Cardite rheumatica especifica com nodulos necroticos macroscopicos

In einem Falle von Rheumatismus infectiosus specificus, der bei einem 10 Jahre alten Kinde in kaum 2 Monaten sich abwickelte, konnten wir ausser dem typischen histologischen Bilde einer spezifischen rheumatischen Karditis auch das Vorhandensein von makroskopischen nekrotischen Knoetchen feststellen, die bei der Veroeffentlichung der vorliegenden Arbeit das Hauptinteresse beanspruchen. Die rheumatischen Veraenderungen finden sich sowohl im Myokard als auch im Peri-und Endokard. Die im Myokard vorgefundenen Veraenderungen lassen sich wie folgt einteilen: 1) Schaedigungen einer spezifischen knoetchenfoermigen Myokarditis, die durch die Gegenwart von zahlreichen, zwischen den Muskelfasern und in der Umgebung der Gefaesse gelegenen, typischen Aschoff'schen Knoetchen ausgepraegt sind. (Fig. 2-3). 2) Schaedigungen einer akuten exsudativen herdfoermigen Myokarditis mit Aschoff'schen Knoetchen. (Fig. 5-6). Derartige Veraenderungen offenbaren sich durch das Vorhandensein von polymorphonukleaeren neutrophilen und besonders eosinophilen Leukocyten, und zwar in nicht zusammenhaengenden Herden zerstreut mit Zerstoerung von Herzfasern. In den entzuendlichen Herden kommen noch typische Aschoff'sche Zellen vor, die sich manchmal in Aschoff'sche Knoetchen umorganisieren. (Fig. 5). Weder narbenfoermige Herde noch Verschwielung werden in irgend einem Teile des Herzmuskels angetroffen. 3) Makroskopisch sichtbare nekrotische Knoetchen. - Diese Knoetchen sind der wichtigste Befund der vorliegenden Arbeit. Bei der makroskopischen Betrachtung des Herzens, findet man an verschiedenen Stellen der Innenseite des linken Ventrikels Knoetchen vorliegen, deren gelbliche Faerbung lebhalf von der der benachbarten Muskulatur absticht. Wenn auch an der Oberflaeche des Endokards leicht hervorragend, sind diese Gebilde glatt, von derber Konsistenz, wobei die groessten 1 mm im Durchmesser aufweisen. (Fig. 1). Aehnliche Knoetchen werden im verdickten Teil der beiden Papillarmuskel der Mitratis angetroffen, jedoch weisen diese groessere Dimensionen und einem Durchmesser von 4 mm auf. Die Trikuspidal-und Mitralklappe sind frei, zart und elastisch, bei makroskopischer Betrachtung sind keinerlei aeltere oder juengere warzenfoermige Auflagerungen festzustellen Indessen die mikroskopische Untersuchung der Mitralis ergab einen akuten entzuendlichen Prozess mit reichlichen polymorphonukleaeren neutrophilen und eosinophilen Zellen, jedoch ohne Aschoff'sche Knoetchen. Die vorgefundene Veraenderung entspricht also dem Bilde einer akuten unspezifischen Valvulitis. Die Knoetchen praegen sich durch das Vorhandensein einer zentral gelegenenn nekrotischen Masse, umgeben von einer durch epithelioide Zellen gebildeten Schicht aus. Eines dieser im verdickten Abschnitt des linken Ventrikels angetroffenen Knoetchen misst in seinen groessten Durchmessern 1700 - 1200 µ (Fig. 7). Die ihn befallende Nekrose ist eine typische Verkaesungsnekrose, mit einer Ausdehnung von 700 - 1000 µ in ihren verschiedenen Durchmessern. In einem bestimmten Abschnitt hat sich die Nekrose noch nicht vollstaendig ausgebildet, wobei zahlreiche Kerne sich in dem Zustand von Karyorhexis befinden. Zwischen dem Rand der nekrotisierten Schicht und der Peripherie des Knoetchens sieht man zahlreiche epithelioide Zellen. (Figs. 7-12), unter denen einige zweikernige, den Aschoff'schen aehnliche Gebilde zu erkennen sind. In der Umgebung des Knoetchens sind weder tuberkuloese Follikel noch milliare Gummata zu beobachten. Aschoff'sche Knoetchen sind in dem Teile, dem das Endokardknoetchen am naechsten liegt, nachzuweisen. Anstossend an die epithelioiden, das Knoetchen in einem regelmaessigen Streifen umgebenden Zellen besteht lymphocytaere Infiltration, wobei auch polymorphonukleaere eosinophile und neutrophile Leukocyten sich vorfinden. Auf gleicher Hoehe des nekrotisierten Knoetchens sind die Herzfasern zum groessten Teil zerstoert. Die noch erkennbar sind, sind zersplittert und nekrotisch, wobei von der Querstreifung nichts mehr zu bemerken ist und ein hyalines und homogenes Aussehen Platz greift. Die bei der makroskopischen Untersuchung am verdickten Teil der Papillarmuskeln der Mitratis festgestellten Knoetchen erscheinen durch Verschmelzung verschiedener anderer kleinerer Knoetchen entstanden und zwar konnten wir bis zu vier solcher Knoetchen nachweisen. (Fig. 9) Diese Knoetchen haben eine laengliche Form, ihre Ausdehnung schwankt in ihren groessten Durchmesser zwischen 700 bis 1200 µ. in ihren kleinsten zwischen 180 bis 400 µ. Ihr morphologischer Aufbau ist dem des bereits geschilderten knoetchens sehr aehnlich. Sie weisen gleichfalls eine zentrale nekrotische Schicht, umgeben von einer anderen epithelioider Zellen, auf, wobei an der Peripherie Infiltration von Lymphocyten und polymorphonuklearen neutrophilen und eosinophilen Zellen besteht. Die nekrotische Schicht indessen laesst nicht deutlich das Bild der Verkaesungsnekrose erkennen. Es sind noch veraenderte, homogene Muskelfasern unter Beibehaltung lineaerer Anordnung zu beobachten. An anderen Stellen wiederum ist die Muskelfaser nicht mehr zu erkennen, es finden sich dann nekrotisierte Gebilde von granulierten Aussehen. Die Herzfasern zeigen, nach Massgabe der Entfernung von der Mitte des Knoetchens, ebenfalls homogenes Aussehen, wobei sie eine gleichmaessige durch Eosin bewirkte Rosafaerbung aufweisen. Die histologischen Unterschiede zwischen den genannten Knoetchen und dem geschilderten ersten Knoetchen beruhen nur darauf, dass sich in den erstaren noch keine staerkere Nekrose abgespielt hat, so dass es den Anschein hat als ob das Entstehen der Knoetchen juengeren Datums sei. Den gleichen Unterschied des nekrotischen Bildes bieten sogar die verschiedenen Knoetchen ein und desselben Abschnittes dar, wobei eine wahrhafte Abstufung in den nekrotischen Herden, die in einigen Knoetchen mehr fortgeschritten, in anderen kaum begonnen erscheint, sich feststellen laesst. Unter Anwendung geeigneter Methodiik konnten wir weder das Vorhandensein von Treponemas, Bakterien, noch von saeurefesten Keimen in keinen der Knoetchen nachweisen. Diese fraglichen Knoetchen muessen als eine weite fortgeschrittene rheumatische Schaedigung aufgefasst werden. An dieser Ansicht halten wir fest, wobei wir uns auf aeusserst bedeutungsvolle Befunde stuetzen, wie den Nachweis der Knoetchen in einem typischen Falle von rheumatischer Myokarditis, den Aufbau der erwaehnten Knoetchen auf Kosten von, den Aschoff'schen Zellen morphologisch aehnlichen Zellen; schliesslich halten die Knoetchen immer eine unmittelbare Beziehung zum Endokard aufrecht, wo die Aschoff'schen Knoetchen sich zahlreich vorfinden. Tuberkuloese Follikel sind nicht anzutreffen noch sind Gummatas oder sonstige Veraenderungen syphílítíscher Art vorhanden. Ausserdem fehlen saeurefeste Keime und Spirochaeten. Aus diesen Gruenden muss die Hypothese, als ob es sich hier um tuberkuloese oder syphilitische Gebilde handle, fallen gelassen werden.

Estudos sobre a Esquistosomose em Pernambuco, Brasil

Os autores referem os resultados dos estudos sobre esquistosomose realisados, em Pernambuco, de Novembro de 1938 a Dezembro de 1939. Não se extendem em discussão, nem comentarios, tampouco, relacionam suas verificações com o que já foi relatado sobre o assunto em trabalhos nacionais e estrangeiros, pelo fato de que, não se trata de um resultado definitivo e sim de atividades que irão proseguir. Os estudos sistematicos em torno da endemia esquistosomica foram executados em duas localidades diversas pela população e pela situação geografica e ecologica. Pontezinha é uma povoação de 1200 habitantes localizada proximo a um conjunto de charcos e lagõas de agua dôce onde pululam caramujos do tipo olivaceus de Spix, e apresenta uma taxa de infestação de 21,4% para individuos do sexo masculino, e de 14,7% para os do sexo feminino. A distribuição por grupos de idade mostra que a incidencia cresce até o grupo de 16 a 20 anos de idade, quando atinge a percentagem de 37,8%, para decrescer em seguida. Em Vitoria a incidencia foi maior nos indivíduos do sexo feminino, atingindo a taxa de 41,4%, dando o sexo masculino a taxa de 36,9%. Por idade a percentagem maxima é atingida pelo grupo de 11 a 15 anos. Vitoria é uma cidade de 1500 habitantes, construida á margem do rio Tapacurá, onde se encontram numerosos caramujos do tipo centimetralis Lutz. A divergencia de incidencia corre por conta dos habitos da população e pela utilização que ela faz do rio, sendo maior em Vitoria porque a proximidade do rio facilita o uso de suas aguas para banho e serviços domesticos, condicionando este ultimo fato, a maior infestação das mulheres. O estudo da frequencia da infestação dos caramujos por cercarias de diversos trematodios, permite suspeitar uma relação inversa entre a taxa de infestação e o diametro maximo atingido pelos caramujos, parecendo este fato confirmar os trabalhos de Vianna Martins sobre a identidade dos hospedeiros intermediarios do Sch. mansoni no BRasil com o Australorbis glabratus (Say, 1818). Os ovos de Sch. mansoni depositados nos tecidos, provocam lesões inflamatorias nodulares que podem pela sua evolução obedecer ás seguintes fases: a) reação inicial sub-aguda ou mais raramente, aguda; b) reação cronica com predominancia de elementos infiltrativos; c) reação cronica com predominancia de histiocitos, formação de célula gigante e proliferação fibro-colagena encistante; d) reação caracterizada pelo englobamento do ovo pelo gigantocito e predominancia de tecido fibro-colageno; e) nodulo caracterizado pelo aspéto encistante do tecido fibro-colageno com célula gigante ou vestigios de casca quitinosa na parte central (ninho encistante); f) cicatriz fibro-colagena. Em todos os orgãos examinados, esses aspétos eram presentes, sendo que variações aparecem: 1º No pulmão o processo inicial surge sob a forma de alveolite aguda mais ou menos difusa. Posteriormente essa lesão toma um aspéto bronco-pneumonico. 2º Na mucosa intestinal a lesão inicial é aguda e difusa. no estadio de cronicidade, ha ulceração, proliferação do tecido de granulação, podendo formar polipos, ou hiperplasia glandular, constituindo algumas vêses, polipo-adenoma. 3º Nos ganglios linfaticos o aspéto reacional é caracterizado por uma disposição epitelioide, muito evidente dos histiocitos que são abundantes. 4º No pancreas, as lesões são as mais pobres em aspétos reacionais. Os AA. mostraram um conjunto de 9 observações de infestação antiga de esquistosomose onde se encontrava um disturbio da formula sanguinea expressivo da frenação medular. Nestes 9 casos, 7 deles apresentavam esplenomegalias de intensidades varias. Oito deles eram portadores de outras infestações verminoticas. Em quatro, realisou-se a ablação esplenica. Em outros quatro, aplicou-se o tratamento anti-esquistosomoso pelos sais de Antimonio. Os sinais sanguineos de hipomielia, manifestaram-se irredutiveis apesar da desinfestação dos outros parasitas intestinais, do tratamento corretivo das sindromes anemicas e da terapeutica anti-esquistosomotica. Somente a esplenectomia conseguiu apagar aquela disfunção hemo-reguladora. Os AA. acreditam que alguns dos casos apresentados sejam de esplenopatias cronicas de origem esquistosomotica. Como tal procuram realçar uma das variedades do acometimento esquistosomoso esplenico moldado na sindrome de hiperesplenia cronica hipomielica. Os requisitos exigidos para esta catalogação estiveram presentes, tal como em verdadeiras esplenopatias cronicas palustres, leishmanioticas ou de outra etiologia semelhante em atuação.

Toxoplasmose congênita

We had the opportunity to study 6 cases of the congenital form of toxoplasmosis, found in a series of 1200 necropsies of fetuses and newborn babies, realized at 3 different hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Among the 6 cases, 4 were premature babies liveborn at the 6th-8th gestational month and 2 were stillborn (1 premature and 1 at term). In all those cases, the diagnosis was based in the detection of the parasite in tissues and in one case it was even isolated the Toxoplasma from the necrotic material found in the cranial cavity. This strain of Toxoplasma, pathogenic to pigeons, to guinea pigs and to mice, is preserved by successive transfers in mice. Some facts observed in those cases present an interest not only strictly anatomic but also have certain value for the better acknowlegment of the disease. First, we want to call the attention to the presence of a sudden high fever, during or just before pregnancy in the 4 cases in which the maternal anamnesis was perfectly studied; this fever that was preceded by a normal beginning of pregnancy, had relatively rapid remission, but in 2 cases was immediately followed by uterine bleeding and premature delivery, although the puerperium had been apparently normal. It is known that are normal the subsequent children of the mothers that delivered a baby with toxoplasmosis and that several women have normal babies before the toxoplasmotic one. We believe that the fever observed in our cases could be indicative of the beginning of maternal infection and those are the reasons why we emphasize the need of careful anamnesis, specially in the cases actually diagnosed as inapparent infection. Another fact to notice is that in 5 of our cases the event premature delivery happened always between the 6th and the 8th months of pregnancy, and the only term fetus was delivered in advanced stage of maceration. The above mentioned facts could agree with the opinion of FRENKEL (1949), when he declared that "primary infection of the pregnant mother appears more likely to be the commoner mode of fetal toxoplasmic infection", but they would disagree with WEINMAN (1952) who believes that the transmission of Toxoplasma to the fetus is more frequent through a pregnant woman with chronic disease and who says "that infection contracted during pregnancy may and probably does happen from time to time"...Still in connection with the transmission of toxoplasmosis, we want to note the verification of inflammatory lesions in the placental villi and in the umbilical cord in 3 of the 4 cases in which such organs were examined at the microscope. In the case n. 1, we found several pseudocysts of Toxoplasma in the placenta, and the fibroblasts of Wharton's jelly were particularly rich in isolated forms and in colonies of Toxoplasma; the easy multiplication of the parasite in that tissue calls the attention and even suggests its utilisation for Toxoplasma's cultivation. The confirmation of Toxoplasma in human placenta was made only recently by CRISTEN et al. (1951) and by NEGHME et al. (1952), in Chile; it is not frequent in the literature, what gives some value to our present verification. Another observation was that provided by the case n. 6. This baby, a premature one of the 6th month, was 14 days old and-died with signs of respiratory disease, the causa mortis have been pneumonia. At the necropsy, we found no gross change that suggested toxoplasmosis, except the presence of some small necrotic focuses in the cerebral nervous substance around the ventricles. As a matter of fact, there was no enlargement of spleen or liver and neither leptomeningitis nor hydrocephalus. Such focuses were attributed to possible anoxia and in fact they are extremely similar to anoxial softenings, even when they are examined at the microscope; its structure composed of a central necrotic zone, surrounded by proliferated neuroglia and by a variable deposit of calcium salts, closely simulated the anoxial softenings, when the microscopical examination is based in the common histological preparations (hematoxilin-eosin, etc.). But when we examine preparations by the Giemsa or by the periodic acid-Schiff methods, we will note the presence of Toxoplasma, with its typical aspect or a little changed by degeneration. When we describe this observation, we wish to evidence the need of the search of Toxoplasma and closed parasites, in the cases of supposed pure anoxial softenings of nervous substance, in children. The frequency with which the congenital toxoplasmosis was anatomically verified should be emphasized, although the disease had not been clinically suspected, and it should be borne in mind that the second case of toxoplasmosis reported in the world was observed in Brazil by MAGARINOS TORRES; this case was the first to be described of the generalized congenital form of the infection, i. e. with myocardial lesions and parasites in skeletal muscles and skin.

A simple method to purify biologically and antigenically preserved bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi using Deae-cellulose columns

A method to purify trypanosomastigotes of some strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (Y, CL, FL, F, "Berenice", "Colombiana" and "São Felipe") from mouse blood by using DEAE-cellulose columns was standardized. This procedure is a modification of the Lanham & Godfrey methods and differs in some aspects from others described to purify T. cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes, mainly by avoidance of prior purifications of parasites. By this method, the broad trypomastigotes were mainly isolated, accounting for higher recoveries obtained with strains having higher percentages of these forms: processing of infected blood from irradiated mice could be advantageous by increasing the recovery of parasites (percentage and/or total number) and elution of more slender trypomastigotes. Trypomastigotes purified by this method presented normal morphology and motility, remained infective to triatomine bugs and mice, showing in the latter prepatent periods and courses parasitemia similar to those of control parasites, and also reproducing the polymorphism pattern of each strain. Their virulence and pathogenicity also remained considerably preserved, the latter property being evaluated by LD 50 tests, mortality rates and mean survival time of inoculated mice. Moreover, these parasites presented positive, clear and peripheral immunofluorescence reaction at titres similar to those of control organisms, thus suggesting important preservation of their surface antigens.

Comparasion of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), immuno-electron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection in children

Detection of rotavirus RNA by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) proved to be a highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic test. A comparison of this assay with immuno-electron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in 245 faeces from children with gastroenteritis revealed complete agreement between the three assays in 238 (97.14%) samples. Among 75 samples positive in at least one of the three assays, negative results were observed in 5 (6.48%) by PAGE, in 6 (6.76%) by EIA and in none by IEM. Silver staining greatly increased the sensitivity of the PAGE assay. We conclude that although IEM remains the most sensitive and rapid rotavirus diagnostic assay, the PAGE technique has many advantages in its favour, including the non-requirement of expensive equipment, the use of only chemically defined reagents and the capacity to distinguish virus subgroup and variants and to detect non-crossreactive rotaviruses which are missed in serological assays.

Résistance a la dessiccation de Biomphalaria glabrata adultes infestés par plusieurs miracidiums de Schistosoma mansoni

Les auteurs ont soumis à 6 semaines d'anhydrobiose 1200 Biomphalaria adultes, saines, ou parasitées par 8 ± 2 miracidiums de Schistosoma mansoni depois 3 ou 12 jours, ou émettant des cercaires. Les planorbes étaient placées individuellement sur, ou dans de la terre humide, dans des boîtes closes ou aérées. La survie a été nulle chez les planorbes saines, infestées, ou déjà positives, placées dans les boîtes closes. Chez les mollusques placés dans les boîtes aérées, elle a été de 44% chez les témoins sains, et de 40,6% pour l'emsemble des infestées depuis 3 et 12 jours, avec chez ces derniers une meilleure survie lorsqu'ils étaient en surface. N n'est pas apparu de différence entre les infestations de 3 jours et de 12 jours. La mortalité et la production cercarienne sont infériéures à celles de planorbes infestées et gardées en eau. L'analyse des émissions montre une production des cercaires mâles siginificativement inférieure à celle des cercaires femelles ou mâles et femelles. Chez toutes les B. glabrata positives, les auteurs ont observé des variations périodiques dans la production des cercaires, quel que soit le sexe de celles-ci. De plus, chez les mollusques préalablement soumis à dessiccation, il existe de nombreus arrêts ou pauses dans l'émission des larves.

Esparganose em alguns vertebrados do Brasil: dificuldades na identificaçao das espécies de Luheella (Spirometra)

Some species of Amphibia and Reptilia are listed as new hosts of spargana, from material deposited in the Helminthological Collection of Oswaldo Cruz Institute. It is discussed the difficulties in identifying the larvae (Sparganum) and also the identification of adults of Luheella species from South America. The histopathology induced by spargana in the liver of a species of Amphibia is briefly described.

In vitro susceptibility characteristics of Cryptococcus neoformans varieties from AIDS patients in Goiânia, Brazil

Sixty clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from AIDS from Goiânia, state of Goiás, Brazil, were characterized according to varieties, serotypes and tested for antifungal susceptibility. To differentiate the two varieties was used L-canavanine-glycine-bromothymol blue medium and to separate the serotypes was used slide agglutination test with Crypto Check Iatron. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B were determined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards macrodilution method. Our results identified 56 isolates as C. neoformans var. neoformans serotype A and 4 isolates as C. neoformans var. gattii serotype B. MIC values for C. neoformans var. gattii were higher than C. neoformans var. neoformans. We verified that none isolate was resistant to itraconazole and to amphotericin B, but one C. neoformans var. neoformans and three C. neoformans var. gattii isolates were resistant to fluconazole. The presence of C. neoformans var. gattii fluconazole resistant indicates the importance of determining not only the variety of C. neoformans infecting the patients but also measuring the MIC of the isolate in order to properly orient treatment.

The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus among injection drug users who use high risk inner-city locales in Miami, Florida

In order to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection in hard-to-reach intravenous drug users, 199 subjects from high-risk inner-city locales, the so called "shooting galleries", were consented, interviewed, and tested in Miami, FL, US. Positive HIV-1 status was based on repeatedly reactive ELISA and confirmatory Western Blot. Positive HCV status was based on reactive ELISA and confirmatory polymerase chain reaction techniques. Overall, 50 (25%) were not infected with either virus, 61 (31%) were HIV-1/HCV co-infected, 17 (8%) infected by HIV-1 only, and 71 (36%) infected by HCV only. The results of the multivariable analyses showed that more years using heroin was the only significant risk factor for HCV only infection (odds ratio = 1.15; 95% confidence interval = 1.07, 1.24) and for HIV-1/HCV co-infection (odds ratio = 1.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.09, 1.26). This paper demonstrates that HIV-1/HCV co-infection is highly prevalent among so called "shooting galleries".

Human immunodeficiency virus type- 1 subtypes of infected patients in Espírito Santo, Brazil

Genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type - 1(HIV-1) is a potential threat for both diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS, as well as the development of effective vaccines. Up to now, HIV subtypes circulating among HIV-positive patients in the state of Espírito Santo were not known. In the present study, blood samples from 100 therapy-naïve HIV-1 infected patients were collected and the HIV subtype was determined through the Heteroduplex Mobility Assay (HMA). Ninety-seven out of 100 studied samples were subtyped by HMA, 73 samples (75.2%) were from subtype B, 9 (9.3%) from subtype F, 3 (3.1%) from subtype C, 6 (6.2%) Benv/Fgag, and another 6 (6.2%) Fenv/Bgag, what suggests that recombinant viruses were present in the studied samples. Twenty-eight percent of the subtype B samples were represented by the Brazilian B" subtype, which were identified by RFLP with Fok I. Data presented here demonstrate that the epidemiological characteristics of the HIV epidemic in the state of Espírito Santo are similar to those from the other Southeastern states and helped to better understand the genetic polymorphism of HIV in Brazil.

Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic alterations induced by long periods of subculturing of Cryptococcus neoformans strains

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated fungal organism that can cause disease in apparently immunocompetent, as well as immunocompromised, hosts. Since 1930, successive subculture has been used to preserve C. neoformans isolates in our Fungus Collection. In the 1970s, some of these Fungus Collection samples were selected to be subjected to a different methods of maintenance - that of lyophilized. Our objective was to analyze C. neoformans isolates in order to make a comparative evaluation between these two methods of preservation. The overall aim of this study was to qualify the preservation technique used in our mycology laboratory since the technique used might affect the survival, stability and purity of the primary isolates in culture. The samples were analyzed using classical mycology methods and using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA technique In the analysis of phenotypes and genotypes, the typical characteristics of C. neoformans were found to differ in relation to the different methods of preservation employed. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the importance of selecting the appropriate method of preservation for fungus collections. This selection can affect the survival and purity of the cultures, and preserve the stability of their physiological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics.

The epidemiology and antigenic characterization of influenza viruses isolated in Curitiba, South Brazil

Several studies conducted all over the world have reported that the influenza virus is associated with great morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we analyzed the incidence of the influenza virus between 2000 and 2003 in Curitiba. We studied 1621 samples obtained from outpatients and hospitalized patients of both sexes and all ages. The study was conducted at the local primary care health units (outpatients) and at the tertiary care unit (hospitalized) of the General Hospital of the Federal University in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and, eventually, bronchoalveolar lavage were assayed for the presence of viral antigens, either by indirect immunofluorescence or cell culture. Of the samples studied, 135 (8.3%) were positive for influenza virus, and of those, 103 (76.3%) were positive for type A and 32 (23.7%) for type B. Additionally, positive samples were analyzed by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and subtypes H1 and H3 were identified from this group. A high incidence of positive samples was observed mainly in the months with lower temperatures. Furthermore, outpatients showed a higher incidence of influenza viruses than hospitalized patients.

First detection of Corynebacterium ulcerans producing a diphtheria-like toxin in a case of human with pulmonary infection in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Brazil

The frequency and severity of human infections associated with Corynebacterium ulcerans appear to be increasing in different countries. Here, we describe the first C. ulcerans strain producing a diphtheria-like toxin isolated from an elderly woman with a fatal pulmonary infection and a history of leg skin ulcers in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area.

Studies on the sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from transmission areas of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in state of Acre, Brazil

Studies were undertaken on the phlebotomines in the municipalities of Bujari, Xapuri and Rio Branco in the state of Acre. The abundance of species on the ground and in the tree canopy was estimated by Standardized Index of Species Abundance. Of the 52 species identified, Lutzomyia (N.) antunesi, Lutzomyia (N.) whitmani, Lutzomyia (P.) davisi, Lutzomyia migonei, Lutzomyia (N.) umbratilis, Lutzomyia (N.) flaviscutellata, Lutzomyia (T.) ubiqui-talis, Lutzomyia (P.) hirsuta hirsuta, Lutzomyia (P.) paraensis and Lutzomyia (P.) ayrozai are known to be vectors of Leishmania, the causative agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lutzomyia (T.) auraensis, Lu. (N.) antunesi, Lu. (N.) whitmani and Lu. (P.) davisi accounted for 66.95% of the specimens collected. Lu. (N.) whitmani was the most abundant species, followed by Lu. (N.) antunesi and Lu. (P.) davisi. Lu. (N.) antunesi was the most abundant species in the soil as well as in the canopy. Lu. (N.) umbratilis occurred in all three municipalities and was the fifth most abundant species in the Chico Mendes Municipal Park in Rio Branco. It was collected on both the ground level as well as in the canopy; however, it was more frequently collected in the tree canopy. The present study suggests the existence of three transmission cycles of Leishmania in Acre, including the transmission of Leishmania (V.) guyanensis by Lu. (N.) umbratilis south of the Amazon River.