Tolerância da cultivar de soja coodetec 201 aos herbicidas inibidores de als

A obtenção de cultivares resistentes aos herbicidas possibilita o aumento da diversidade dos herbicidas utilizados seletivamente para o controle de plantas daninhas em uma determinada cultura. O aumento da disponibilidade destes herbicidas na cultura da soja pode proporcionar maior facilidade no controle de plantas daninhas de difícil eliminação, de espécies com características biológicas semelhantes à cultura e de plantas daninhas resistentes aos herbicidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência cruzada da cultivar COODETEC 201 a três herbicidas inibidores da ALS, não seletivos para a cultura da soja. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação através da semeadura em vasos, o qual foi disposto em delineamento completamente casualizado em arranjo fatorial. Os tratamentos constaram das cultivares de soja COODETEC 201 e OCEPAR 14 e dos herbicidas imazapyr, metsulfuron e nicosulfuron, aplicados em cinco doses. A aplicação destes produtos foi realizada 30 dias após a emergência, quando as plantas de soja estavam no estádio V4. A área foliar e a fitoxicidade aos 14 e 35 dias após a aplicação do herbicida metsulfuron foram menos afetadas na cultivar COODETEC 201 do que na OCEPAR 14. A determinação da restrição do crescimento das plantas em função da matéria seca das plantas demonstrou que as duas cultivares são igualmente sensíveis ao herbicida imazapyr. A cultivar COODETEC 201 apresentou maior tolerância aos herbicidas metsulfuron e nicosulfuron, sendo 10,25 e 3,25 vezes, respectivamente, mais resistente do que a cultivar OCEPAR 14.

Períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja: I - cultivar iac-11

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de estudar os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura da soja, cultivar IAC-11, em região de cerrado no nordeste do Mato Grosso do Sul. Os tratamentos utilizados no experimento constaram de testemunhas capinada e sem capina e de diferentes épocas de controles das plantas daninhas, de modo que a cultura da soja foi mantida na presença ou na ausência das plantas daninhas até os 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 dias após a sua emergência. Foram realizadas avaliações de cobertura do solo por espécie daninha e avaliações relativas ao crescimento e à produtividade da cultura. Observou-se que a cultura da soja suportou a convivência com as plantas daninhas até os 49 dias após a sua emergência (PAI = 49 DAE) e que as plantas daninhas que germinaram após os 20 dias da emergência da cultura não afetaram a sua produtividade (PTPI = 20 DAE). A ocorrência do período inicial de convivência possível (49 DAE) maior que o período final (20 DAE) confere aos períodos de convivência uma característica diferente e não ocorre o Período Crítico de Prevenção da Interferência (PCPI). Nessa situação, o controle de plantas daninhas recomendado é o método momentâneo, com herbicida pós-emergente ou mecanicamente, utilizado uma única vez, dentro do período que vai do término do PTPI ao término do PAI, ou herbicida pré-emergente com efeito residual que ultrapasse o PTPI.

Influência de cultivares de arroz e épocas da adubação nitrogenada nas relações de interferência da cultura com cultivar simulador de infestação de arroz-vermelho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de cultivares de arroz irrigado e de épocas de adubação nitrogenada durante o ciclo da cultura sobre a habilidade competitiva do cereal em relação ao cultivar EEA 406, usado como simulador da planta daninha arrozvermelho. Para isso, conduziu-se experimento em campo, na estação de crescimento 2001/02. Os tratamentos, dispostos em esquema fatorial, constaram de cultivares de arroz (BRS-38 Ligeirinho, IRGA 417 e BR-IRGA 409), épocas de aplicação do nitrogênio (N) (100% do N na semeadura, 50% do N na semeadura mais 50% no início da diferenciação da panícula (IDP), 100% no IDP e testemunha sem o adubo) e populações do cultivar simulador do arroz-vermelho. Para relacionar as perdas de produtividade de grãos de arroz com populações do cultivar simulador, utilizou-se o modelo de regressão da hipérbole retangular, ajustado de modo independente para os fatores estudados. Verificou-se que a época de aplicação do N influenciou na habilidade competitiva dos cultivares de arroz. Cultivares de ciclo muito curto e curto apresentaram maior habilidade competitiva com o cultivar simulador, quando a adubação foi realizada na semeadura, enquanto o cultivar de ciclo médio se beneficiou do fracionamento da adubação na semeadura e no IDP.

Effects of weed species competition on the growth of young coffee plants

The effects of competition of seven weed species on the growth of coffee plants were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Thirty days after coffee seedling transplantation into 12 L pots with soil level area of 6.5 dm², weeds were transplanted into or sown in those pots, at densities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 plants per pot. Competition or weedy periods from weed transplantation or emergence to plant harvesting, at weed pre-flowering stage, were: 77 days - Bidens pilosa, 98 days - Brachiaria decumbens, 180 days - Commelina diffusa, 82 days - Leonurus sibiricus, 68 days - Nicandra physaloides, 148 days - Richardia brasiliensis and 133 days - Sida rhombifolia. Coffee plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and shoot dry matter were determined. Effects of competition by N. physaloides and S. rhombifolia against coffee plants were among the lowest, since only a slight decrease in all the characteristics evaluated in coffee plants was observed. The other weed species caused severe decrease in growth, mainly with increasing weed plant densities. Competition degree was found to depend on weed species and density.

Períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz de terras altas: I - Cultivar IAC 202

O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar os períodos de interferência e de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura do arroz de terras altas. Os experimentos foram instalados nos anos agrícolas de 2003/04 e 2004/05 em área experimental da Universidade Estadual Paulista, campus de Jaboticabal/SP, situado a 21º 15' 22" de latitude sul e 48º 18' 58" de longitude oeste. O cultivar utilizado foi o IAC 202, semeado, respectivamente, em 18 de novembro de 2003 e 24 de novembro de 2004. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos constituídos por períodos crescentes de controle ou de convivência das plantas daninhas com a cultura. Os períodos iniciais de controle ou de convivência após a emergência da cultura foram: 0-10, 0-20, 0-30, 0-40, 0-50, 0-60, 0-70 dias e 0-colheita. As principais plantas daninhas em 2003/04 foram Cyperus rotundus, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria spp. Echinochloa crus-galli e Brachiaria decumbens. No ano agrícola de 2004/05, destacaram-se Digitaria spp., C. echinatus, Raphanus raphanistrum e Alternanthera tenella. Considerando 5% de tolerância na redução da produtividade do arroz nos anos agrícolas de 2003/04 e 2004/05, concluiu-se que os períodos anteriores à interferência (PAI) foram de 12 e 26 DAE, respectivamente; os períodos totais de prevenção à interferência (PTPI), de 40 e 42 DAE; e os períodos críticos de prevenção à interferência (PCPI), de 12 a 40 DAE e de 26 a 42 DAE, respectivamente.

Deriva simulada de glyphosate em algodoeiro: efeito de dose, cultivar e estádio de desenvolvimento

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da deriva simulada, pela aplicação de doses reduzidas de glyphosate em diferentes cultivares e estádios de desenvolvimento do algodoeiro. O ensaio foi realizado a campo em Alta Floresta, MT. As doses reduzidas de glyphosate foram 0, 180 e 360 g e.a. ha-1. Os cultivares ITA-90 e BRS-Facual foram tratados nos estádios de quatro e dez folhas. Foram avaliados aos 7, 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias: sintomas visuais de intoxicação e altura de planta. Ao final do ensaio, foi avaliado o rendimento de algodão em caroço. Plantas de algodão tratadas com a dose de 180 g ha-1 apresentaram recuperação lenta, não havendo diferença entre os estádios de desenvolvimento. A maior dose provocou maiores danos em plantas mais jovens. O algodoeiro tratado com a menor dose apresentou crescimento normal nos 70 dias após a aplicação; quando tratado com 360 g ha-1, o crescimento foi afetado, principalmente em plantas mais jovens, e os sintomas visuais de intoxicação nas folhas foram mais severos em plantas mais jovens, havendo recuperação classificada como aceitável em plantas mais velhas. Houve redução no rendimento de algodão em caroço em todos os tratamentos, exceto em plantas mais velhas tratadas com 180 g ha-1.

Effects of weed control through cowpea intercropping on mayze morphology and yield

Intercropping combined with competitive maize cultivars can reduce the use of herbicides to control weeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of intercropping cowpea and maize, as well as hand-weeding on maize morphology and yield. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks, with treatments arranged in split-plots and five replications. The plots consisted of four maize cultivars (BA 8512, BA 9012, EX 4001, EX 6004) and the split-plots consisted of the following treatments: no-weeding; twice hand-weeding (20 and 40 days after sowing); and intercropping with cowpea ('Sempre Verde' cultivar), both maize and cowpea sown at the same time. The variables evaluated were: maize fresh green ears and grain yield; characteristics of internodes, leaves, tassels, ears, grains; plant height and ear insertion height; number of weed plants and species; fresh and dry biomass of weed species and cowpea. Ten weed species were outstanding during the experiment, many of them from the Poaceae family. No interactions were found between weed control method and maize cultivars for most variables evaluated; and plants from hand-weeded split-plots showed superior mean values compared to plants from non-weeded and intercropped split-plots, both not differing from each other. The cowpea was inefficient in controlling weed, reducing the maize yields and not producing any grain. The maize cultivars 'BA 8512' and 'BA 9012 showed the highest mean green ear yield, and the highest grain yield in hand-weeded, no-weeded and intercropped split-plots. On the other hand, the maize cultivar 'EX 6004' showed such high means only in no-weeded and intercropped split-plots. 'EX 4001 presented the worst means in these variables for hand-weeded, no-weeded ant intercropped split-plots.

Growth and nutrient concentration in coffee root system under weed species competition

The effects of competition of six weed species on growth, nutrient concentration and nutrient content of coffee plant root system under greenhouse conditions were evaluated. Thirty days after coffee seedling transplantation into 12 L pots with soil level area of 6.5 dm². Weeds were transplanted or sowed in these pots, at densities of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 plants per pot. The duration of competition (or weedy periods) from weed transplantation or emergence until plant harvesting, at the weed preflowering stage, were (in days): 77 (Bidens pilosa), 180 (Commelina diffusa), 82 (Leonurus sibiricus), 68 (Nicandra physaloides), 148 (Richardia brasiliensis) and 133 (Sida rhombifolia). Dry matter of coffee plants was linearly reduced with increasing B. pilosa and S. rhombifolia density, with pronounced effect of B. pilosa. C. diffusa was the only weed species whose increasing density in the pots did not diminish crop root dry matter. L. sibiricus, N. physaloides and R. brasiliensis reduced root dry matter of coffee plants by 75, 52 and 47%, respectively, as compared to the weed-free treatment, regardless of weed density. Under competition, even though weed species showed lower macronutrient concentration in the roots (except for P), they accumulated 4.2 (N), 12.3 (P), 4.3 (K), 5.5 (Ca), 7.6 (Mg) and 4.4 (S) times more nutrients in the roots than the coffee plants. Crop and weed nutrient concentration, as well as competition degrees greatly varied depending on both weed species and densities.

Desempenho do cultivar de arroz BRS pelota e controle de capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.) submetidos a quatro épocas de entrada d'água após aplicação de doses reduzidas de herbicidas

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a possibilidade de reduzir as doses de herbicidas na lavoura de arroz irrigado, com a supressão das plantas daninhas pela antecipação da entrada da lâmina de água, bem como avaliar o controle de capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.) em arroz irrigado, o desempenho da cultura e os efeitos dos herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência sobre os atributos fisiológicos da cultura de arroz. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas principais foram as entradas de água (A) aos 5, 10, 15 e 20 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas; as subparcelas, os herbicidas (H) bispyribac-sodium e bispyribac-sodium + clomazone; e as subsubparcelas, as doses de bispyribac-sodium (D) de 32, 40 e 48 g ha-1 isoladas e em mistura com 300 g ha-1 de clomazone. O bispyribac-sodium foi eficiente no controle de capim-arroz, com três folhas, quando a entrada de água ocorreu até cinco dias após a aspersão e/ou até o perfilhamento do arroz irrigado, quando em mistura com clomazone. É possível trabalhar com doses inferiores à recomendada de bispyribac-sodium isoladamente, desde que a submersão seja imediata após a aplicação deste, ou até o perfilhamento quando em mistura com clomazone.

Influência do oeríodo de cultivo de Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) na fitorremediação de solo contaminado com picloram

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tempo de cultivo de Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) sobre a fitorremediação de solo contaminado com picloram. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no período de setembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Os fatores foram compostos pela combinação entre quatro períodos de cultivo da espécie vegetal Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) (0, 60, 80 e 100 dias) e três doses do picloram (0, 80 e 160 g ha-1), totalizando 12 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. Como substrato utilizaram-se amostras de solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. Após o tempo estabelecido de atuação da espécie fitorremediadora, efetuou-se a semeadura das espécies bioindicadoras da presença do picloram: tomate e soja. As espécies bioindicadoras demonstraram alta sensibilidade à presença do picloram no solo, sendo inviável o cultivo dessas culturas em áreas contaminadas com esse herbicida sem a execução de algum procedimento remediador. O cultivo prévio de Tanzânia por 60 dias garantiu crescimento inicial satisfatório das plantas de soja e tomate quando a contaminação inicial não foi maior que 80 g ha-1 de picloram. Acima desse valor, a fitorremediação ocorrida proporcionou menor crescimento das plantas de soja e tomate, sendo necessário maior tempo de descontaminação.

Effect of cowpea intercropping on weed control and corn yieid

Herbicides have simplified weed control, but the use of herbicides, besides being costly, resulted in the selection of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes and has become an environmental contamination factor. Herbicide use reduction is one of the goals of modern agriculture, with several alternatives being investigated, including intercropping. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cowpea and corn cultivar intercropping on weed control and corn green-ear (immature ears with 80% humidity grains) and grain yield. A completely randomized block design with split-plots and four replications was used. AG 1051, AG 2060 and PL 6880 corn cultivars (assigned to plots) were submitted to the four treatments: no weeding, two hoe-weeding (22 and 41 days after planting), and intercropping with cowpea (BR 14 and IPA 206 cultivars, with indeterminate growth). The cowpea was planted (with corn planting) between the corn rows, in pits 1.0 m apart, with two plants per pit. The corn cultivars did not differ from each other as to weed density (WD), fresh above-ground weed biomass (WB), green-ear yield and grain yields. Higher WD and WB mean values were found in no weeding subplots; lower mean values in two hoe-weeding subplots; and intermediate mean values in intercropped subplots, indicating that cowpea plants had, to a certain extent, control over weeds. The no-weeded plots and the intercropped plots had lower green-ear and grain yields. Although the cowpea cultivars had a certain control over weeds (mean reductions of 22.5 and 18.3%, in terms of green matter density and weight of the above-ground part of weeds, respectively), they also competed against the corn plants, leading to yield reduction (mean reductions of 17.0 and 32% in green ear and grain yield, respectively). The cowpea cultivars did not produce grain, certainly due to the strong competition exerted by the corn and weeds on cowpea plants.

Multispecies weed competition and their economic threshold on the wheat crop

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of multispecies weed competition on wheat grain yield and to determine their economic threshold on the crop. The experiments were conducted in 2002, on two sites in Iran: at the Agricultural Research Station on Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (E1) and on the fields of Shirvan's Agricultural College (E2). A 15 x 50 m area of a 15 ha wheat field in E1 and a 15 x 50 m area of a 28 ha wheat field in E2 were selected as experimental sites. These areas were managed like other parts of the fields, except for the use of herbicides. At the beginning of the shooting stage, 30 points were randomly selected by dropping a 50 x 50 cm square marker on each site. The weeds present in E1 were: Avena ludoviciana, Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Stellaria holostea, Convolvulus spp., Fumaria spp., Sonchus spp., and Polygonum aviculare. In E2 the weeds were A. ludoviciana, Erysimum sp., P. aviculare, Rapistrum rugosum, C. album, Salsola kali, and Sonchus sp. The data obtained within the sampled squares were submitted to regression equations and weeds densities were calculated in terms of TCL (Total Competitive Load). The regression analysis model indicated that only A. ludoviciana, Convolvulus spp. and C. album, in E1; and A. ludoviciana, S. kali, and R. rugosum, in E2 had a significant effect on the wheat yield reduction. Weed economic thresholds were 5.23 TCL in E1 and 6.16 TCL in E2; which were equivalent to 5 plants m-2 of A. ludoviciana or 12 plants m-2 of Convolvulus spp. or 19 plants m-2 of C. album in E1; and 6 plants m-2 A. ludoviciana, 13 plants m-2 S. kali and 27 plants m-2 R. rugosum in E2. Simulations of economic weed thresholds using several wheat grain prices and weed control costs allowed a better comparison of the experiments, suggesting that a more competitive crop at location E1 than at E2 was the cause of a lower weed competitive ability at the first location.

Modeling light interception and distribution in mixed canopy of common cocklebur (Xanthium stramarium) in competition with corn

The aim of this study was to model light interception and distribution in the mixed canopy of Common cocklebur (Xanthium stramarium) with corn. An experiment was conducted in factorial arrangement on the basis of randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Gonabad in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 seasons. The factors used in this experiment include corn density of 7.5, 8.5 and 9.5 plants per meter of row and density of Common cocklebur of zero, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plants per meter of row. INTERCOM model was used through replacing parabolic function with triangular function of leaf area density. Vertical distribution of the species' leaf area showed that corn has concentrated the most leaf area in layer of 80 to 100 cm while Common cocklebur has concentrated in 35-50 cm of canopy height. Model sensitivity analysis showed that leaf area index, species' height, height where maximum leaf area is seen (hm), and extinction coefficient have influence on light interception rate of any species. In both species, the distribution density of leaf area at the canopy length fit a triangular function, and the height in which maximum leaf area was observed was changed by change in density. There was a correlation between percentage of the radiation absorbed by the weed and percentage of corn seed yield loss (r² = 0.89). Ideal type of corn was determined until the stage of tasseling in competition with weed. This determination indicates that the corn needs more height and leaf area, as well as less extinction coefficient to successfully fight against the weed.

Water use efficiency of cassava plants under competition conditions

The objective of this work was to evaluate characteristics associated with the photosynthetic activity of cassava plants in competition with weeds or not. The trial was performed on open environment conditions, with experimental units consisting of fiber glass vases with 150 dm³ filled with Red Yellow Latosol, previously fertilized. Treatments consisted in the cultivation of cassava plants isolated and associated to three weed species (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis and Brachiaria plantaginea). After cassava shooting, 15 days after planting, a removal of the weeds excess was performed, sown at the time of cassava planting, leaving six plants m-2 of B. pilosa and four plants m-2 of C. benghalensis and B. plantaginea. At 60 days after emergence (DAE), stomatal conductance (Gs), vapor pressure in the substomatal cavity (Ean), temperature gradient between leaf and air (ΔT), transpiration rate (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated. B. pilosa showed greater capacity to affect growth of cassava plants. B. plantaginea is very efficient in using water, especially by presenting C4 metabolism, and remains competitive with cassava even under temporarily low water status. C. benghalensis, in turn, is not a good competitor for light and apparently is not the primary cause of water depletion in the soil. The effects of weeds, in this case, were more associated with the competition. However, they were found between moderate to low. This implies that the competition established at experimental level was low.

Photosynthetic activity of cassava plants under weed competition

The objective of this work was to evaluate characteristics associated with the photosynthetic activity of cassava plants under weed competition. The trial was carried out under field conditions, and experimental units consisted of 150 dm³ fiberglass boxes containing red yellow Latosol, previously corrected and fertilized. Treatments consisted in the cultivation of cassava plants which were free of weed competition and associated with three weed species: Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis or Brachiaria plantaginea. After manioc sprouting started, 15 days after being planted, weeds that had been sown when manioc was planted were thinned, there were then eight plants left per experimental unit in accordance with specified treatments: cassava free of competition, cassava competing with B. pilosa, cassava competing with C. benghalensis and cassava competing with B. plantaginea. Sixty days after crop emergence leaf internal CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf temperature at the time of evaluation (Tleaf) and photosynthetic rate (A) were evaluated, also the CO2 consumption rate (ΔC) of cassava plants was calculated. A correlation matrix between variables was also obtained. All characteristics associated with photosynthesis in cassava plants were influenced by weed species. Cassava was more affected by B. pilosa and B. plantaginea in which concerns its exposition to solar radiation and water, while C. benghalensis seems to mostly affect the composition of incident light on the culture, allowing cassava to anticipate imposition when competing, even before it reaches harmful levels.