Eritrograma de bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, no primeiro mês de vida

Com a finalidade de estabelecer valores de referência e de avaliar a influência do fator etário sobre o eritrograma de bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, utilizaram-se amostras de sangue de 300 animais, distribuídos por 15 grupos experimentais, de acordo com a idade, no primeiro mês de vida. As variações dos valores médios obtidos para os componentes do eritrograma foram as seguintes: número de hemácias (x10(6)/mm³) = 6,68-7,60, volume globular (%) = 29,80-33,35, taxa de hemoglobina (g/dl) = 9,00-10,43, volume corpuscular médio (fl) = 38,93 47,68, hemoglobina corpuscular média (pg) = 11,75-14,69, concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (%) = 29,53-31,63% e número de reticulócitos (x10³/mm³) = 0,00-11,86. A influência do fator etário provou-se significativa para o volume corpuscular médio, hemoglobina corpuscular média e número de reticulócitos.

Identificação de Avibacterium paragallinarum em frangos de corte e poedeiras comerciais no Estado de Pernambuco

As aves da indústria avícola brasileira são suscetíveis a surtos de doenças infecciosas relacionadas a perdas econômicas, principalmente por enfermidades infecciosas causadas por Mycoplasma, Avibacterium paragallinarum e vírus que acometem o trato respiratório. Objetivou-se neste estudo pesquisar o envolvimento de A. paragallinarum em surto de doença respiratória aviária. Foram coletados 18 swabs da região infraorbitária dos seios nasais de aves, sendo seis amostras de frangos de corte com sinais clínicos e 12 de poedeiras com sinais clínicos. As amostras foram cultivadas em meios específicos para o agente e também testadas com a técnica molecular Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase. Das amostras analisadas no isolamento, 100% foram negativas. Na PCR, duas (16,66%) foram positivas. A detecção de A. paragallinarum na PCR em galinhas poedeiras com sinais clínicos respiratótios indica que esta bactéria está associada à etiologia da síndrome respiratória das aves nas granjas no estado de Pernambuco.

Triplex Doppler evaluation of the testes in dogs of different sizes

This study aimed to assess whether there are differences in Doppler velocimetry parameters between different sizes. Twenty dogs were equally divided into small and large groups used in this study. The dogs were evaluated using Triplex ultrasound. Testicular artery was located by Colour Doppler in the spermatic cord, marginal to the testes and intratesticular segments and then, spectral Doppler were used to calculate: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). The mean testicular volume in the left side was significantly higher than the right side, in both groups. Doppler examination showed higher velocities (EDV) at spermatic cord in large dogs; marginal to the testes was observed higher velocities in small dogs; intratesticular region no differences were observed (P < 0.05) and within the groups differences between segments of the artery were also observed for each parameter. The results showed that there are differences in Doppler velocimetry parameters between different sizes.

Development of a three-dimensional nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model of solid propellant

A three dimensional nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model for the solid propellant is developed. In their earlier work, the authors have developed an isotropic constitutive model and verified it for one dimensional case. In the present work, the validity of the model is extended to three-dimensional cases. Large deformation, dewetting and cyclic loading effects are treated as the main sources of nonlinear behavior of the solid propellant. Viscoelastic dewetting criteria is used and the softening of the solid propellant due to dewetting is treated by the modulus decrease. The nonlinearities during cyclic loading are accounted for by the functions of the octahedral shear strain measure. The constitutive equation is implemented into a finite element code for the analysis of propellant grains. A commercial finite element package ‘ABAQUS’ is used for the analysis and the model is introduced into the code through a user subroutine. The model is evaluated with different loading conditions and the predicted values are in good agreement with the measured ones. The resulting model applied to analyze a solid propellant grain for the thermal cycling load.

Plantas consideradas daninhas para culturas como fontes de néctar e pólen

São relacionadas 164 espécies de plantas consideradas danin has às culturas, no Estado de Minas Gerais, e que são produtoras de néctar e pólen. Essas plantas poderiam ser exploradas economicamente, visando o fornecimento de matéria prima a apicultura, e como fonte de alimento para os insetos polinizadores.

Reavaliação das características morfológicas e suas implicações taxonômicas no gênero Polysiphonia sensu lato (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) do litoral dos Estados de São Paulo e Espírito Santo, Brasil

O gênero Polysiphonia Grev. tem uma circunscrição ampla e é heterogêneo em características vegetativas e reprodutivas. O presente trabalho visa o estudo detalhado e a reavaliação das espécies de Polysiphonia sensu lato que ocorrem nos Estados do Espírito Santo e São Paulo, tendo em vista os critérios taxonômicos recentes, que levaram à subdivisão do gêneroem Polysiphonia e Neosiphonia M.-S. Kim &amp; I.K. Lee. Neste trabalho, são estudadas cinco espécies de Polysiphonia e seis espécies de Neosiphonia, sendo que Neosiphonia ferulacea (Suhr ex J. Agardh) S.M. Guim. &amp; M.T. Fujii, N. gorgoniae (Harv.) S.M. Guim. &amp; M.T. Fujii e N. tepida (Hollenb.) S.M. Guim. &amp; M.T. Fujii são propostas como combinações novas. Neosiphonia harveyi (Bailey) M.-S. Kim, H.-G. Choi, Guiry &amp; G.W. Saunders é referida pela primeira vez para o Atlântico Sul, representando uma ocorrência incomum, por ser integrante da flora temperada fria do Atlântico Norte, enquanto as demais espécies de Polysiphonia sensu lato descritas para o Brasil estão relacionadas a condições tropicais e subtropicais.

Recursos tróficos de Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae) na região de Morro Azul do Tinguá, Estado do Rio de Janeiro

A vegetação original de Morro Azul, região serrana a noroeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, era constituída de Mata Atlântica. Sofreu modificações antrópicas e atualmente apresenta áreas de pastagens e manchas de mata remanescente. Ocorrem ainda áreas de reflorestamento com Pinus, Eucalyptus e outras espécies não nativas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar, através da análise polínica, a contribuição de cada tipo de vegetação no fornecimento de néctar e pólen para as abelhas Apis mellifera. Onze amostras mensais de mel e nove de cargas de pólen foram obtidas de uma colméia-controle e preparadas para análise palinológica seguindo a metodologia padrão européia, sem aplicação de acetólise. Seis amostras de mel foram consideradas monoflorais, Baccharis (março), Gochnatia (abril e novembro), Eucalyptus (setembro e outubro) e Castanea (agosto). Três foram consideradas biflorais, caracterizadas como mel de Mimosa scabrella tipo polínico e Piptadenia (janeiro), Eucalyptus e Eupatorium (junho) e Phytolacca e Machaerium tipo polínico (outubro). Os méis heteroflorais ocorreram em julho (Arecaceae, Eucalyptus e Allophylus) e dezembro (Anadenanthera, Eupatorium e Eucalyptus). As amostras de cargas de pólen indicaram dominância dos tipos polínicos Arecaceae, Baccharis, Castanea, Cecropia, Eucalyptus e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. Os resultados forneceram um espectro polínico que refletiu a contribuição nectarífera e polinífera das plantas ruderais e das espécies introduzidas na região.

Viabilidade polínica de Carica papaya L.: uma comparação metodológica

A viabilidade polínica do mamoeiro cultivar 'Sunrise Solo' (Carica papaya L.) foi estudada utilizando germinação in vitro e testes colorimétricos, assim como a validade dos testes colorimétricos como estimativa de viabilidade comparada àquela do teste germinativo. Os dois meios de cultura, descritos na literatura como meios eficientes para germinação da espécie, diferem basicamente pela presença de nutrientes essenciais e concentração de ágar. O meio de cultura sem elementos essenciais e com maior concentração de ágar forneceu o melhor índice de germinação polínica (65%). Os cinco corantes testados foram: 2,3,5-cloreto de trifeniltetrazólio (TTC), Alexander, carmim acético, lugol e Sudan IV. O teste de coloração com TTC forneceu estimativa de viabilidade (67,5%) equivalente ao teste de germinação in vitro e, portanto, confiável de viabilidade polínica. Os demais corantes testados superestimaram a viabilidade polínica (> 90%), porém são eficientes na determinação de constituintes celulares e da integridade do grão de pólen.

Própolis marrom da vertente atlântica do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: uma avaliação palinológica

Diversos ecossistemas são encontrados ao longo da área litorânea do Estado do Rio de Janeiro onde se desenvolvem atividades apícolas visando à produção de própolis, entretanto, poucos são os trabalhos que tratam da análise palinológica da própolis dessa região. Foram analisadas vinte e quatro amostras de própolis coletadas ao longo do ano de 1997 e procedentes de três apiários localizados em áreas distintas da vertente atlântica na zona oeste do município do Rio de Janeiro. As análises palinológicas foram realizadas a partir da remoção da cera e resina com etanol e, pelo uso da acetólise, contando-se 500 grãos de pólen por amostra. Em todas as amostras houve a predominância do tipo polínico Eucalyptus em conjunto com Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, além de Mimosa scabrella que, no entanto, foi observado com valores mais baixos. Cecropia esteve presente na maioria das amostras, mas seus percentuais variaram muito. Anacardiaceae (quatro tipos polínicos), Asteraceae, Citrus, Cocos e Poaceae também ocorreram na maioria das amostras, mas sempre com baixos valores. As formações vegetais originais da região (mata atlântica e restinga) foram representadas por alguns tipos polínicos com percentuais abaixo de 3% (Astronium, Casearia, Celtis, Mansoa/Sparattosperma, Myrcia, Schinus e Tabebuia). As análises estatísticas refletiram a correlação entre as espécies de plantas reconhecidas através de seus grãos de pólen e as áreas de estudo. A análise palinológica da própolis marrom demonstrou principalmente a semelhança dos espectros polínicos nessas três áreas, evidenciando a vegetação alterada (de áreas degradadas e cultivo).

Pollen analysis of honey and beebread derived from Brazilian mangroves

Pollen analyses were performed on honey and beebread from hives in apiaries located in two distinct mangrove areas dominated by Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaernt. One apiary was located at the edge of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, and the other near Maranguá Bay, Bahia State, Brazil. We investigated the contribution of nectar and pollen from mangrove vegetation to Apis mellifera L. honey and beebread stocks. Intensive visitation to this plant species by honeybees and the presence of its pollen grains in honey and beebread confirmed the importance of Laguncularia racemosa as a polliniferous and nectariferous species.

High specificity PCR screening for 22q11.2 microdeletion in three different ethnic groups

Congenital heart defects are the most common of all human birth defects. Numerous studies have shown that a deletion within chromosome 22q11 is associated with DiGeorge syndrome and certain forms of sporadic congenital cardiovascular disease. We have determined the value of a PCR assay using markers D22S941, D22S944 and D22S264 designed for the screening of 22q11.2 deletion through consecutive homozygosity in an ethnically admixed urban population. The study population comprised 149 unrelated men and women from three different ethnic groups (white, mulatto and black). Test specificity for the overall population was estimated at 98.3%. We found no significant difference when comparing heterozygosity indices and ethnicity (P value = 0.43 (D22S944), 0.22 (D22S264), and 0.58 (D22S941)). There was no significant difference regarding assay specificity between the three different ethnic groups studied. This assay could constitute a cost-effective way to screen a large number of patients at increased risk, since PCR techniques are easily available, are fast, can be automatized, and are significantly less expensive than fluorescence in situ hybridization.

An extract of Polygonum multiflorum protects against free radical damage induced by ultraviolet B irradiation of the skin

Over the last decades, the incidence of ultraviolet B (UVB)-related skin problems has been increasing. Damages induced by UVB radiation are related to mutations that occur as a result of direct DNA damage and/or the production of reactive oxygen species. We investigated the anti-oxidant effects of a Polygonum multiflorum thumb extract against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation. Female SKH-1 hairless mice were divided into three groups: control (N = 7), distilled water- (N = 10), and P. multiflorum extract-treated (PM, N = 10) groups. The PM (10 g) was extracted with 100 mL distilled water, cryo-dried and 9.8 g was obtained. The animals received a topical application of 500 µL distilled water or PM extract (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16%, w/v, dissolved in distilled water) for 30 min after UVB irradiation (wavelength 280-320 nm, 300 mJ/cm²; 3 min) of the dorsal kin for 14 days, and skin immunohistochemistry and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) activity were determined. SOD1 immunoreactivity, its protein levels and activities in the skin were significantly reduced by 70% in the distilled water-treated group after UVB irradiation compared to control. However, in the PM extract-treated groups, SOD1 immunoreactivity and its protein and activity levels increased in a dose-dependent manner (1-16%, w/v, PM extract) compared to the distilled water-treated group. SOD1 protein levels and activities in the groups treated with 8 and 16%, w/v, PM extract recovered to 80-90% of the control group levels after UVB. These results suggest that PM extract strongly inhibits the destruction of SOD1 by UV radiation and probably contains anti-skin photoaging agents.

Protective mechanism of agmatine pretreatment on RGC-5 cells injured by oxidative stress

Agmatine has neuroprotective effects on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as well as cortical and spinal neurons. It protects RGCs from oxidative stress even when it is not present at the time of injury. As agmatine has high affinity for various cellular receptors, we assessed protective mechanisms of agmatine using transformed RGCs (RGC-5 cell line). Differentiated RGC-5 cells were pretreated with 100 μM agmatine and consecutively exposed to 1.0 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell viability was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the effects of selective alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine (0-500 nM) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor agonist NMDA (0-100 µM) were evaluated. Agmatine’s protective effect was compared to a selective NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. After a 16-h exposure to H2O2, the LDH assay showed cell loss greater than 50%, which was reduced to about 30% when agmatine was pretreated before injury. Yohimbine almost completely inhibited agmatine’s protective effect, but NMDA did not. In addition, MK-801 (0-100 µM) did not significantly attenuate the H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. Our results suggest that neuroprotective effects of agmatine on RGCs under oxidative stress may be mainly attributed to the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway.

Retinal protective effects of topically administered agmatine on ischemic ocular injury caused by transient occlusion of the ophthalmic artery

Agmatine, an endogenous polyamine and putative neuromodulator, is known to have neuroprotective effects on various neurons in the central nervous system. We determined whether or not topically administered agmatine could reduce ischemic retinal injury. Transient ocular ischemia was achieved by intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery of ddY mice (30-35 g) for 2 h, which is known to also induce occlusion of the ophthalmic artery. In the agmatine group (N = 6), a 1.0 mM agmatine-containing ophthalmic solution was administered four times daily for 2 weeks before occlusion. In the control group (N = 6), a 0.1% hyaluronic acid ophthalmic solution was instilled at the same times. At 22 h after reperfusion, the eyeballs were enucleated and the retinal sections were stained by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Transient ocular ischemia induced apoptosis of retinal cells in the entire retinal layer, and topically administered agmatine can significantly reduce this ischemic retinal injury. The proportion of apoptotic cells was definitely decreased (P < 0.001; Kruskal-Wallis test). Overall, we determined that topical agmatine application effectively decreases retinal damage in an in vivo ocular ischemic injury model. This implies that agmatine is a good candidate as a direct neuroprotective agent for eyes with ocular ischemic diseases.

An improved experimental model for peripheral neuropathy in rats

A modification of the Bennett and Xie chronic constriction injury model of peripheral painful neuropathy was developed in rats. Under tribromoethanol anesthesia, a single ligature with 100% cotton glace thread was placed around the right sciatic nerve proximal to its trifurcation. The change in the hind paw reflex threshold after mechanical stimulation observed with this modified model was compared to the change in threshold observed in rats subjected to the Bennett and Xie or the Kim and Chung spinal ligation models. The mechanical threshold was measured with an automated electronic von Frey apparatus 0, 2, 7, and 14 days after surgery, and this threshold was compared to that measured in sham rats. All injury models produced significant hyperalgesia in the operated hind limb. The modified model produced mean ± SD thresholds in g (19.98 ± 3.08, 14.98 ± 1.86, and 13.80 ± 1.00 at 2, 7, and 14 days after surgery, respectively) similar to those obtained with the spinal ligation model (20.03 ± 1.99, 13.46 ± 2.55, and 12.46 ± 2.38 at 2, 7, and 14 days after surgery, respectively), but less variable when compared to the Bennett and Xie model (21.20 ± 8.06, 18.61 ± 7.69, and 18.76 ± 6.46 at 2, 7, and 14 days after surgery, respectively). The modified method required less surgical skill than the spinal nerve ligation model.