Desempenho do processo de concentração de extratos de própolis por nanofiltração

A própolis é um produto natural de interesse devido às suas importantes características funcionais. A nanofiltração foi testada para a concentração do extrato proveniente da própolis verde, partindo-se de extratos alcoólico e aquoso. Foi utilizada uma membrana em módulo espiral, de massa molar de corte média entre 150 e 300 g.mol-1. Avaliou-se a influência da variação de pressão, temperatura e velocidade tangencial no fluxo de permeado, e a ocorrência de histerese na membrana. Obteve-se fluxo médio de permeado de 12,0 L/h.m² para a solução alcoólica e de 25,0 L/h.m² para a aquosa. A pressão foi acrescida gradativamente de 2,0 a 5,0 bar, proporcionando variação diretamente proporcional no fluxo de permeado e também no fouling, chegando a 32% em 5,0 bar. O fluxo de permeado foi diretamente proporcional ao aumento da temperatura e da velocidade tangencial. A histerese foi medida a 30 e 40 ºC, demonstrando a característica elástica e reversível da membrana. A eficiência do processo foi medida através das taxas de retenção de flavonoides e compostos fenólicos, obtendo-se retenção de flavonoides de aproximadamente 99% para a solução aquosa e 90% para a solução alcoólica e de compostos fenólicos de cerca de 80 e 24% para soluções aquosa e alcoólica, respectivamente.

Effect of soaking and cooking on phytate concentration, minerals, and texture of food-type soybeans

The increasing consumption of soybeans due to its bioactive compounds has attracted interest in describing the grain's constituents and variation during processing. Phytate has been the aim of much research since it chelates essential minerals but also has beneficial antioxidant effects. This study evaluated the variation of phytate, calcium, zinc, and iron during soaking and cooking of soybeans. The phytate: Zn and phytate: Fe molar ratios were determined in order to estimate the bioavailability of these minerals. Six food-type varieties were used: BR 36, BRS 213, BRS 216, BRS 232, BRS 155, and Embrapa 48. The samples were soaked in water 3:1 (w/w) for 12 hours at room temperature and cooked. Cooking time was determined by modeling the softening of each variety using fractional conversion. Water content, phytate, and minerals were determined in raw, soaked and cooked samples. The water content of raw grains for all varieties was 9.9 g.100 g-1 increasing to a range of 58.1-63.7 g.100 g-1 after soaking and 63.1-66.0 g.100 g-1 after cooking. Soaking caused a significant reduction in phytate (23-30%), but cooking caused no additional reduction. The phytate: Zn molar ratio was 20 indicating that zinc absorption could be impaired, while the phytate: Fe molar ratio was 8, below the level of compromising absorption

Iron and zinc availability in maize lines

The aim of this study was to characterize the Zn and Fe availability by phytic acid/Zn and phytic acid/Fe molar ratios, in 22 tropical maize inbred lines with different genetic backgrounds. The Zn and Fe levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the P through colorimetry method. Three screening methods for phytic acid (Phy) analysis were tested and one, based on the 2,2'-bipyridine reaction, was select. There was significant variability in the contents of zinc (17.5 to 42 mg.kg-1), iron (12.2 to 36.7 mg.kg-1), phosphorus (230 to 400 mg.100 g-1), phytic acid (484 to 1056 mg.100 g-1), phytic acid P (140 to 293 mg.100 g-1) and available-P (43.5 to 199.5 mg.100 g-1), and in the available-P/total-P ratio (0.14 to 0.50), Phy/Zn (18.0 to 43.5) and Phy/Fe (16.3 to 45.5) molar ratios. Lines 560977, 560978 and 560982 had greater availability of Zn and lines 560975, 560977, 561010 and 5610111 showed better Fe availability. Lines 560975, 560977 and 560978 also showed better available-P/total-P ratio. Thus, the lines 560975, 560977 and 560978 were considered to have the potential for the development of cultivars of maize with high availability of Fe and/or Zn.