Formação e demanda do cirurgião pediátrico no Brasil

OBJETIVO: Definir o perfil epidemiológico dos especialistas em cirurgia pediátrica no Brasil. Definir as relações mercado-oferta de trabalho em cirurgia pediátrica no Brasil. Comparar o perfil profissional do cirurgião pediátrico brasileiro ao perfil deste especialista em outros países. MÉTODOS: Utilizando informações estatísticas fornecidas pelo IBGE, Conselho Federal de Medicina e Associação Brasileira de Cirurgia Pediátrica, definir o perfil de trabalho dos médicos especializados em cirurgia pediátrica no Brasil. RESULTADOS: A demanda de cirurgiões pediátricos trabalhando no Brasil em horário integral é de 850 cirurgiões, caso se considere apenas o atendimento de lactentes e neonatos. Há uma centralização excessiva de cirurgiões pediátricos no sul e sudeste e falta de mão de obra nas regiões norte e nordeste. Os dados quanto ao número de cirurgiões pediátricos atuando no Brasil são conflitantes (dados de pesquisa epidemiológica da FIOCRUZ diferem de dados do CFM e da CIPE). A rotina de trabalho do cirurgião pediátrico no Brasil não é comparável com aquela dos profissionais norte-americanos e europeus, fontes da maior parte dos dados de referência em literatura. CONCLUSÃO: A demanda de cirurgiões pediátricos trabalhando no Brasil em horário integral apenas para atendimento de lactentes e neonatos é de 850 cirurgiões. Existe um desequilíbrio entre oferta e ocupação de postos de trabalho nas diversas regiões do país. O sudeste é um centro de formação de especialistas que exporta profissionais para as demais regiões do país. Os dados quanto ao número de cirurgiões pediátricos atuando no Brasil são conflitantes.

Ovo recepção: perfil das pacientes em lista de espera no programa do Hospital Regional da Asa Sul, Brasília, Distrito Federal

OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil epidemiológico das pacientes inscritas em lista de espera e principais indicações para o programa de ovo recepção do Hospital Regional da Asa Sul (HRAS) em Brasília, Distrito Federal. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo prospectivo em que foram pesquisadas 330 mulheres inscritas na lista de espera do programa, das quais foram incluídas 67 mulheres independente do fator de infertilidade e que ainda não tinham sido contempladas com o tratamento. Foram excluídas 30 mulheres que moravam em outras cidades, 50 pacientes com idade superior ou igual a 50 anos, 24 pacientes que não desejavam participar do trabalho, nove pacientes que pediram exclusão do programa e 150 pacientes não localizadas por contato telefônico. As pacientes incluídas foram chamadas a responder a um questionário e tiveram seus prontuários recuperados para confirmar a realização da propedêutica necessária, a fim de estabelecer a causa da infertilidade. Os dados foram registrados e analisados pelo programa SPSS versão 12.0. RESULTADOS: o perfil epidemiológico das pacientes inclui faixa etária de 40 a 49 anos (82%), não brancas (77,6%), católicas (71,6%), casadas (59,7%), com escolaridade de primeiro ou segundo grau (76,1%), com infertilidade secundária (53,6%) por laqueadura tubária (40,3%) e que começaram a tentar engravidar até 35 anos (91%). Para estas mulheres, a principal indicação para ovo recepção foi idade no momento da inscrição no programa, seguida por baixa reserva ovariana. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados encontrados demonstram a realização indiscriminada de laqueadura tubária. O programa de ovo recepção beneficia mulheres com prognóstico reprodutivo reservado.

Sobre solo sagrado: identidade quilombola e catolicismo na comunidade de Água Morna (Curiúva, PR)

O reconhecimento de direitos coletivos a comunidades quilombolas abriu caminho nas cenas políticas nacional e regional para a participação de comunidades negras que muitas vezes não possuíam qualquer visibilidade para além de seu âmbito local. Esses grupos precisaram se organizar e elaborar um discurso estruturado sobre sua identidade e direitos que se encaixasse nas demandas estatais, respondendo de formas distintas ao novo contexto - havendo inclusive casos de rejeição ao processo de regularização fundiária. Nesse quadro, a comunidade de Água Morna, localizada no estado do Paraná, vem respondendo de maneira positiva a tal demanda, suscitando a reflexão em torno das bases sobre as quais constrói sua identidade e a história de sua relação com o território, a partir da mobilização das práticas religiosas populares consolidadas no grupo. A proposta deste texto é analisar de que maneira se dá essa mobilização.

Validation of transit-time flowmetry for chronic measurements of regional blood flow in resting and exercising rats

The objective of the present study was to validate the transit-time technique for long-term measurements of iliac and renal blood flow in rats. Flow measured with ultrasonic probes was confirmed ex vivo using excised arteries perfused at varying flow rates. An implanted 1-mm probe reproduced with accuracy different patterns of flow relative to pressure in freely moving rats and accurately quantitated the resting iliac flow value (on average 10.43 ± 0.99 ml/min or 2.78 ± 0.3 ml min-1 100 g body weight-1). The measurements were stable over an experimental period of one week but were affected by probe size (resting flows were underestimated by 57% with a 2-mm probe when compared with a 1-mm probe) and by anesthesia (in the same rats, iliac flow was reduced by 50-60% when compared to the conscious state). Instantaneous changes of iliac and renal flow during exercise and recovery were accurately measured by the transit-time technique. Iliac flow increased instantaneously at the beginning of mild exercise (from 12.03 ± 1.06 to 25.55 ± 3.89 ml/min at 15 s) and showed a smaller increase when exercise intensity increased further, reaching a plateau of 38.43 ± 1.92 ml/min at the 4th min of moderate exercise intensity. In contrast, exercise-induced reduction of renal flow was smaller and slower, with 18% and 25% decreases at mild and moderate exercise intensities. Our data indicate that transit-time flowmetry is a reliable method for long-term and continuous measurements of regional blood flow at rest and can be used to quantitate the dynamic flow changes that characterize exercise and recovery

Autoradiography reveals regional metabolic differences in the endometrium of pregnant and nonpregnant mice

The rodent endometrium undergoes remarkable modifications during pregnancy, resulting from a redifferentiation of its fibroblasts. During this modification (decidualization), the fibroblasts transform into large, polyhedral cells that establish intercellular junctions. Decidualization proceeds from the subepithelial stroma towards the deep stroma situated next to the myometrium and creates regions composed of cells in different stages of differentiation. We studied by autoradiography whether cells of these different regions have different levels of macromolecular synthesis. Radioactive amino acids or radioactive sulfate were administered to mice during estrus or on different days of pregnancy. The animals were killed 30 min after injection of the precursors and the uteri were processed for light microscope autoradiography. Silver grains were counted over cells of different regions of the endometrium and are reported as the number of silver grains per area. Higher levels of incorporation of amino acids were found in pregnant animals as compared to animals in estrus. In pregnant animals, the region of decidual cells or the region of fibroblasts transforming into decidual cells showed the highest levels of synthesis. Radioactive sulfate incorporation, on the other hand, was generally higher in nonpregnant animals. Animals without decidual cell transformation (nonpregnant and 4th day of pregnancy) showed a differential incorporation by subepithelial and deep stroma fibroblasts. This study shows that regional differences in synthetic activity exist in cells that are in different stages of transformation into decidual cells as well as in different regions of the endometrium of nonpregnant mice

Effect of a Brazilian regional basic diet on the prevalence of caries in rats

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a regional basic diet (RBD) on the prevalence of caries in the molar teeth of rats of both sexes aged 23 days. The animals were divided into six groups of 10 rats each receiving the following diets for 30 and 60 days after weaning: RBD, a cariogenic diet, and a commercial diet. The prevalence and penetration of caries in the molar teeth of the rats was then analyzed. The RBD produced caries in 37.5% of the teeth of animals fed 30 days, and in 83.4% of animals fed 60 days, while the cariogenic diet produced caries in 72.5% and 77.5% of the teeth of animals fed 30 and 60 days, respectively. Rats fed the RBD for 30 days had caries in the enamel in 38% of their teeth, 48% had superficial dentin caries, and 7.5% moderate dentin caries. The effect of the RBD did not differ significantly from that of the cariogenic diet in terms of the presence of caries in rats fed 60 days. The penetration depth of the caries produced by the RBD was the same as that produced by the cariogenic diet. Our results show that the RBD has the same cariogenic potential as the cariogenic diet. Since the RBD is the only option for the low-income population, there should be a study of how to compensate for the cariogenicity of this diet.

Short-lasting systemic and regional benefits of early crystalloid infusion after intravenous inoculation of dogs with live Escherichia coli

We investigated the systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of early crystalloid infusion in an experimental model of septic shock induced by intravenous inoculation with live Escherichia coli. Anesthetized dogs received an intravenous infusion of 1.2 x 10(10) cfu/kg live E. coli in 30 min. After 30 min of observation, they were randomized to controls (no fluids; N = 7), or fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution, 16 ml/kg (N = 7) or 32 ml/kg (N = 7) over 30 min and followed for 120 min. Cardiac index, portal blood flow, mean arterial pressure, systemic and regional oxygen-derived variables, blood lactate, and gastric PCO2 were assessed. Rapid and progressive cardiovascular deterioration with reduction in cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and portal blood flow (~50, ~25 and ~70%, respectively) was induced by the live bacteria challenge. Systemic and regional territories showed significant increases in oxygen extraction and in lactate levels. Significant increases in venous-arterial (~9.6 mmHg), portal-arterial (~12.1 mmHg) and gastric mucosal-arterial (~18.4 mmHg) PCO2 gradients were also observed. Early fluid replacement, especially with 32 ml/kg volumes of crystalloids, promoted only partial and transient benefits such as increases of ~76% in cardiac index, of ~50% in portal vein blood flow and decreases in venous-arterial, portal-arterial, gastric mucosal-arterial PCO2 gradients (7.2 ± 1.0, 7.2 ± 1.3 and 9.7 ± 2.5 mmHg, respectively). The fluid infusion promoted only modest and transient benefits, unable to restore the systemic and regional perfusional and metabolic changes in this hypodynamic septic shock model.

Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of enalaprilat infusion in experimental normotensive sepsis

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to improve splanchnic perfusion in distinct shock states. We hypothesized that enalaprilat potentiates the benefits of early fluid resuscitation in severe experimental sepsis, particularly in the splanchnic region. Anesthetized and mechanically ventilated mongrel dogs received an intravenous infusion of live Escherichia coli over a period of 30 min. Thereafter, two interventions were performed: fluid infusion (normal saline, 32 mL/kg over 30 min) and enalaprilat infusion (0.02 mg kg-1 min-1 for 60 min) in randomized groups. The following groups were studied: controls (fluid infusion, N = 4), E1 (enalaprilat infusion followed by fluid infusion, N = 5) and E2 (fluid infusion followed by enalaprilat infusion, N = 5). All animals were observed for a 120 min after bacterial infusion. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output (CO), portal vein blood flow (PVBF), systemic and regional oxygen-derived variables, and lactate levels were measured. Rapid and progressive reductions in CO and PVBF were induced by the infusion of live bacteria, while minor changes were observed in mean arterial pressure. Systemic and regional territories showed a significant increase in oxygen extraction and lactate levels. Widening venous-arterial and portal-arterial pCO2 gradients were also detected. Fluid replacement promoted transient benefits in CO and PVBF. Enalaprilat after fluid resuscitation did not affect systemic or regional hemodynamic variables. We conclude that in this model of normotensive sepsis inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme did not interfere with the course of systemic or regional hemodynamic and oxygen-derived variables.

Intravenous regional block is similar to sympathetic ganglion block for pain management in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I

Sympathetic ganglion block (SGB) or intravenous regional block (IVRB) has been recommended for pain management in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I). Forty-five patients were initially selected but only 43 were accepted for the study. The present study evaluated the efficacy of IVRB produced by combining 70 mg lidocaine with 30 µg clonidine (14 patients, 1 male/13 females, age range: 27-50 years) versus SGB produced by the injection of 70 mg lidocaine alone (14 patients, 1 male/13 females, age range: 27-54 years) or combined with 30 µg clonidine (15 patients, 1 male/14 females, age range: 25-50 years) into the stellate ganglion for pain management in patients with upper extremity CRPS-I. Each procedure was repeated five times at 7-day intervals, and pain intensity and duration were measured using a visual analog scale immediately before each procedure. A progressive and significant reduction in pain scores and a significant increase in the duration of analgesia were observed in all groups following the first three blocks, but no further improvement was obtained following the last two blocks. Drowsiness, the most frequent side effect, and dry mouth occurred only in patients submitted to SGB with lidocaine combined with clonidine. The three methods were similar regarding changes in pain intensity and duration of analgesia. However, IVRB seems to be preferable to SGB due to its easier execution and lower risk of undesirable effects.

Processamento do queijo coalho regional empregando leite pasteurizado e cultura lática endógena

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma proposta para o processamento do queijo Coalho regional seguindo-se os procedimentos adequados para a obtenção de um produto final de qualidade. Empregou-se leite de vaca padronizado e pasteurizado e culturas láticas endógenas. Foram isoladas, identificadas e caracterizadas culturas láticas endógenas de leite de vaca cru e de queijos Coalho artesanais. Algumas culturas foram avaliadas para a fabricação do queijo Coalho, seguindo-se o fluxograma de fabricação estabelecido neste estudo. O produto final foi submetido a análises físico-químicas, teste de aceitação e teste de fritura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é viável a padronização do produto tradicional, proporcionando redução de custos, qualidade microbiológica e a manutenção das características sensoriais do queijo Coalho regional, com o uso de culturas láticas nacionais.

Referência para o ambulatório de nefrologia: inadequação da demanda para o especialista

INTRODUÇÃO: São escassos estudos sobre o encaminhamento dos pacientes em estágios mais precoces de nefropatia ao nefrologista. OBJETIVO: Investigar a adequação da referência dos pacientes para o ambulatório da nefrologia (Amb-N), no que diz respeito à pertinência da demanda para a avaliação com o especialista. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, com pacientes do ambulatório de primeira consulta de nefrologia. Após o atendimento habitual, as condutas poderiam ser: matricular no Amb-N para acompanhamento ou não fazê-lo por ausência de necessidade da avaliação/acompanhamento do especialista. Os dados foram relatados como média e desvio-padrão e frequências relativas. RESULTADOS: Dos 150 casos, a média de idade foi de 49 ± 16 anos, com predomínio (56%) do sexo feminino. Apenas 71 pacientes (47,3%) foi admitidos no Amb-N para ao menos uma avaliação anual. Foram matriculados 100% dos pacientes com DRC estágios de 3 a 5, 60% dos diabéticos e/ou hipertensos e 50% daqueles com litíase renal. Cerca de 50% dos pacientes procedentes de unidades do SUS e 70% de médicos privados foram matriculados. Ao todo, em 52,7% (n = 79) dos casos, na interpretação dos pesquisadores, não havia necessidade do nefrologista para o diagnóstico ou para a conduta clínica, bem como para o seguimento naquele momento. CONCLUSÃO: Houve inadequada utilização da qualificação do nefrologista como especialista no atendimento precoce do nefropata. Outros estudos são necessários para avaliar a eficiência dos modelos de referência e contrarreferência operantes em diferentes regiões do país, com o intuito de racionalizar oferta e demanda de atendimento de média complexidade em nefrologia.

Banking and regional inequality in Brazil: an empirical note

The paper investigates a neglected aspect of regional inequality in Brazil, namely regional inequalities related to financial flows. A synthetic regional financial inequality index is proposed and calculated in a semester basis over the 02-1994/02-2000 period. The inequality measure attempts to capture to what extent deposits in a given state translate into credit operations in that locality. Two main results emerge. First, non-negligible inequality patterns emerge when one considers the segment of private banks and those are consistent with an important proportion of states with a predominantly exporting pattern, for which deposits surpasses loans in that locality. Second, if one focus on the segment of public banks, an opposite pattern appears, that is consistent with decision patterns that might have, in part, a regional development motivation.

A economia brasileira puxada pela demanda agregada

The Brazilian economy pulled by the aggregate demand. This article aims to present the demand-led growth theory and some empirical evidences for a demand-led growth regime in Brazil. First of all, we will do a brief review of the theory of demand led-growth, based in the seminal work of Kaldor (1988), for whom long-run growth is determined by the growth rate of consumption expenditures and the growth rate of exports. Based in the empirical methodology developed by Atesoglu (2002), we run some econometric tests for the hypothesis of demand-led growth for Brazilian economy. The results of such tests shown that near of 85% of GDP growth in Brazil in the period 1991-2005 is explained by variables at the demand side of the economy. Besides that, based in the methodology developed by Ledesma and Thirwall (2002), we shown that natural rate of growth for Brazilian economy is endogenous, increasing during boom times. This means that appears to be no restrictions in the supply side of the economy for a faster growth of Brazilian economy. Finally, we argue that a necessary condition for a sustained growth of Brazilian economy is the adoption of a export-led growth model. For such it is necessary to put an end on the actual over-valuation of real exchange rate.