Characterization of newborns with nonimmune hydrops fetalis admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence and characteristics of nonimmune hydrops fetalis in the newborn population. METHOD: A retrospective study of the period between 1996 and 2000, including all newborns with a prenatal or early neonatal diagnosis of nonimmune hydrops fetalis, based on clinical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation. The following were analyzed: prenatal follow-up, delivery type, gender, birth weight, gestational age, presence of perinatal asphyxia, nutritional classification, etiopathic diagnosis, length of hospital stay, mortality, and age at death. RESULTS: A total of 47 newborns with hydrops fetalis (0.42% of live births), 18 (38.3%) with the immune form and 29 (61.7%) with the nonimmune form, were selected for study. The incidence of nonimmune hydrops fetalis was 1 per 414 neonates. Data was obtained from 21 newborns, with the following characteristics: 19 (90.5%) were suspected from prenatal diagnosis, 18 (85.7%) were born by cesarean delivery, 15 (71.4%) were female, and 10 (47.6%) were asphyxiated. The average weight was 2665.9 g, and the average gestational age was 35 3/7 weeks; 14 (66.6%) were preterm; 18 (85.0 %) appropriate delivery time; and 3 (14.3%) were large for gestational age. The etiopathic diagnosis was determined for 62%, which included cardiovascular (19.0%), infectious (9.5%), placental (4.8%), hematologic (4.7%), genitourinary (4.8%), and tumoral causes (4.8%), and there was a combination of causes in 9.5%. The etiology was classified as idiopathic in 38%. The length of hospital stay was 26.6 ± 23.6 days, and the mortality rate was 52.4%. CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of a suitable etiopathic diagnosis associated with prenatal detection of nonimmune hydrops fetalis can be an important step in reducing the neonatal mortality rate from this condition.

Peri-intraventricular hemorrhage in newborns weighing less than 1500 grams: comparative analysis between 2 institutions

PURPOSE: This study aims to characterize the peri-intraventricular hemorrhages in the neonatal period in very low birth weight newborns in 2 institutions that provide neonatal tertiary assistance. METHOD: This was a comparative and observational study in 2 neonatal intensive care units, the Maternity Hospital of Campinas and the "Centro de Atenção Integrada à Saúde da Mulher" of the State University of Campinas, from December 01, 1998 to November 30, 1999. We examined 187 newborns for peri-intraventricular hemorrhages, using transfontanel ultrasound (76 and 11 respectively at the first and second unit), and classified them into 4 grades. We observed their gender, intrauterine growth, weight, and gestational age at birth. RESULTS: We diagnosed 34 cases of peri-intraventricular hemorrhages (13 and 21, respectively), and both groups differed as to the birth weight and the adequacy of weight to the gestational age at birth. There was no difference in the prevalence or extent of peri-intraventricular hemorrhages among cases. There was a statistically significant occurrence of lower birth weight at gestational ages of less than 30 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of peri-intraventricular hemorrhages in our study was compared to that reported in the world literature. Although the cases of the second institution had a smaller mean birth weight, the prevalence of peri-intraventricular hemorrhages was similar to that at the first institution, probably because in the first one, 69% of the gestational ages of the neonates with hemorrhage were less than 30 weeks as compared to 48% in the second one. We stress the importance of the ultrasonographic method for diagnosing peri-intraventricular hemorrhages in very low birth weight newborns.

Hematoma retroesofágico com grave disfagia após estreptoquinase para tratamento da trombose venosa axilo-subclávia

Homem de 72 anos, portador de neoplasia de próstata estádio IV, submetido à osteossíntese da coluna cervical para descompressão metastática da raiz nervosa, responsável por dor intensa no membro superior direito. Após três meses da internação, apresentou trombose total da veia axilo-subclávia direita, complicação da cateterização prolongada da veia subclávia direita para controle de septicemia secundária a pneumonia hospitalar. Foi submetido a terapia trombolítica com estreptoquinase por via venosa, no membro superior contra-lateral, na dose de 250.000UI em 15min, seguida de 100.000UI/h durante cinco dias, com total recanalização do trombo e redução do edema. Após 24h do término da trombólise, apresentou disfagia a líquidos e o esofagograma mostrou extensa compressão extrínseca do esôfago, por provável hematoma retroesofágico. Necessitou de nutrição enteral durante três meses, quando ocorreu normalização da deglutição, reabsorção do hematoma retroesofágico e passagem adequada do contraste pelo esôfago. No seguimento evolutivo não apresentou seqüelas da trombose venosa profunda, não tem disfagia e permaneceu em uso profilático de meias elásticas e heparina de baixo peso molecular.

Comparison between right and left ventricular myocardia during the human fetal period. Stereological evaluation

PURPOSE: To develop a stereological comparison between right (RV) and left ventricle (LV) myocardium during the third human gestational trimester. METHODS: Five human fetal hearts of the third trimester provided representative samples of 5 RV myocardium and 4 LV myocardium. The material was fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, and processed through routine methods. Fifteen microscopic fields were randomly chosen and counted in each ventricular myocardium using an "M-42" test system. The following stereological parameters were assessed: Vv (%), Lv (µm²), Sv (µm²/µm³), Vp (µm³), Nv (1/mm³) and total N. RESULTS: No significant difference between the stereological parameters of the myocardial structures assessed was evidenced, when comparing RV and LV. CONCLUSION: Right and left human ventricular myocardium are very similar during the fetal period at least in regard to their structural aspects.

Association of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and aortic valve stenosis. Prenatal diagnosis

A rare association of pulmonary atresia with an intact septum was diagnosed through echocardiography in a fetus 32 weeks of gestational age. The diagnosis was later confirmed by echocardiography of the newborn infant and further on autopsy. The aortic valve was bicuspid with a pressure gradient of 81mmHg, and the right ventricle was hypoplastic, as were the pulmonary trunk and arteries, and the blood flow was totally dependent on the ductus arteriosus.

Acute Effects of Maternal Smoking on Fetal-Placental-Maternal System Hemodynamics

OBJECTIVE: To study acute hemodynamic alterations in the fetal-placental maternal system immediately after maternal exposure to nicotine. METHODS: This is a noncontrolled experimental study involving 21 pregnant smoking women, randomly selected, with uncomplicated pregnancies and without risk factors for fetal heart disease. Patients underwent ultrasound and fetal echocardiography before and after smoking a cigarette. They were asked to abstain from smoking for 12 hours before the study. The mean nicotine content of the cigarettes used in the study was 0.5mg of nicotine and 6mg of carbon monoxide. RESULTS: The average number of cigarettes smoked per a day prior to the study was 9.67. Gestational age ranged between 18 and 36 weeks. The mean maternal heart rate was elevated (P<0.001) as was the mean fetal heart rate (P=0.044). Maternal systolic blood pressure (P=0.004) and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.033) were also elevated after smoking. A decrease occurred in the systolic/diastolic ratio in the right uterine artery (P=0.014) and in the left uterine artery (P=0.039). The other hemodynamic variables remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking can cause changes in physiologic variables of fetal-placental circulation, but it does not change fetal cardiac function, in the dose of nicotine and its components used in this study. The decrease in systolic/diastolic ratio in the uterine arteries is probably related to a dose-dependent nicotine pattern.

Primary Cardiac Angiosarcoma: A Therapeutical Dilemma

Cardiac angiosarcomas are malignant tumors that almost invariably have a short and fatal evolution. The therapeutic approach includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, alone or in combination. Heart transplantation is an attractive option in nonresectable tumors, even though the current experience is still limited. However, in most patients, the diagnosis is still established late, and survival is only slightly altered by the proposed treatments, mainly due to previously existing and undetected metastases. We report a case that illustrates the therapeutic dilemma faced with this neoplasia, and we discuss the case based on a literature review.

Doppler Echocardiographic Assessment of Pregnant Women with Chronic Arterial Hypertension

OBJECTIVE: To assess structural and functional cardiac changes in asymptomatic pregnant women with chronic arterial hypertension (CAH). METHODS: One hundred pregnant women with CAH underwent conventional Doppler echocardiography. The Student t test was used to compare them with 29 normotensive pregnant women (NT) in their third gestational trimester. RESULTS: Systolic (SBP; mmHg) and diastolic (DBP; mmHg) blood pressure values were higher (p<0.001) in the CAH pregnant women (SBP: 139±19 and DBP: 92± 18) as compared with those of the NT group (SBP: 112±10 and DBP: 74±9). A significant enlargement of the left atrium (4.10±0.48 cm vs 3.6±0.3 cm; p<0.001) and of the left ventricular normalized mass (59.6±19.7 g/cm2,7 vs 41.9±3.4 g/cm2,7; p<0.001) was observed. Cardiac output (CO, L/min) and systolic volume (SV, mL) were significantly higher in the CAH group (CO: 6.0±1.54 vs 4.9±2.1, p<0.01; SV: 77.3±19.8 vs 56.5±25.8, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Chronic hypertensive pregnant women have structural and functional cardiac changes that justify routine cardiologic assessment, even in the absence of cardiopulmonary symptoms.

Intrauterine ductus arteriosus constriction: analysis of a historic cohort of 20 cases

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relative incidence, presentation, and evolvement of fetuses with early ductus constriction. METHODS: Twenty fetal echocardiograms indicating ductus constriction were reviewed in a population of 7000 pregnants. RESULTS: The cases were divided into group A (related to maternal use of cyclooxygenase inhibitors [n=7] and group B (idiopathics [n=13]). Mean gestational age was 32.5±3.1 (27-38) weeks and maternal age was 28.2±8.5 (17-42) years. Mean systolic velocity in the ductus was 2.22±0.34 (1.66-2.81) m/s, diastolic velocity 0.79±0.28 (0.45-1.5) m/s, and pulsatility index 1.33±0.36 (0.52-1.83). Two cases of ductal occlusion were noted. In 65% of the cases, an increase occurred in the right cavities; in 90% of the cases, tricuspid or pulmonary regurgitation, or both, occurred, with functional pulmonary atresia in 1 case. Diastolic velocity was greater in group A (1.13±0.33) than in group B (0.68±0.15) (P=0.008). The other data were similar in the 2 groups. The evolvement was not favorable in 4 patients from group B, including 1 death and 2 cases of persistent pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of idiopathic constriction of the ductus arteriosus suggests that its diagnosis is underestimated and that many cases of persistence of fetal circulation in newborns may be related to constriction of the ductus arteriosus not diagnosed during intrauterine life. Group B had a lower severity but a risk of an unfavorable evolvement, suggesting a distinct alteration.

Pulmonary vein pulsatility in fetuses of diabetic mothers: prenatal Doppler echocardiographic study

OBJECTIVE: To verify the hypothesis that the pulmonary vein pulsatility index is higher in fetuses of diabetic mothers than it is in normal fetuses of nondiabetic mothers. METHODS: Twenty-four fetuses of mothers with either gestational or previous diabetes (cases), and 25 normal fetuses of mothers without systemic disease (control) were examined. Fetuses were examined through prenatal Doppler and color flow mapping. The pulmonary vein pulsatility index was obtained by placing the pulsed Doppler sample volume over the right superior pulmonary vein and applying the formula (systolic velocity - presystolic velocity)/mean velocity. RESULTS: The mean gestational age of the study fetuses was 30.3±2.7 weeks, and gestational age of the controls was 29±3.3 weeks, with no significant difference in gestational age between groups (p=0.14). Fetuses of diabetic mothers had a mean pulmonary vein pulsatility index of 1.6±1, and those of the control group had an index of 0.86±0.27. CONCLUSION: Fetuses of diabetic mothers had pulmonary vein pulsatility indexes (parameter easily obtained through Doppler echocardiography that may be related to fetal diastolic function) higher than those in fetuses of mothers with normal glycemia.

Feocromocitoma em criança

Feocromocitoma é uma neoplasia de células cromafins que causa sintomas e sinais decorrentes da libertação de catecolminas e é muito rara em crianças. Relatamos um caso feocromocitoma em criança, com difícil manejo clínico, confirmado também pela anatomia-patológica e curado após a ressecção cirúrgica.

Transplante cardíaco e neoplasias: experiência na Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo

OBJETIVOS: Analisar ocorrência e tipos de neoplasias que se desenvolveram em pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco ortotópico, no Programa de Transplante Cardíaco da Escola de Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: O presente estudo apresenta uma análise observacional de 106 pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco ortotópico, no período de novembro de 1986 a setembro de 2002, que sobreviveram por período superior a trinta dias após o procedimento. O regime de imunossupressão consistiu de terapia tríplice com ciclosporina A, azatioprina e corticosteróide. Apenas dois pacientes receberam, além da terapia tríplice, a adição de ortoclone OKT-3. O período médio de acompanhamento foi de 61,4 meses. (variação de dois meses a 192 meses). RESULTADOS: Vinte e três pacientes (21,3%) desenvolveram neoplasias, dos quais 56,5% apresentaram neoplasia de pele, 30,1% apresentaram tumores sólidos e 13,4%, doença linfoproliferativa pós-transplante (DLPT). O intervalo médio entre o transplante e o diagnóstico de neoplasia foi: pele - 54,9 meses, tumores sólidos - 24,8 meses e DLPT - 70,3 meses. CONCLUSÕES: A ocorrência de neoplasias malignas foi relativamente comum na população analisada. O câncer de pele prevaleceu em relação às demais neoplasias e os tumores sólidos foram mais diagnosticados do que as doenças linfoproliferativas nessa série de pacientes.

Tumor em ventrículo direito em paciente com melanoma

Os tumores primários cardíacos são infreqüentes; entretanto, as neoplasias metastáticas com acometimento do coração são mais comuns. Alguns tumores apresentam, em estudos post-mortem, implantes secundários cardíacos com freqüências que superam 50%. Esse comprometimento deve ser lembrado em pacientes com história de neoplasia, que apresentem distúrbios de condução, sopro, cardiomegalia ou arritmias. Relatar-se-á, a seguir, o caso de um homem de 39 anos, encaminhado por cansaço e dispnéia aos esforços. Ecocardiograma evidenciou grande massa tumoral em ventrículo direito. A história médica pregressa revelou antecedentes de melanoma e a avaliação complementar mostrou doença metastática para pulmões, coração e cérebro, com evolução a óbito. Os aspectos singulares do caso são a presença de uma grande massa no ventrículo direito de origem metastática, ilustrando um quadro clínico raro e de prognóstico reservado.

Associação independente do tabagismo aos eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios e à mortalidade em 30 dias

FUNDAMENTO: Há poucos estudos que demonstrem a associação do tabagismo, como fator de risco independente, aos eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação do tabagismo, como variável independente, às complicações cardiovasculares pós-operatórias e à mortalidade em 30 dias em operações não cardíacas. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se coorte retrospectiva de um hospital geral, na qual foram incluídos 1.072 pacientes estratificados em tabagistas atuais (n = 265), ex-tabagistas (n = 335) e não tabagistas (n = 472). Esses três grupos foram analisados para os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório (infarto, edema pulmonar, arritmia com instabilidade hemodinâmica, angina instável e morte cardíaca) e mortalidade em 30 dias. Utilizaram-se o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão logística, considerando p < 0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Quando se compararam tabagistas atuais e ex-tabagistas aos não tabagistas, os desfechos cardiovasculares combinados no pós-operatório e a mortalidade em 30 dias foram respectivamente: 71 (6,6%) e 34 (3,2%). Os tabagistas atuais e ex-tabagistas apresentaram 53 (8,8%) eventos cardíacos combinados, enquanto os não tabagistas, 18 (3,8%), p = 0,002. Em relação à mortalidade, tabagistas atuais e ex-tabagistas apresentaram 26 (4,3%), enquanto os não tabagistas, 8 (1,7%), p = 0,024. Na análise multivariada, faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, revascularização do miocárdio e extrassístole ventricular associaram-se independentemente aos eventos cardiovasculares perioperatórios, enquanto faixa etária, cirurgia de emergência, insuficiência cardíaca, alterações laboratoriais, história de hepatopatia, operações por neoplasia e tabagismo se associaram à mortalidade em 30 dias no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: O tabagismo atual associou-se de forma independente à mortalidade em 30 dias em operações não cardíacas de alto risco, mas não aos eventos cardíacos pós-operatórios.

Avaliação por ressonância magnética de massas cardíacas

FUNDAMENTO: Tumores cardíacos são extremamente raros; no entanto, quando há suspeita clínica, é necessária a correta avaliação diagnóstica, para planejar o tratamento mais adequado. Nesse contexto, a ressonância magnética cardiovascular tem um papel importante, permitindo uma abrangente caracterização de tais lesões. OBJETIVO: Revisar os casos encaminhados a um Serviço de Ressonância Magnética para investigação de massas cardíacas e paracardíacas. Descrever a série de casos positivos, juntamente de uma breve revisão da literatura para cada tipo de lesão e sobre o papel da ressonância magnética cardiovascular em sua avaliação. MÉTODOS: Entre agosto de 2008 e dezembro de 2011, foram revistos todos os casos de pacientes encaminhados a ressonância magnética com suspeita de neoplasia envolvendo o coração. Foram selecionados aqueles com confirmação histopatológica, evolução ou resposta terapêutica compatíveis com a suspeita clínica e achados de imagem. RESULTADOS: Entre os 13 pacientes incluídos neste estudo, oito (62%) tiveram confirmação histopatológica. Foram descritas cinco neoplasias benignas (mixomas, rabdomioma e fibromas), cinco neoplasias malignas (sarcoma, linfoma, síndrome de Richter cardíaca e doença metastática) e três lesões não neoplásicas (cisto pericárdico, trombo intracardíaco e vegetação infecciosa). CONCLUSÃO: A informação disponível sobre essa questão é escassa. Estudos prospectivos adicionais são necessários para elucidar o papel desses nutrientes no risco cardiovascular de pacientes com diabetes.