Landscape structure in the northern coast of Paraná state, a hotspot for the brazilian Atlantic Forest conservation

The "Serra do Mar" region comprises the largest remnant of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The coast of the Paraná State is part of the core area of the "Serra do Mar" corridor and where actions for biodiversity conservation must be planned. In this study we aimed at characterizing the landscape structure in the APA-Guaraqueçaba, the largest protected area in this region, in order to assist environmental policies of this region. Based on a supervised classification of a mosaic of LANDSAT-5-TM satellite images (from March 2009), we developed a map (1:75,000 scale) with seven classes of land use and land cover and analyzed the relative quantities of forests and modified areas in slopes and lowlands. The APA-Guaraqueçaba is comprised mainly by the Dense Ombrophilous Forest (68.6% of total area) and secondary forests (9.1%), indicating a forested landscape matrix; anthropogenic and bare soil areas (0.8%) and the Pasture/Grasslands class (4.2%) were less representative. Slopes were less fragmented and more preserved (96.3% of Dense Ombrophilous Forest and secondary forest) than lowlands (71.3%), suggesting that restoration initiatives in the lowlands must be stimulated in this region. We concluded that most of the region sustains well-conserved ecosystems, highlighting the importance of Paraná northern coast for the biodiversity maintenance of the Atlantic Forest.

TAMANHO E FORMA DA UNIDADE AMOSTRAL PARA QUANTIFICAÇÃO DA SERAPILHEIRA EM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SUBTROPICAL1

RESUMOPara o estudo do ciclo de nutrientes em uma floresta, é necessária a estimação precisa da quantidade de serapilheira depositada e de suas frações. Entre as formas reconhecidas para minimizar a variabilidade entre amostras está o uso do tamanho ótimo de unidades amostrais para a coleta da serapilheira. Entretanto, existem poucas recomendações nesse sentido, o que gera variação no tamanho da unidade amostral utilizada em experimentos similares. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho e a forma ótimos da unidade amostral para quantificação de serapilheira em Floresta Estacional Subtropical. Para isso, foram alocadas, aleatoriamente, na área cinco parcelas de dimensões 3,0 x 2,0 m em cada uma das quatro estações do ano, subdivididas em 96 unidades básicas de 0,25 x 0,25 m. Em cada unidade básica foi coletada toda a matéria orgânica acima do solo, sendo esta separada nas frações folhas, galhos finos, resíduo. A estimativa do tamanho ótimo da unidade básica foi obtida por dois métodos distintos. Observou-se que o coeficiente de variação diminui à medida que aumenta o tamanho da unidade amostral; há diferenças na variabilidade da produção de serapilheira entre as parcelas na mesma estação de coleta; unidades amostrais retangulares são mais homogêneas entre si que as quadradas; recomenda-se a utilização de unidades amostrais de 0,40 m2 (1,5 m x 0,25 m) para a coleta de serapilheira em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Subtropical.

Impact of elevated temperature scenarios on potato leaf development

The objective of this study was to simulate the impact of elevated temperature scenarios on leaf development of potato in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Leaf appearance was estimated using a multiplicative model that has a non-linear temperature response function which calculates the daily leaf appearance rate (LAR, leaves day-1) and the accumulated number of leaves (LN) from crop emergence to the appearance of the upper last leaf. Leaf appearance was estimated during 100 years in the following scenarios: current climate, +1 °C, +2 °C, +3 °C, +4 °C e +5 °C. The LAR model was estimated with coefficients of the Asterix cultivar in five emergence dates and in two growing seasons (Fall and Spring). Variable of interest was the duration (days) of the crop emergence to the appearance of the final leaf number (EM-FLN) phase. Statistical analysis was performed assuming a three-factorial experiment, with main effects being climate scenarios, growing seasons, and emergence dates in a completely randomized design using years (one hundred) as replications. The results showed that warmer scenarios lead to an increase, in the fall, and a decrease, in the spring growing season, in the duration of the leaf appearance phase, indicating high vulnerability and complexity of the response of potato crop grown in a Subtropical environment to climate change.

Soil water evaporation under densities of coverage with vegetable residue

This study was conducted at the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR) in Londrina, State of Paraná (PR), Brazil (latitude 23º18'S, longitude 51º09'W and average altitude of 585 m). The local climate, according to the classification of Köeppen, is Cfa type, i.e., humid subtropical climate, with rain in all seasons and can occur dry seasons during the winter. It was determined soil evaporation (E) under different coverage densities with residue from the wheat crop. The treatments were installed in weighting lysimeters of 2.66 m² and 1.3 m deep, which allows to determine E by the mass difference with measuring precision of 0.1mm at one hour intervals. Treatments consisted of 0; 2.5; 5 and 10 t ha-1 of wheat crop residues, placed evenly over each lysimeter. In the first cycle (September 22nd to October 20th, 2008), the reduction of E, as compared to a bare soil, was 4; 15 and 24%, while in the second cycle (December 1st to 30th, 2008), the reduction was of 15; 22 and 25%, respectively, for the treatments of 2.5; 5 and 10 t ha-1.

Inefficacy of albendazole sulphoxide and ivermectin for the treatment of bovine parasitic otitis caused by rhabditiform nematodes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of orally administered albendazole sulphoxide and pour-on ivermectin for the treatment of bovine parasitic otitis caused by rhabditiform nematodes. Eighteen Gyr cows presenting clinical otitis were divided in three groups with six animals each. The first one did not receive any treatment (control group). The second one was treated with 0.5% pour-on ivermectin, 500µg/kg of body weight, and the third group was treated with oral 6% albendazole sulphoxide, at 6.0mg/kg. Both ear canals of each animal were reexamined on days 7 and 21 post treatment. The animals in the control group remained infected throughout the days of observation. Ivermectin treatment did not show effectiveness on days 7 or 21 post treatment. The albendazole sulphoxide treatment had an efficacy of 16.7 and 25% on days 7 and 21, respectively. Further studies are required to assess an effective treatment for this parasitic disease, especially via alternative administration routes, because of its significant impact on Bos taurus indicus cattle breeding in Tropical and Subtropical Regions.

Diagnose of the ingestion of Asclepias mellodora St. Hil. by sheep through microhistological analysis of their digestive contents

Asclepias mellodora St. Hil. is a native acute toxic species frequent in the grasslands of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina, whose toxicity had not been assessed until now. This study evaluates the minimal lethal dose of this species for sheep, and the possibility of microscopically recognizing its fragments in gastrointestinal contents as a complementary diagnostic tool in necropsies. Three Frisona sheep (average LW=55±4.5 kg) were dosed via an esophageal tube with each one of the following doses of asclepias: 8.0, 5.0, 2.0 and 0.8 g DM.kg LW-1. Sheep poisoned with the three higher doses died between 10 and 85 h after intoxication, but those receiving the lower dose did not. During necropsies we: 1) determined the dry weight of the contents of rumen+reticulum, omasum+abomasum, and large intestine, 2) estimated the percentages of asclepias fragments by microanalysis correcting for digestion effects on fragment recognition, and 3) calculated the total mass of asclepias in the digestive tract of each animal. For the three higher doses, the mass of asclepias identified in the total ingesta was 12.3±3.4% of the amount supplied, possibly because of the strong diarrhea its ingestion produced. The percentages of asclepias in rumen+reticulum did not differ from the average quantified for the entire tract. The results of this study indicate that the minimal lethal doses of asclepias for sheep is between 2.0 and 0.8g DM·kg LW-1, and that the microhistological analysis of the rumen+reticulum, the easiest region to sample, can be used to confirm the ingestion of this toxic species, although the estimated percentage will be not a good estimator of the ingested percentage.

Character transformations and their functional significance as a key to the evolution of hystricognath Rodentia

Hystricognathi represent a monophyletic taxon within Rodentia. Since phylogenetically analyzed morphological systems are essential for revealing evolutionary processes, this study identifies evolutionary character transformations on the stem lineage of Hystricognathi as derived from the author's own work and the literature. Data so far indicate that evolutionary transformations in the rostral head region, the loss of tactile ability in the outer nasal skin and the mobile arrangement of the associated cartilage, were allied with a switch from omnivorous to herbivorous and fiber-rich nutrition. Additional character transformations in the skull assist in digesting such food. Structures associated with reproduction and placentation show a remarkable pro portion of derived character conditions: the chorioallantoic placenta has a ring-shaped organization and growth structure which optimizes the capacity for passive diffusion, a subplacenta occurred as a specialized region responsible for placental invasion and the inverted yolk sac facilitates substance exchange with the main placenta. Finally, precocial newborns evolved as a derived condition within Rodentia. All things considered, a mode of reproduction is indicated, which does not demand excessive additional energy intake by the mother and is in accordance with her low energetic diet. Hystricognathi possess major character transformations that represent prerequisites for their successful radiation at the time when more open ecosystems and grasslands evolved during Earth history. The analysis resulted in the reconstruction of a life-near picture of the hystricognath stem species pattern with high explanatory power in terms of changes in space and time and their interdependence with biodiversity.

The importance of Leptospira interrogans serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola in coastal zone and in southern fields of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This study aimed to describe the occurrence of Leptospira interrogans serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola, in coastal zone and in southern grasslands of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In each one of the four analyzed farms blood samples were collected from free-living wild animals, domestic animals and humans to perform serological testing for leptospirosis. The presence of antibodies was verified by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The criterion adopted to consider a serum as agglutination reactant was at least 50% of leptospira for a microscopic field of 100x. From 17 blood samples collected at Chuí, five (29.41%) were positive, three (60.00%) for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and two (40.00%) for Canicola. From 21 samples collected in the County of Santana da Boa Vista, six (28.57%) were positive, four (66.67%) for serovar Canicola and two (33.33%) for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae. From 32 samples collected at Alegrete, 10 (31.25%) were positive, seven (70.00%) for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and three (30.00%) foro serovar Canicola. From 17 blood samples collected in Cruz Alta, three (17.64%) were positive, two (66.67%) for serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and one (33.33%) for Canicola. It is necessary to improve sanitary practices on farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to achieve success in leptospirosis control programs.

Padrões de distribuição geográfica dos táxons brasileiros de Eragrostis (Poaceae, Chloridoideae)

O gênero Eragrostis está representado por 53 táxons no Brasil, 38 dos quais nativos e que podem ser reunidos nos seguintes padrões de distribuição geográfica: tropical, tropical/subtropical (táxons mais abundantes na área tropical mas que se estendem até a região sul), tropical e subtropical (tão abundantes na região tropical quanto na subtropical), subtropical, e subtropical/tropical (o oposto do segundo padrão). Uma análise destes padrões é apresentada juntamente com mapas representativos dos mesmos.

Ecological distribution of Cyanophyceae in lotic ecosystems of São Paulo State

A hundred seventy two stream reaches from six distinct natural regions (parts of biomes or geological areas) in São Paulo State (Atlantic Rainforest, Cerrado, Hard Water regions, Northwest region, Subtropical Rainforest, and Tropical Rainforest) were searched for the most representative macroscopic Cyanophyceae of phytobenthic communities. Selected ecological parameters were analyzed in each stream segment: conductance, current velocity, oxygen saturation, pH, turbidity, and water temperature. Algal abundance was evaluated as percentage cover. Thirthy four cyanophyte taxa were identified and Phormidium retzii was the most widespread species throughout the State, occurring in all studied regions, except in hard water areas, and was negatively correlated to conductance. The subtropical Rainforest region presented the highest mean species richness per site, whereas the tropical Rainforest region had the highest abundance (percentage cover) of blue-green algae. Correlation tests revealed that conductance was significantly and negatively related to variations in abundance and richness of cyanophyte in streams of São Paulo State. This relationship probably reflects the ability of blue-green algae to grow at medium to low ion content and to take advantage under nutrient stress conditions.

Epífitos vasculares em fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

Este estudo foi realizado em 14 áreas de floresta com Araucária, sob clima Cfb, com valores médios anuais de precipitação de 1.450 mm e de temperatura 16,7 ºC. Foram registradas 106 espécies epifíticas (10 exóticas) distribuídas em 21 famílias. Orchidaceae (35 espécies), Polypodiaceae (14 spp.) e Bromeliaceae (12 spp.) apresentaram maior riqueza específica. O número de espécies nativas por fragmento variou entre 10 e 64. A riqueza dos epífitos vasculares em Floresta Ombrófila Mista é menor que em Floresta Ombrófila Densa, e maior que em florestas estacionais brasileiras. As variações climáticas, o tipo de cobertura vegetacional, o grau e intensidade de perturbação nos fragmentos são determinantes na manutenção e incremento das comunidades epifíticas.

Composição florística e estrutura comunitária de epífitos vasculares em uma floresta de galeria na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul

Apesar das florestas de galeria serem amplamente difundidas nos neotrópicos, existem poucas informações disponíveis sobre seu epifitismo vascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a composição florística e a estrutura comunitária dos epífitos vasculares em uma floresta de galeria que acompanha dois arroios na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. A área estudada situa-se na Estação Experimental Agronômica (30°04' - 30°07' S e 51°40' - 51°42' W) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) a uma altitude aproximada de 40 m. O clima regional é subtropical úmido (Cfa), com médias anuais de temperatura e precipitação de 19,2 ºC e 1.310 mm, respectivamente. Sessenta forófitos com DAP mínimo de 10 cm foram amostrados através do método de pontos quadrantes. Os parâmetros de freqüência e diversidade foram estimados com base na ocorrência epifítica sobre indivíduos forofíticos e sobre os segmentos fuste e copa. O levantamento florístico resultou em 13 famílias, 32 gêneros e 50 espécies. As famílias mais ricas em espécies foram Orchidaceae (13), Bromeliaceae (8), Polypodiaceae (8), Cactaceae (5) e Piperaceae (5). Duas pteridófitas, Microgramma vacciniifolia e Polypodium pleopeltifolium, apresentaram os maiores valores de importância. O índice de diversidade de Shannon foi 3,434 (nats) para toda a comunidade epifítica. Considerando os ambientes de fuste e copa, os valores foram 3,092 e 3,298, respectivamente. Estes valores intermediários em relação a outros estudos no sul do Brasil provavelmente refletem uma típica situação subtropical, onde a diversidade epifítica decresce com a diminuição da temperatura e precipitação.

Ocorrência de apomixia e partenocarpia em algumas espécies subtropicais de Asteraceae

Neste trabalho foram estudados os sistemas reprodutivos de 22 espécies de Asteraceae ocorrentes na região de Curitiba, PR, tendo em vista investigar a ocorrência de apomixia em representantes subtropicais desta família. Testes de campo mostraram sete espécies produzindo frutos nos tratamentos de apomixia (Calea hispida, Taraxacum officinale, Baccharis cylindrica, B. dracunculifolia, Chromolaena ivaefolia, Trixis verbasciformis e Vernonia discolor), mas apenas as duas primeiras com sementes viáveis. As demais 15 espécies não produziram frutos nos tratamentos de apomixia: Bidens pilosa, B. tinctoria, Campovassouria cruciata, Chromolaena laevigata, Erechtites valerianaefolia, Hypochoeris radicata, H. tweediei, Lactuca scariola, Mutisia coccinea, Senecio brasiliensis, Sonchus oleraceus, Sphagneticola trilobata, Vernonia platensis e V. flexuosa apresentaram frutos formados em tratamentos de autopolinização espontânea, em níveis extremamente variáveis. Perezia cubataensis foi a única espécie que não apresentou autopolinização espontânea. Testes de viabilidade de pólen mostraram esterilidade muito baixa em todas as espécies (inclusive cinco apomíticas), à exceção de T. officinale e C. ivaefolia. A freqüência relativamente baixa de casos de apomixia entre Asteraceae de clima subtropical é notável, assim como a partenocarpia (produção e desenvolvimento de frutos sem sementes) encontrada em cinco das espécies estudadas .

Banco de sementes de espécies arbóreas em floresta estacional no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

O conhecimento da composição do banco de sementes do solo fornece informações básicas sobre o potencial de regeneração da comunidade, permitindo que se façam inferências sobre o processo sucessional. Em uma parcela permanente de 0,5 ha (50 unidades amostrais de 100 m²) localizada em floresta estacional de encosta com exposição sul no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, município de Viamão (RS), foram analisadas a composição e a distribuição de espécies arbóreas no banco de sementes do solo. Em todas as unidades amostrais foram coletadas a serapilheira e o solo, este em duas profundidades (0-5 cm e 5-10 cm), na primavera (setembro 2002) e no outono (março 2003). O material coletado foi colocado a germinar em casa de vegetação, sob duas distintas condições de luz: natural e com recobrimento de sombrite (50%). A composição de espécies e a densidade foram relativamente similares para as duas estações (índice de Jaccard = 0,67). Em comparação com a composição arbórea atual da área a similaridade foi muito baixa, para ambas estações. A ausência de diferenças significativas entre os períodos de coleta pode refletir a condição relativamente homogênea subtropical úmida, na qual a estacionalidade não se mostra efetiva. A presença de espécies dependentes de luz e de tolerantes à sombra no banco de sementes, indica um alto potencial de regeneração para o componente arbóreo, no caso de formação de clareira ou outras perturbações na estrutura florestal presente.

Occurrence of the rare genus Microcrocis P. Richter (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria) in a coastal lagoon from southern Brazil

The paper records the first occurrence of the genus Microcrocis P. Richter (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria), represented by M. pulchella (Buell) Geitler, in Brazil. The species was found in two zones, one with freshwater and the other with brackish water, of a coastal lagoon of Rio Grande do Sul State (31°15’-31°30’ S and 50°54’-51°09’ W). Comparison between M. pulchella and its most closely related species is presented. Up to now this species had occurrence records limited to freshwater systems in temperate regions. Its presence in a subtropical coastal lagoon from southernmost Brazil, either in fresh or in brackish water, broadened the knowledge of the distribution area of M. pulchella.