Presumed unconstrained dispersal of Aedes aegypti in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dispersal of Aedes aegypti females in an area with no container manipulation and no geographic barriers to constrain mosquito flight. METHODS: A mark-release-recapture experiment was conducted in December 2006, in the dengue endemic urban district of Olaria in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, where there is no evident obstacle to the dispersal of Ae. aegypti females. Mosquito traps were installed in 192 houses (96 Adultraps and 96 MosquiTRAPs). RESULTS: A total of 725 dust-marked gravid females were released and recapture rate was 6.3%. Ae. aegypti females traveled a mean distance of 288.12 m and their maximum displacement was 690 m; 50% and 90% of females flew up to 350 m and 500.2 m, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dispersal of Ae. aegypti females in Olaria was higher than in areas with physical and geographical barriers. There was no evidence of a preferred direction during mosquito flight, which was considered random or uniform from the release point.

Immunoelectrophoretic study on common antigens of São Lourenço da Mata and Belo Horizonte strains of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms and Biomphalaria snails

Immunoelectrophoretic studies on common antigens were carried out by using rabbits sera immunized against São Lourenço da Mata and Belo Horizonte strains of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms and antigens of Biomphalaria glabrata pigmented (Jaboatão - PE); B. glabrata albino (Belo Horizonte - MG) and B. straminea (São Lourenço da Mata, PE). Furthermore, the reverse approach was proceeded, namely, sera anti Biomphalaria snails produced in rabbits were tested against both strains of Schistosoma adult worm antigens. The analysis of the common antigens between the SLM strains of S. mansoni adult worm and B. glabrata pigmented showed 8 to 9 precipitin bands, 3 bands with B. glabrata albino and only 1 band with B. straminea crude extracts. On the other hand, the BH strain of S. mansoni adult worm antisera produced 6 to 7 bands with B. glabrata pigmented, 5 bands with B. glabrata albino and 1 band with B. straminea antigenic extract. Biomphalaria snails crude extracts were fractionated by Sephadex G-100 column and three fractions were collected from each snail strain. The fractions were tested with anti SLM and BH strains of S. mansoni adult worm sera by immunoelectrophoresis. The common antigens fractionated from Biomphalaria snails crude extracts and those found for both strains of S. mansoni adult worm mostly existed in the first fraction and they were estimated to have molecular weight over 158,000 daltons. In our laboratory, it was found a relationship between the antigenic similarities and experimental infection rates of S. mansoni towards Biomphalaria snails so that more bands were seen with increasing infection rates of S. mansoni.

Levantamento malacológico da Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Soledade, Ouro Branco, (Minas Gerais, Brasil)

Em estudo malacológico realizado na Bacia Hidrográfica do Lago Soledade, Ouro Branco, MG, no período de setembro de 1986 a março de 1991, foram coletados 46.579 moluscos, representados por 07 espécies de 05 famílias. Foram coletados 39.176 exemplares de Biomphalaria tenagophila, 1.296 de B. glabrata, sete exemplares de Drepanotrema cimex, 2.527 de Physa sp, 417 de Lymnaea sp, 92 de Pomacea haustrum e, a partir de março/1990, 3.064 exemplares de Melanoides tuberculata (Melanniidae = Thiaridae). Dos moluscos que apresentaram positividade para diversas larvas de trematódeos, quatro exemplares de B. tenagophila estavam positivos para S. mansoni.

Intestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-positive patients with chronic unexplained diarrhea in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: diagnosis, clinical presentation and follow-up

After the diagnosis of two cases of microsporidial intestinal infection in 1992, in Rio de Janeiro, we have started looking for this parasite in HIV-infected patients with chronic unexplained diarrhea. We have studied 13 patients from Hospital Evandro Chagas, IOC-FIOCRUZ. Fecal specimens from these patients were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidia and Microsporidia, in addition to routine examination. Spores of Microsporidia were found in the stools of 6 (46.1%) of the 13 patients studied, with 2 histological jejunal confirmations. The Microsporidia-infected patients presented chronic diarrhea with about 6 loose to watery bowel movements a day. Five infected patients were treated with Metronidazole (1.5 g/day). They initially showed a good clinical response, but they never stopped eliminating spores. After about the 4th week of therapy, their diarrhea returned. Two patients utilized Albendazole (400 mg/day-4 weeks) with a similar initial improvement and recurrence of the diarrhea. Intestinal Microsporidiosis seems to be a marker of advanced stages of AIDS, since 5 of our 6 infected patients were dead after a 6 month period of follow-up. The present study indicates that intestinal microsporidiosis may be a burgeoning problem in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhea in Brazil, which deserves further investigation.

Mucosal leishmaniasis ("espundia") responsive to low dose of N-methyl glucamine (Glucantime ®) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Response to treatment with antimonial drugs varies considerably depending on the parasite strain involved, immune status of the patient and clinical form of the disease. Therapeutic regimens with this first line drug have been frequently modified both, in dose and duration of therapy. A regimen of 20 mg/kg/day of pentavalent antimony (Sb5+) during four weeks without an upper limit on the daily dose is currently recommended for mucosal disease ("espundia"). Side-effects with this dose are more marked in elderly patients, more commonly affected by this form of leishmaniasis. According to our experience, leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro responds well to antimony and, in cutaneous disease, high cure rates are obtained with 5 mg/kg/day of Sb5+ during 30 to 45-days. In this study a high rate of cure (91.4%) employing this dose was achieved in 36 patients with mild disease in this same geographic region. Side-effects were reduced and no antimony refractoriness was noted with subsequent use of larger dose in patients that failed to respond to initial schedule.

Morbidity and survival in advanced AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Opportunistic diseases (OD) are the most common cause of death in AIDS patients. To access the incidence of OD and survival in advanced immunodeficiency, we included 79 patients with AIDS treated at Hospital Evandro Chagas (FIOCRUZ) from September 1997 to December 1999 with at least one CD4 count <=100 cells/mm³. The incidence of OD was analyzed by Poisson's regression, and survival by Kaplan Meier and Cox analysis, considering a retrospective (before CD4 <=100 cells/mm³) and a prospective (after CD4 <=100 cells/mm³) period, and controlling for demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. The confidence interval estipulated was 95%. Mean follow-up period was 733 days (CI = 683-782). During the study 9 (11.4%) patients died. Survival from AIDS diagnosis was a mean of 2589 days (CI = 2363-2816) and from the date of the CD4 count CD4 <=100 cells/mm³ was a mean of 1376 (CI = 1181-1572) days. Incidence of OD was 0.51 pp/y before CD4 <= 100 cells/mm³ and 0.29 pp/y after CD4 <= 100 cells/mm³. A lower number of ODs before CD4 < 100 cells/mm³ was associated with lower incidence rates after CD4 <= 100 cells/mm³. AIDS diagnosis based on CD4+ counts <= 200 cells/mm³ was associated with lower incidence rates after CD4 <= 100 cells/mm³. Baseline CD4 counts above 50 cells/mm³ (HR = 0.13) and restoration of baseline CD4+ counts above 100 cells/mm³ (HR = 0.16) were associated with a lower risk of death. Controling both variables, only restoration of baseline counts was statistically significant (HR = 0.22, p = 0.04). We found a very low incidence of OD and long survival after CD4 < 100 cells/mm³. Survival was significantly associated with restoration of baseline CD4 counts above 100 cells/mm³.

Cladophialophora carrionii: a rare agent of chromoblastomycosis in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

A 73 year-old male farm laborer from a rural area presented a 15 year history of extensive tumoral lesions over his left leg. Histological studies of skin biopsy showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and granulomatous chronic inflammatory process with muriform cells, confirming chromoblastomycosis (CBM). Cladophialophora carrionii was isolated in culture. Treatment with itraconazole 400 mg/day for 12 months resulted in complete remission of lesions. As far we aware, this is the first case report of CBM caused by Cladophialophora carrionii in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

FIRST CASE OF AUTOCHTHONOUS HUMAN VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN THE URBAN CENTER OF RIO DE JANEIRO: CASE REPORT

Visceral leishmaniasis is an anthropozoonosis that is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, especially Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, and is transmitted to humans by the bite of sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia, such as Lutzomyia longipalpis. There are many reservoirs, including Canis familiaris. It is a chronic infectious disease with systemic involvement that is characterized by three phases: the initial period, the state period and the final period. The main symptoms are fever, malnutrition, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. This article reports a case of a patient diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis in the final period following autochthonous transmission in the urban area of Rio de Janeiro. The case reported here is considered by the Municipal Civil Defense and Health Surveillance of Rio de Janeiro to be the first instance of autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in humans in the urban area of this city. The patient was discharged and is undergoing a follow-up at the outpatient clinic, demonstrating clinical improvement.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MALARIA VECTORS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN RURAL LOCALITIES OF PORTO VELHO, RONDÔNIA, BRAZILIAN AMAZON

We conducted a survey of the malaria vectors in an area where a power line had been constructed, between the municipalities of Porto Velho and Rio Branco, in the states of Rondônia and Acre, respectively. The present paper relates to the results of the survey of Anopheles fauna conducted in the state of Rondônia. Mosquito field collections were performed in six villages along the federal highway BR 364 in the municipality of Porto Velho, namely Porto Velho, Jaci Paraná, Mutum Paraná, Vila Abunã, Vista Alegre do Abunã, and Extrema. Mosquito captures were performed at three distinct sites in each locality during the months of February, July, and October 2011 using a protected human-landing catch method; outdoor and indoor captures were conducted simultaneously at each site for six hours. In the six sampled areas, we captured 2,185 mosquitoes belonging to seven Anopheles species. Of these specimens, 95.1% consisted of Anopheles darlingi, 1.8% An. triannulatus l.s., 1.7% An. deaneorum, 0.8% An. konderi l.s., 0.4 An. braziliensis, 0.1% An. albitarsis l.s., and 0.1% An. benarrochi. An. darlingi was the only species found in all localities; the remaining species occurred in sites with specific characteristics.

Meningite meningocócica: avaliação em período pré-epidêmico e epidêmico no Rio de Janeiro (1973-1975)

São relatadas observações acumuladas nos períodos pré-epidêmico e epidêmico (1973-1975) do atual surto de meningoencefalite meningocócica na área do Grande Rio, e realizados estudos bacteriológicos baseados em 1.000 casos suspeitos de meningoencefalite e submetidos à punção lombar, no Hospital Estadual São Sebastião. É proposto e discutido esquema simples e eficaz para processamento bacteriológico dos LCR suspeitos, a partir da colheita e pronta semeadura do material. É também discutida a real contribuição da bacterioscopia no diagnóstico presuntivo das meningoencefalites, definindo-se as limitações da técnica. Foi obtido elevado grau de isolamento de microorganismos, variando de 3%, para líquores entre zero e 10 células/mm' e 72%, para líquores acima de 1000 células/mm³. No decorrer do estudo, foram isoladas e caracterizadas 356 amostras bacterianas, assim discriminadas: N. meningitidis, 281; Haemophilus sp., 22; Enterobacteriaceae, 15; D. pneumoniae, 26; bastonetes gram negativos oxidattvos, 3; estreptococo beta hemolitico, 1 e enterococo, 1. As amostras de meningococos eram, em 15% dos casos, do grupo sorológico A, em 2% do grupo B e em 14%, do grupo sorológico C. Os testes de sensibilidade, em disco, aos agentes antimicrobianos principalmente utilizados na quimioprofilaxia e tratamento da doença meningocócica revelaram alto grau de sensibilidade das amostras ensaiadas a todos os agentes testados. A resistência à sulfadiazina sódica, em testes realizados segundo as normas preconizadas pela Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.), revelaram elevado grau de resistência, particularmente dos meningococos do grupo C.

Tratamento de 75 pacientes portadores de malária pelo P. falciparum, em Porto Velho (RO), com mefloquina

Foi avaliada a resposta terapêutica em 75 doentes com malária pelo P. falciparum, em Porto Velho - Rondônia, tratados com mefloquina nas doses de 1250, 1000 e 750 mg. Não houve diferença significante nos resultados obtidos nos três grupos. Até o terceiro dia de tratamento, a febre desapareceu em 76,0% dos casos. A parasitemia negativou-se em 68,0% dos pacientes nos 3 primeiros dias após o inicio do tratamento, em 24,0% no quarto dia e em 5,3% no quinto.Havia um doente positivo no sexto dia e outro no sétimo. Nenhum paciente apresentou trofozoito no período de seguimento de 7 a 28 dias. Não houve modificações do quadro hematológico, exceto por um incremento da taxa de reticulócitos em 76,0%. As alterações bioquímicas registradas no seguimento dos doentes constaram de elevação da desidrogenase lática (28,0%) e, dafosfatase alcalina (41,3%). As reações colaterais foram discretas e infreqüentes; em 72,0% dos tratados não se constatou nenhum efeito secundário. Não se verificou nenhum caso de recidiva. A mefloquina revelou-se eficaz e bem tolerada no tratamento da malária no Estado de Rondônia.

Alta prevalência do genótipo 1 em portadores de hepatite C crônica em Belo Horizonte, MG

O vírus da hepatite C é caracterizado pela significativa heterogeneidade genética e é atualmente classificado em seis genótipos principais e diversos subtipos. A determinação do genótipo do vírus tem importância na prática clínica para orientar o tratamento dos pacientes portadores de hepatite C crônica. A prevalência dos diferentes genótipos e subtipos do vírus da hepatite C não tem sido amplamente estudada em algumas regiões do Brasil. Neste estudo foram analisadas 788 amostras de pacientes portadores de hepatite C crônica atendidos nos Centros de Referência em Hepatites Virais de Belo Horizonte, entre 2002 e 2006. A genotipagem do vírus foi realizada por seqüenciamento direto da região 5’ UTR. Adicionalmente, foi realizada análise filogenética incluindo todas as variantes genotípicas obtidas. Observou-se alta prevalência do genótipo 1 (78,4%; 1b [40,4%], 1a [37,5%] e 1a/b [0,5 %]), seguida pelo genótipo 3a (17,9%) e pelo 2b (3,1%). Foram identificadas três amostras (0,4%) com o genótipo 2a/c e duas amostras (0,2%) com o genótipo 4. A análise filogenética mostrou a segregação esperada das seqüências obtidas junto às seqüências de referência para os genótipos 1, 2, 3 e 4, exceto em duas amostras do genótipo 1a. A alta prevalência do genótipo 1 (78,4%), encontrada na população de Belo Horizonte é semelhante à previamente descrita em outras cidades, como Rio de Janeiro, mas superior à encontrada em São Paulo e no Sul do país. A presença de raras seqüências atípicas da região 5’UTR sugere a presença de variantes do vírus da hepatite C nesta população.

Outbreak of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro

Introduction In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has spread to various regions. This study reports canine cases of VL in Barra Mansa, where human VL cases were recently reported. Methods Using the human index case, a canine survey was performed by dual-path platform immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seropositive animals were euthanized. Cultures were collected to detect Leishmania parasites. Results Serological tests detected 141 canine VL cases, and Leishmania chagasi were isolated from 82.2% animals. Conclusions Leishmania chagasi is in circulation in Barra Mansa. This study broadens information on the parasite's distribution in the State of Rio de Janeiro.

Estudo preliminar sobre a hidroquímica da bacia de Jací-Paraná (RO)

O Projeto Estudo de uma Bacia Experimental em Jaci-Paraná (RO), tem como um dos seus objetivos o estudo hidroquímico do rio e igarapés da área. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos pH, condutibilidade elétrica, material húmico, consumo orgânico, sulfato, cálcio e magnésio (alcalinos terrosos), sódio e potássio (alcalino), cloretos, ferrom, nitrogêncio de Kjeldahl e sílica. analisados durante os anos outubro/84 á novembro/85, compreendendo os períodos chuvoso e seco. As amostras de água foram coletadas no rio Jaci-Paraná, no igarapé Tamanduá (drena e bacia) e no igarapé Bejarana (Fig. 1).

Inventario taxonômico e redescriçâo das espécies de Anostomideos (Characiformes, Anostomidae) do Baixo Rio Tocantins, PA, Brasil

RESUMOComo parte dos estudos ambientais que foram desenvolvidos pelo INPA, de 1980 a 1986, em convênio com a ELETRONORTE, na área de influência da UHE Tucuruí. são redescritas e ilustradas 20 espécies da damília Anostomidae do baixo rio Tocantins, entre Cametá e Itupiranga, PA: Leporinus affins, L. tigrinus, L. desmotes, L. sp. 4, L. trifasciatus, L. friderici, L. sp. 1, L. sp. 2, L. sp. 3, L. granti, L. pachiycheilus, Laemolyta petiti, L. taeniata, Anostomoides laticeps, A. sp. 1, Anostomus ternetzi, Leporellus vittatus, Schizodon vittatus, Sartor tucuruiense e Abramites hypselenotus. Cinco espécies (Laemolyta petiti, Leporinus affinis, L. sp. 2, Anostomoides sp. 1 e Sartor tucuruiense) somente foram assiladas até agora para a bacia do Tocantins-Araguaia. Por outro lado, outras espécies anostomídeos, melhor representadas na bacia Amazônica, não foram encontrados no baixo Tocantins, fazendo supor que esta área, do ponto de vista ictiológico, está relativamente iosolado do restante da bacia Amazônica e possui um certo grau de endemismo. A maioria das espécies ocorre amplamente no baixo Tocantins, sendo que algumas apresentam acentuada preferência por determinados biótopos, como por exemplo Leporinus pachycheilus, L. desmotes, L. sp. 1 e Sartor tucuruiense, por corredeiras; Leporinus sp. 3, Anostomus ternetzi, por igarapés; Schizodon vittatus e Laemolyta taeniata,por zonas marginais, periodicametne alagáveis. A partir da análise dos caracteres merísticas e morfométricas, sobretudo o número, a forma e disposição dos dentes, posição da boca e número de escamas, a apresentada uma chave de identificação para as espécies estudadas.