Variação do índice de área foliar em clones de eucalipto ao longo de seu ciclo de crescimento

O índice de área foliar (IAF) é uma das principais variáveis biofísicas de um dossel florestal, estando diretamente relacionado com a sua evapotranspiração e sua produtividade. Este trabalho apresenta um levantamento da variabilidade temporal do IAF em cinco diferentes clones (designados para efeito deste trabalho como MG1, MG2, MG3, MG4 e MG5) de plantações de eucalipto (híbridos de Eucalyptus grandis), na regional de produção de Aracruz-ES, Brasil. Utilizou-se o equipamento LAI-2000 para medir o IAF em 98 talhões, com didade variando de 12 a 84 meses. o IAF variou de 1,7 a 4,3. Houve correlação negativa significativa entre IAF e idade para os clones MG1, MG2, e MG3. Para os clones MG4 e MG5 foi constatado que não houve relação significativa entre IAF e idade, o que evidencia que sejam adotados valores médios de IAF destes clones como descritores estruturais do dossel para fins de modelagem ou outros (2,57 e 3,04, respectivamente).

Impactos de sistemas agroflorestais e convencional sobre a qualidade do solo no semi-árido cearense

Os benefícios gerados pelos sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) ao ambiente são comprovados nas mais diversas regiões do mundo. No entanto, na região semi-árida cearense, são poucos os trabalhos desenvolvidos englobando as vantagens atribuídas a este tipo de sistema quanto ao uso do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto de quatro SAFs e um convencional sobre a qualidade do solo, comparativamente à condição natural (caatinga nativa), após cinco anos de uso na região semi-árida cearense. Os tratamentos testados foram: agrossilvipastoril (AGP); silvipastoril (SILV); tradicional cultivado em 1998 e 1999 (TR98); tradicional cultivado em 2002 (TR02); e cultivo intensivo (CI) e duas áreas de mata nativa (MN-1 e MN-2), que foram usadas como referência de um estado de equilíbrio. O impacto dos sistemas de manejo sobre a qualidade do solo foi medido pelas seguintes variáveis: a granulometria; argila dispersa; a estabilidade e distribuição porcentual dos agregados; os teores de Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ trocáveis; a acidez potencial; o pH do solo; e o teor de carbono orgânico total (COT), considerando-se as profundidades de 0-6, 6-12, 12-20 e 20-40 cm. Os tratamentos AGP, TR98 e CI promoveram maior revolvimento do solo provocando a redução nos teores de COT. Os atributos químicos, como bases trocáveis, capacidade de troca catiônica, pH e acidez potencial nos tratamentos SILV e MN-2, variaram em função dos teores de argila, enquanto nos tratamentos TR98 e CI a redução nesses atributos foi devido ao maior revolvimento do solo. O tratamento AGP mostrou-se eficiente na ciclagem de nutrientes, entretanto, o revolvimento do solo e a concomitante redução do teor de COT, geraram também diminuição na estabilidade de agregados. Os resultados obtidos permitem recomendar o tratamento SILV para a manutenção da qualidade do solo e produção de alimentos na região do semi-árido cearense.

Características químicas do solo em diferentes distâncias do tronco de eucalipto e em diferentes profundidades

O conhecimento das variações espaciais verificadas em plantações de eucalipto é importante para o estabelecimento de critérios de amostragem de solo e recomendação de fertilizantes. Este trabalho, desenvolvido na região litorânea do Espírito Santo, teve por objetivo determinar a variação de características químicas do solo em diferentes distâncias do tronco de eucalipto de povoamentos com 31, 54 e 84 meses de idade. Amostras de solo foram coletadas ao redor do tronco da árvore de DAP (diâmetro a 1,30 m de altura) médio e nas distâncias de 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 cm, na direção da linha de plantio e da entrelinha, nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm de profundidade, em cada parcela, num total de seis por povoamento. Nessas amostras foram analisados: pH em água (1:2,5), P e K disponíveis (Mehlich-1), Al, Ca e Mg trocáveis (KCl 1 mol L-1). Os resultados indicaram variações nas características químicas do solo com a distância do tronco de eucalipto. Os teores de P, K, Ca2+ e Al3+ diminuíram com a distância desse tronco nas três idades avaliadas, e os valores de pH aumentam com a distância do eucalipto aos 31 e 84 meses, assim como os teores de Mg2+ em relação ao eucalipto com 31 meses, na direção da linha e da entrelinha. As características químicas do solo obtidas na linha e entrelinha do eucalipto aos 84 meses foram mais semelhantes, exceto Ca2+. Maiores valores de pH, P, K, Ca2+ e Mg2+ ocorreram na camada superficial.

INFLUENTIAL FACTORS IN SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN CATCHMENTS WITHIN THE PAMPA BIOME WITH DIFFERENT LAND USE1

The aim of this study was to identify, by multivariate statistical technique, the physic, chemical and biological variables that best characterize the quality of surface waters in two small rural catchments with different land uses (eucalyptus silviculture (SC) vs. pasture and extensive livestock (LC)) located in Rosário do Sul, RS - Brazil. Monitoring was conducted during the months of August 2011 to August 2012 and the following parameters were analyzed: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, SO42-, Cl-, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, alkalinity, suspended and dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand , total coliforms, Escherichia coli and temperature, flow and rainfall. Through the use of FA/PCA, it was found that the model best fit to express water quality of in LC that was composed of five factors which account for 83.5% of the total variance, while for SC, four factors accounted for 85.12% of the variance. In LC, the five main factors were, respectively, soluble salts, diffuse pollution, solid, and both anthropogenic and organic factors. In SC, the four factors were namely: soluble salts, mineral, nutritional and diffuse pollution factors. The results of this study showed that by replacing the traditional soil usage (pasture and livestock) with planted forest, diffuse pollution was attenuated but, however, it did not result in major changes in the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of the water. Another point to note is that factorial analysis did not result in a large reduction in the number of variables, once the best model fit occurred with the addition of 15 of 18 analyzed variables (LC) and 17 of 18 analyzed variables (SC).

SOIL COVER AND CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES IN OXISOL IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST BIOME

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical attributes of different soil cover in a Oxisol with a strong wavy relief in the Atlantic Forest Biome, in which were selected three watersheds, employed with grazing (watershed P), forest (watershed M) and coffee (watershed C). Deformed and not deformed samples were collected in three depths for physical and chemical characterization. The chemical characteristics of soil in different watershed studies presented low levels of fertility. It was observed an elevation of pH in the soil and contents of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the watersheds P and C in relation to the watershed M. Due to deforestation and the establishment of agriculture and livestock, there was a decrease in the contents of soil organic matter in the watershed P and C, not altering the physical characteristics of the soil in the watershed P. The implementation of coffee plantation is causing a reduction in the soil quality of watershed C in comparison to the watershed P and M, therefore indicating a need to adequate soil management in this area.

Importância relativa dos íons na salinidade de um cambissolo na Chapada do Apodi, Ceará

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de desenvolver e validar modelos em que a ordem de influência dos íons nos valores da condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação do solo (CEes) fosse identificada. As coletas foram realizadas em duas áreas com bananeiras cultivadas sob irrigação (água subterrânea e superficial) e em áreas de vegetação nativa localizadas na Chapada do Apodi, Ceará, sendo uma em Quixeré e a outra no Distrito de Irrigação Jaguaribe Apodi (DIJA), em Limoeiro do Norte. A pesquisa ocorreu no período de dezembro de 1999 a dezembro de 2000 e setembro a dezembro de 2001. Foram retiradas 312 amostras de solo e, por meio das análises do extrato de saturação do solo, foram determinados as CEes e os íons Na+, Cl-, Ca2++Mg2+ e K+. Posteriormente, foram desenvolvidas equações lineares múltiplas, relacionando a CEes com os íons estudados. Os modelos estatísticos desenvolvidos apresentaram valores simulados bem próximos dos observados, o que indica boa acuracidade de tais modelos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, em Quixeré, o íon Cl- exerce maior influência nos altos valores das CEes, seguido dos íons Ca2++Mg2+, exceto para a camada de 30-60 cm, em que o íon Na+ aparece após o Cl-. Já no DIJA, o Cl- foi predominante na camada de 0-30 cm, seguido por Ca2++Mg2+ e o Na+ na de 30-60 cm, seguido pelo Cl-.

Soil sampling intensity and spatial distribution pattern of soils attributes and corn yield in no-tillage system

Taking into account that the sampling intensity of soil attributes is a determining factor for applying of concepts of precision agriculture, this study aims to determine the spatial distribution pattern of soil attributes and corn yield at four soil sampling intensities and verify how sampling intensity affects cause-effect relationship between soil attributes and corn yield. A 100-referenced point sample grid was imposed on the experimental site. Thus, each sampling cell encompassed an area of 45 m² and was composed of five 10-m long crop rows, where referenced points were considered the center of the cell. Samples were taken from at 0 to 0.1 m and 0.1 to 0.2 m depths. Soil chemical attributes and clay content were evaluated. Sampling intensities were established by initial 100-point sampling, resulting data sets of 100; 75; 50 and 25 points. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical and geostatistics analyses. The best sampling intensity to know the spatial distribution pattern was dependent on the soil attribute being studied. The attributes P and K+ content showed higher spatial variability; while the clay content, Ca2+, Mg2+ and base saturation values (V) showed lesser spatial variability. The spatial distribution pattern of clay content and V at the 100-point sampling were the ones which best explained the spatial distribution pattern of corn yield.

Chemical attributes of soil and dry mass accumulation of maize fertilized with cassava wastewater

The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical attributes alterations of a clay-loam textured soil and dry mass accumulation of maize submitted to application of cassava wastewater doses in three assessment periods. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse using a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial 5 × 3, with four replicates. The analyzed factors of research were doses of cassava wastewater (0; 12.6; 25.2; 50.4; 75.6 m3 ha-1) andassessment periods (20, 40 and 52 days after germination). The following parameters were determined: electric conductivity of soil saturation extract, pH in water, content of available P, content of exchangeable K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+of soil, dry mass of leaves and stem. The application of cassava wastewater on soil enables increase of pH, electric conductivity of saturation extract, contents of available P, contents of exchangeable K+ and Na+ and dry mass of leaves and stem. However, only pH and content of exchangeable K+ of soil, the electric conductivity of saturation extract and dry mass of leaves and stem are influenced by assessment period.

Aspectos morfológicos de biópsias musculares em equinos com miopatia sob forma de surto

As miopatias em equinos são classificadas de acordo com aspectos clínicos, morfológicos e moleculares, em três grandes grupos: não associadas ao exercício, associadas ao exercício e devido alteração da condução elétrica do sarcolema. Apesar dos avanços no diagnóstico, a literatura ainda relata surtos de miopatia em equinos sem etiologia esclarecida em diversos países. O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever as alterações histológicas e histoquímicas de biópsias musculares de equinos acometidos por miopatia. Sete equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, com 18-24 meses de idade, apresentaram sinais clínicos de miopatia. Dentre esses animais, cinco apresentaram sinais subagudos leves a moderados e dois apresentaram sinais hiperagudos severos e decúbito lateral. Foram realizadas biópsias musculares utilizando a técnica percutânea, por agulha tipo Bergström, no músculo glúteo médio em todos os animais acometidos. As amostras foram processadas por meio de técnicas histológicas (HE, Tricrômio de Gomori modificado) e histoquímicas (PAS, NADH, ATPase). Nos quadros clínicos mais leves, a principal alteração encontrada foi a presença de fibras vermelhas rajadas do tipo I e IIA, que estão associadas às alterações do metabolismo oxidativo e das funções mitocondriais, como ocorrem nas miopatias mitocondriais. Também foram observadas fibras atróficas do tipo I e IIA, além da presença de agregados subsarcolemais. Nos quadros mais severos o tecido muscular apresentou infiltrado inflamatório, aumento de colágeno, fagocitose, necrose, calcificação e regeneração muscular. Diante dos achados morfológicos, da resposta à terapia com vitamina E e Se e da baixa mortalidade quando comparado aos relatos de miopatia atípica, conclui-se que esse surto foi desencadeado por lesões mitocondriais, caracterizadas pelas fibras musculares vermelhas rajadas, possivelmente devido uma quebra da homeostase de vitamina E e Se, sendo compatível com o diagnóstico de miopatia nutricional.

Sistemas primários de transporte de prótons integram os mecanismos de desintoxicação do mesotrione em plantas de milho

O mesotrione é um dos mais efetivos herbicidas desenvolvidos para o controle de uma ampla gama de plantas daninhas que infestam campos de milho (Zea mays). Todavia, as bases bioquímicas e moleculares da tolerância das plantas de milho a esse herbicida ainda não foram estabelecidas. Para compreender os mecanismos de desintoxicação do mesotrione em plantas de milho, foram analisadas as atividades dos principais sistemas primários de transporte de prótons (íons H+) das membranas plasmática e vacuolar (H+-ATPases do tipo P e V e H+-PPases) de células de diferentes tecidos de plantas tratadas após aplicação do herbicida em pós-emergência. Para isso, foram realizados procedimentos de fracionamento celular, de tecidos radiculares, foliares e do caule, por centrifugação diferencial e purificação de vesículas membranares em gradiente de densidade de sacarose. Os ensaios enzimáticos das atividades hidrolíticas das três bombas de H+ foram realizados aplicando-se um método colorimétrico para medir o fosfato liberado das hidrólises dos substratos: adenosina-5'-trifosfato (ATP) e pirofosfato (PPi). Parâmetros fotossintéticos foram analisados como marcadores fisiológicos dos diferentes estádios da desintoxicação das plantas. Essa análise demonstrou que o tratamento com mesotrione promoveu uma redução na taxa fotossintética e na relação Fv/Fm no terceiro dia após aplicação (DAA), mas não afetou significativamente a fotossíntese a partir do quinto DAA. Nos três tecidos analisados, raiz, folha e caule, aos 3 DAA, foi observado forte estímulo da atividade da H+-PPase vacuolar, a qual variou de cerca de 100 a 600%. Essa forte ativação foi reduzida significativamente aos 7 DAA, mas permaneceu pelo menos duas vezes maior com relação ao controle. Por sua vez, as H+-ATPases das membranas plasmática e vacuolar foram bem menos moduladas pelo tratamento com o herbicida, apresentando estimulações e inibições que não variaram mais do que 20 a 60% das atividades obtidas em vesículas de membranas oriundas de plantas não tratadas (controle). Os resultados demonstraram que o mesotrione promove uma ativação diferencial dos principais sistemas primários de transporte de H+, indicando que essas bombas iônicas são enzimas transportadoras essenciais aos mecanismos relacionados com o processo de desintoxicação das plantas de milho, possivelmente ao energizar a compartimentalização das moléculas do herbicida mesotrione no vacúolo ou a exceção celular através das membranas plasmáticas.

Multiple forms of cotyledonary b-galactosidases from Vigna unguiculata quiescent seeds

Cotyledonary b-galactosidases were isolated and partially purified from Pitiúba cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) quiescent seeds. The purification steps consisted of precipitation of the crude extract with ammonium sulphate in the range of 20-60% saturation, acid precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex ion-exchange chromatography and Lactosyl-Sepharose affinity chromatography. This purification process gave rise to three b-galactosidases-rich fractions: b-gal I, b-gal II and b-gal III, which were purified about 5, 509, and 62 fold, respectively. They reached maximal enzyme activity at different pH ranges: 3.5-4.5 for b-gal I, 3.0-3.5 for b-gal II, and 3.0-4.0 for b-gal III. Their maximal activities were reached when the temperature of the assay medium was 60° C, and preincubation of the enzymes at different temperatures has shown that they were heat-stable up to 50° C. There were no significant differences among the partially purified enzymes as far as their response to the different effectors tested, except for Mn2+ and EDTA, which affected differently b-gal I, b-gal II, and b-gal III. They were slightly affected by Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Co2+, tartarate, molybdate, glucose, and lactose, strongly inhibited by Cu2+ and galactose, and inactivated by Hg2+. These chemical and physical properties are similar to the ones found for other plant b-galactosidases. Although through this process of purification three isoforms of this enzyme were obtained, isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide slab gel of these enzyme-proteins suggest that cotyledons of Pitiúba cowpea quiescent seeds possess four isoforms of b-galactosidases.

Interactions of ANP and ANG II in tubular nephron acidification

(ANP, 1 µM) on the kinetics of bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat middle proximal tubule, we performed in vivo experiments using a stopped-flow microperfusion technique with the determination of lumen pH by Sb microelectrodes. These studies confirmed that ANG II added to the luminal or peritubular capillary perfusion fluid stimulates proximal bicarbonate reabsorption and showed that ANP alone does not affect this process, but impairs the stimulation caused by ANG II. We also studied the effects and the interaction of these hormones in cortical distal nephron acidification. Bicarbonate reabsorption was evaluated by the acidification kinetic technique in early (ED) and late (LD) distal tubules in rats during in vivo stopped-flow microperfusion experiments. The intratubular pH was measured with a double-barreled microelectrode with H+-sensitive resin. The results indicate that ANG II acted by stimulating Na+/H+ exchange in ED (81%) and LD (54%) segments via activation of AT1 receptors, as well as vacuolar H+-ATPase in LD segments (33%). ANP did not affect bicarbonate reabsorption in either segment and, as opposed to what was seen in the proximal tubule, did not impair the stimulation caused by ANG II. To investigate the mechanism of action of these hormones in more detail, we studied cell pH dependence on ANG II and ANP in MDCK cells using the fluorescent probe BCECF. We showed that the velocity of cell pH recovery was almost abolished in the absence of Na+, indicating that it is dependent on Na+/H+ exchange. ANP (1 µM) alone had no effect on this recovery but reversed both the acceleration of H+ extrusion at low ANG II levels (1 pM and 1 nM), and inhibition of H+ extrusion at higher ANG II levels (100 nM). To obtain more information on the mechanism of interaction of these hormones, we also studied their effects on the regulation of intracellular free calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, monitored with the fluorescent probe Fura-2 in MDCK cells in suspension. The data indicate that the addition of increasing concentrations of ANG II (1 pM to 1 µM) to the cell suspension led to a progressive increase in [Ca2+]i to 2-3 times the basal level. In contrast, the addition of ANP (1 µM) to the cell suspension led to a very rapid 60% decrease in [Ca2+]i and reduced the increase elicited by ANG II, thus modulating the effect of ANG II on [Ca2+]i. These results may indicate a role of [Ca2+]i in the regulation of the H+ extrusion process mediated by Na+/H+ exchange and stimulated/impaired by ANG II. The data are compatible with stimulation of Na+/H+ exchange by increases of [Ca2+]i in the lower range, and inhibition at high [Ca2+]i levels

Effects of ouabain on vascular reactivity

Ouabain is an endogenous substance occurring in the plasma in the nanomolar range, that has been proposed to increase vascular resistance and induce hypertension. This substance acts on the a-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase inhibiting the Na+-pump activity. In the vascular smooth muscle this effect leads to intracellular Na+ accumulation that reduces the activity of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and to an increased vascular tone. It was also suggested that circulating ouabain, even in the nanomolar range, sensitizes the vascular smooth muscle to vasopressor substances. We tested the latter hypothesis by studying the effects of ouabain in the micromolar and nanomolar range on phenylephrine (PE)-evoked pressor responses. The experiments were performed in normotensive and hypertensive rats in vivo, under anesthesia, and in perfused rat tail vascular beds. The results showed that ouabain pretreatment increased the vasopressor responses to PE in vitro and in vivo. This sensitization after ouabain treatment was also observed in hypertensive animals which presented an enhanced vasopressor response to PE in comparison to normotensive animals. It is suggested that ouabain at nanomolar concentrations can sensitize vascular smooth muscle to vasopressor stimuli possibly contributing to increased tone in hypertension

Outward potassium current oscillations in macrophage polykaryons: extracellular calcium entry and calcium-induced calcium release

Outward current oscillations associated with transient membrane hyperpolarizations were induced in murine macrophage polykaryons by membrane depolarization in the absence of external Na+. Oscillations corresponded to a cyclic activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ currents (IKCa) probably correlated with variations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Addition of external Na+ (8 mM) immediately abolished the outward current oscillations, suggesting that the absence of the cation is necessary not only for their induction but also for their maintenance. Oscillations were completely blocked by nisoldipine. Ruthenium red and ryanodine reduced the number of outward current cycles in each episode, whereas quercetin prolonged the hyperpolarization 2- to 15-fold. Neither low molecular weight heparin nor the absence of a Na+ gradient across the membrane had any influence on oscillations. The evidence suggests that Ca2+ entry through a pathway sensitive to Ca2+ channel blockers is elicited by membrane depolarization in Na+-free medium and is essential to initiate oscillations, which are also dependent on the cyclic release of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+-sensitive stores; Ca2+ ATPase acts by reducing intracellular Ca2+, thus allowing slow deactivation of IKCa. Evidence is presented that neither a Na+/Ca2+ antiporter nor Ca2+ release from IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores participate directly in the mechanism of oscillation

Cell lineage relationship in the stomach of normal and genetically manipulated mice

The oxyntic mucosa of the mouse stomach is lined with a heterogeneous population of cells that form numerous short pits continuous with long tubular glands. Tritiated thymidine radioautography has made it possible to pinpoint the origin of all cell types and to follow the differentiation/migration of different cell lineages along the pit-gland unit. The proliferating multipotent stem cells functionally anchored in the upper glandular region, the isthmus, give rise to three main lineage precursors: 1) pre-pit cells, which migrate upward to the pit while differentiating into mucus-producing pit cells; 2) pre-neck cells, which migrate downward to the glandular neck while differentiating into mucus-producing neck cells that, by approaching the glandular base, gradually change their phenotype into pepsinogen- and intrinsic factor-producing zymogenic cells; 3) pre-parietal cells, which differentiate into acid-producing parietal cells in the isthmus and then undergo bipolar migration towards the pit and the glandular base. Thus, parietal cells are the only cells that complete their differentiation in the isthmus and then migrate to be scattered throughout the pit-gland unit. To determine whether parietal cells play a role in controlling decisions about cell fate within the pit-gland unit, the gastric epithelium has been examined in transgenic mice expressing the H,K-ATPase ß-subunit-1035 to +24/simian virus 40 large T antigen fusion gene. The blockade in parietal cell differentiation in these mice produces an amplification of lineage precursors, a marked depletion of zymogenic cells and an increase in pit cell census. Ablation of parietal cells in another transgenic mouse model expressing the H,K-ATPase ß-subunit-1035 to +24/diphtheria toxin fragment A fusion gene also produces amplification of lineage precursors, and similar effects on zymogenic and pit cell census. These findings strongly suggest that parietal cells produce regulatory signals that control the cellular differentiation program of both pit and zymogenic cell lineages, and would hopefully improve our ability to identify the cellular pathways leading to malignant transformation