parasites were seen. The lesions were more prominent in the ventricular walls and the septum. The fact that the infiltrates were predominant in the animals sacrificed at a shorter time after first inoculation and that fibrosis was more severe in those sacrificed at a longer time suggests that there is a progression of the infiltrative lesions to fibrosis, with a leukocytic activity indicative of a chronic phase. These lesions are similar to those described in human chronic Chagas' disease. This would demonstrate that this model is useful in evaluating a progress in the knowledge of the pathogenesis which is still a controversial issue, immunology, immunogenesis and chemotherapeutic agents of the chronic and indeterminate phases of this disease.

Human parasitism by Phagicola sp (Trematoda, Heterophyidae) in Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil

We report one case of parasitism by Phagicola sp. (Trematoda, Heterophyidae) in a 31 years-old woman who, in 1987, travelled and stayed several months in the municipality of Cananéia (SP), where she ingested, in various occasions, raw mullet (Mugil sp.). The patient refered mild intestinal pain and laboratory examinations showed eggs of Phagicola sp. in the stools and a slight increase in eosinophil blood levels (8%). After treatment with praziquantel (75 mg/kg per day for three days) all the symptoms and signs disappeared. This is, certainly, the first record of human infection by Phagicola sp. in Brazil and, perhaps, in countries other than the U.S.A. where unclear references to a few human cases were reported in the South-eastern region.

Isolation of Leishmania sp. from aqueous humor of a patient with cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis and bilateral iridocyclitis (preliminary report)

The Authors report an uncommon case of leishmaniasis with disseminated cutaneous lesions, systemic manifestations and ocular involvement, the latter being characterized by bilateral nongranulomatous iridocyclitis. The severity of the oph-thalmologic lesions and its unresponsiveness to therapy (in spite of satisfactory regression of both systemic and cutaneous manifestations) lead to a needle aspiration of the anterior eye chamber, content. From this material Leishmania sp was isolated. To our knowledge this is the first time that Leishmania has been shown into the ocular globe.

Determination du niveau d'anticorps antitetaniques en donneurs de sang au moyen du test ELISA-TÉTANOS (São Paulo, SP, Bresil)

Le test ELISA-TÉTANOS (Biosys, France) a été utilisé pour le titrage des anti-corps tétaniques (sensibilité = 0,0025 UI/ml) en sérums humains de donneurs de sang, 566 hommes et 108 femmes, âges de 18 à 58 ans, moyenne de 29 ans, provenant de São Paulo, SP, Brésil. L'OMS, acceptant seulement la séroneutralisation sur souris (NT), la méthode de référence, pour les études sur la protection contre le tétanos, préconise le titre de 0,01 UI/ml comme minimum protecteur. BOURLEAUD & HUET ont proposé la limite de 0,06 UI/ml quand s'emploie le test ELISA, en attendant à une certaine discordance inévitable entre les méthodes. Parmi les 674 sérums étudiés, 178 (26,41%) n'ont pas présenté d'anticorps (< 0,0025 UI/ml); 413 (61,28%) ont présenté des résultats égaux ou supérieurs à 0,01 UI/ml et en 232 (34,42%) les titres ont été égaux ou supérieurs à 0,06 UI/ml. Le pourcentage d'individus protégés a été inversement proportionnel à 1'âge: environ 50% dans le groupe le plus jeune (hommes de 18 à 35 ans et femmes de 18 à 23 ans) contre environ 10% dans le groupe de plus de 42 ans ont présenté des titres sûrement protecteurs (> 0,06 UI/ml).

Ocorrência de Taenia sp. na população atendida no laboratório central do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brasil (1960/1989)

Foram examinados retrospectivamente os relatórios mensais e anuais da Seção de Enteroparasitoses do Laboratório Central do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, do período de 1960 a 1989, perfazendo uma série histórica de 30 anos, com 1.519.730 exames protoparasitológicos e 355 identificações de proglotes de Taenia. Pelo método da sedimentação espontânea foram diagnosticados 7.663 (0,5%) casos de presença de ovos de Taenia sp. nas fezes. Das 355 proglotes enviadas para identificação, 311 (87,60%) estavam em condições de serem especificadas, e dessas, 273 (87,80%) eram proglotes de Taenia saginata e 38 (12,22%) de T. solium.

Infeccion natural de Speothos venaticus (Carnivora: Canidae) por estadios adultos de Lagochilascaris sp.

Un ejemplar adulto macho de Speothos venaticus Lund, 1842 fue muerto accidentalmente en una vía de penetración rural, situada en la región Noroeste del Estado Bolívar, Venezuela, en el Municipio donde desde hace 16 años vive una paciente con lagochilascariasis. El animal conservado durante un mes por congelación y desprovisto de su piel y cabeza fue autopsiado, hallándose en la tráquea dos especímenes adultos hembras y grávidos de Lagochilascaris sp., los cuales presentaban algunas características morfológicas de sus partes blandas diferentes a Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909; entretanto, distintivos estables como son la forma de los interlabios, la localización de la vulva y particularmente el tamaño y número de las depresiones de la cáscara de los huevos, inclinan a pensar que se trata de aquel parásito, a pesar de no haberse hallado vermes machos que permitiesen el estudio de las espículas y su ducto eyaculador. Fueron localizadas en cortes histológicos de laringe y tráquea profundamente situadas, secciones de formas degeneradas con características atribuíbles a Lagochilascaris sp.