Coexistência de linfadenite axilar tuberculosa e metástase ganglionar de carcinoma lobular de mama: relato de um caso

Relato do caso de uma mulher com 83 anos apresentando nódulo e retração de pele na mama direita com oito meses de evolução. Ao exame físico verificou-se nódulo sólido de 5 cm, localizado no quadrante súpero-lateral de mama direita, associado a presença de retração de pele correspondente e linfonodos axilares não coalescentes ipsilaterais. O resultado da mamografia evidenciou nódulo de 4 cm de diâmetro irregular no quadrante súpero-lateral da mama direita (bi-rads V). Estádio clínico: T2N1M0 (IIB). O tratamento cirúrgico incluiu mastectomia radical modificada (à Maden) com dissecção axilar níveis I, II e III. Avaliação histopatológica demonstrou a presença de carcinoma lobular infiltrativo que mediu 2,5 cm (T2), presença de linfadenite granulomatosa causada por tuberculose em linfonodos dos níveis I, II e III, associados a metástase de carcinoma lobular em um único nível linfático, nível I. Estádio patológico: pT2pN1aM0. A paciente recebeu tratamento para tuberculose ganglionar com rifampicina, isoniazida e pirazinamida por um ano. Foram solicitados receptores hormonais, os quais mostraram-se positivos, sendo feito terapia adjuvante com tamoxifeno. Durante o primeiro ano de seguimento a paciente evoluiu bem, sem sinais de recidiva local ou metástases a distância.

Uma proposta de classificação ecográfica mamária

OBJETIVOS: as melhorias tecnológicas na qualidade da imagem têm aumentado a importância da ultra-sonografia no estudo das patologias mamárias. A necessidade de padronização para caracterizar, descrever e emitir laudos na análise das imagens motivaram o desenvolvimento de um sistema de classificação de laudos ecográficos mamários. MÉTODOS: o sistema de classificação proposto agrupou as imagens ecográficas mamárias em cinco classes: I - normal, II - benigna, III -indeterminada, IV - suspeita, V - altamente suspeita. As características morfológicas ecográficas utilizadas para a descrição das imagens foram: forma, limites, contorno, ecogenicidade, ecotextura, ecotransmissão, orientação e sinais secundários. O teste padrão, numa casuística de 450 lesões, foi considerado o seguimento ecográfico das lesões por período de 6 a 24 meses e a histopatologia da peça cirúrgica nos casos operados. RESULTADOS: a classificação ecográfica mamária para o diagnóstico de câncer de mama apresentou sensibilidade de 90,2% (IC: 82,8-94,9%) e especificidade de 96,2% (IC: 94,0-97,6%) O valor preditivo positivo foi de 84,1% (IC: 76,0-89,9%) e o valor preditivo negativo foi de 97,8% (IC: 95,9-98,9%), alcançando acurácia de 95,1%. CONCLUSÕES: a adoção do sistema de classificação ecográfica resulta na uniformidade e otimização dos laudos. Facilita ainda a comparação com a clínica, com os exames histopatológicos e de imagem mamária, evitando procedimentos desnecessários, conduzindo a condutas terapêuticas mais adequadas

Desempenho da ultra-sonografia na detecção das metástases em linfonodos axilares em mulheres com câncer de mama

OBJETIVOS: avaliar o desempenho de diversas características ultra-sonográficas morfológicas (12) e doplervelocimétricas (7), para detecção de metástases linfonodais em mulheres com câncer de mama. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas 179 mulheres (181 axilas), entre janeiro e dezembro de 2004. Os exames ultra-sonográficos foram realizados com transdutor linear em tempo real (Toshiba-Power Vision-6000 (modelo SSA-370A)). Para o estudo de parâmetros morfológicos foram utilizadas freqüências entre 7,5 e 12 MHz. Para os parâmetros Doppler foi utilizada freqüência de 5 MHz. Subsequentemente, as pacientes foram submetidas a axilectomia dos níveis I, II e III (158) ou à técnica do linfonodo sentinela (23). Foram calculadas a sensibilidade, a especificidade e os valores preditivos positivo e negativo para cada parâmetro. Para a associação de parâmetros foi utilizada a árvore de decisão. Foram estabelecidos os valores de corte para as variáveis contínuas por meio da curva ROC. RESULTADOS: ao exame ultra-sonográfico foi identificado pelo menos um linfonodo axilar em 173 (96%) exames. O exame histológico detectou metástase linfonodal em 87 mulheres (48%). As melhores sensibilidades dos critérios morfológicos foram encontradas com o volume (62%), diâmetro ântero-posterior (62%) e local do centro ecogênico (56%). Embora a especificidade da invasão da gordura adjacente (100%), regularidade das margens (92%) e da ecotextura do parênquima (99%) tenham sido elevadas, a sensibilidade destes parâmetros foi muito baixa. Nenhum critério dopplervelocimétrico alcançou 50% de sensibilidade. A árvore de decisão selecionou a localização do centro ecogênico, a ecotextura do parênquima e a regularidade das margens como melhor associação de parâmetros. CONCLUSÃO: o estadiamento dos linfonodos axilares por método não invasivo ainda é um objetivo não alcançado no tratamento das pacientes com câncer de mama.

Associação entre a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e a gravidade da neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical diagnosticada pela histopatologia em mulheres infectadas pelo HIV

OBJETIVO: avaliar a associação entre a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e a gravidade da neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical em pacientes HIV positivas. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal no qual foram incluídas 87 pacientes infectadas pelo HIV, confirmado por testes sorológicos prévios. Todas eram portadoras do HPV cervical, diagnosticado por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Foram realizados anamnese, exame físico e colposcopia de todas em pacientes. A biópsia do colo uterino foi realizada quando indicada pelo exame colposcópico. Os resultados histopatológicos foram classificados com neoplasia intra-epitelial de baixo grau (NIC I) ou de alto grau (NIC II e II). A associação entre a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e a gravidade da lesão foi verificada por meio da comparação de médias utilizando a análise da variância (ANOVA). RESULTADOS: entre as 60 pacientes biopsiadas foram encontrados 24 casos (40,0%) com NIC I, oito (13,3%) NIC II, três (5%) NIC III, 14 (23,3%) pacientes somente com cervicite crônica e 11 (18,3%) apresentando efeito citopático produzido pelo HPV, mas sem perda da polaridade celular. Isso equivale a 35 mulheres com lesão intra-epitelial de baixo grau (NIC I + HPV) (58,3%) e 11 (18,3%) com lesão intra-epitelial de alto grau (NIC II + NIC III). A associação entre a média da contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e a gravidade da lesão intra-epitelial cervical não foi significativa (p=0,901). CONCLUSÕES: não houve associação entre a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e a gravidade da lesão intra-epitelial do colo uterino, diagnosticada pelo exame histopatológico.

Avaliação da resposta à quimioterapia primária em amostra de mulheres brasileiras com tumores de mama localmente avançados

OBJETIVO: avaliar a resposta loco-regional à quimioterapia primária nas pacientes com câncer de mama nos estadios II e III. MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo clínico retrospectivo e analítico de 97 pacientes no estadios II e III, no período de janeiro de 1993 a dezembro de 2004, submetidas a três ou quatro ciclos de quimioterapia primária com 5-fluorouracil (500 mg/m²), epirrubicina (50 mg/m²) e ciclofosfamida (500 mg/m²) ou doxorrubicina (50 mg/m²) e ciclofosfamida (500 mg/m²) e posteriormente ao tratamento loco-regional cirúrgico conservador ou radical. Para estudo da associação entre as variáveis (idade, estado menopausal, volume tumoral pré-quimioterapia, estado axilar, estádio, esquema terapêutico e número de ciclos) foram utilizados os testes do chi2 e o exato de Fisher. Para as variáveis quantitativas (volume tumoral pelo estudo anátomo-patológico e volume tumoral clínico pós-quimioterapia) foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: a média de idade da população estudada foi de 52,2 anos. No estádio II, tivemos 56,8% dos casos e no estádio III, 43,2%. Aproximadamente metade das pacientes receberam FEC50 e 50%, AC. Obtivemos uma resposta clínica objetiva com o tratamento quimioterápico primário em 64,9% dos casos. A resposta clínica completa ocorreu em 12,3% das pacientes; já a resposta patológica completa aconteceu em 10,3% dos casos. Observamos uma correlação significante entre o número de ciclos e a resposta à quimioterapia primária. Também verificamos uma concordância significante entre a avaliação pelo exame clínico da resposta à quimioterapia primária e o achado anátomo-patológico. CONCLUSÕES: o número de ciclos foi importante para a resposta loco-regional, sendo que as pacientes que receberam maior número de ciclos obtiveram melhores respostas. Também foi possível avaliar a resposta tumoral pelo exame clínico, pois houve concordância com o anátomo-patológico.

Comparison of wildlife and captivity rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus) microbiota

The study evaluated and compared the aerobic microbiota from the oral cavity, cloaca and venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus snakes, recently caught from the wild and kept under quarantine (WQ), individual captivity (IC) and collective captivity (CC). Antimicrobial drug effectiveness on isolated agents also was assayed. From group I, II and III were isolated, respectively, 29 (63.04%), 38 (90.48%) and 21 (42.86%) microorganisms from the cloaca; 15 (32.61%), 3 (7.14%) and 25 (51.02%) microorganisms from the oral cavity; and, 2 (4.35%), 1 (2.38%) and 3 (6.12%) microorganisms from venom. The most frequent bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Morganella morganii, with sensitivity to amikacin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, sulfazotrin and tobramycin. Snakes kept in semi-open captivity exhibited the fewest microorganisms in oral cavities, perhaps due to the environment in captivity, with different temperature gradients, running water, absence of daily handling, circulating air, possibility of moving around, daily cleaning, and sunlight access.

Serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in cats with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently observed in cats and it is characterized as a multisystemic illness, caused by several underlying metabolic changes, and secondary renal hyperparathyroidism (SRHPT) is relatively common; usually it is associated with the progression of renal disease and poor prognosis. This study aimed at determining the frequency of SRHPT, and discussing possible mechanisms that could contribute to the development of SRHPT in cats at different stages of CKD through the evaluation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, as well as acid-base status. Forty owned cats with CKD were included and divided into three groups, according to the stages of the disease, classified according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) as Stage II (n=12), Stage III (n=22) and Stage IV (n=6). Control group was composed of 21 clinically healthy cats. Increased serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentrations were observed in most CKD cats in all stages, and mainly in Stage IV, which hyperphosphatemia and ionized hypocalcemia were detected and associated to the cause for the development of SRHPT. In Stages II and III, however, ionized hypercalcemia was noticed suggesting that the development of SRHPT might be associated with other factors, and metabolic acidosis could be involved to the increase of serum ionized calcium. Therefore, causes for the development of SRHPT seem to be multifactorial and they must be further investigated, mainly in the early stages of CKD in cats, as hyperphosphatemia and ionized hypocalcemia could not be the only factors involved.

Avaliação da imunomarcação de células-tronco tumorais em carcinossarcomas mamários e carcinomas em tumores mistos em cadelas

As células-tronco tumorais (CTTs) pertencem a uma pequena população de células dentro do tumor com propriedades de autorrenovação e diferenciação em outros tipos celulares. Neste estudo avaliou-se o comportamento tanto das porções mesenquimais quanto das epiteliais de seis carcinossarcomas (CSs), 11 carcinomas em tumores mistos (CTMs) grau I, 11 grau II e 10 grau III. Nas porções epiteliais dos CS e CTM foram observadas imunomarcações para os anticorpos CD44, CD24, Oct-4 e ALDH-1. Nas porções mesenquimais dos CS, nas porções epiteliais dos CTMs graus II e III não houve imunomarcação para o ALDH-1. Concluiu-se que as CTTs são expressas em proporções iguais tanto nas porções mesenquimais quanto nas epiteliais dos CSs e ausentes nas porções mesenquimais bem diferenciadas de CTMs.

Determination of photosynthetic pigments in fleabane biotypes susceptible and resistant to the Herbicide Glyphosate

Chlorophylls and carotenoids are the main photosynthetic pigment in plants. In the weeds, the greatest amount of photosynthetic pigments can result in high competitiveness of the species. The aim of this study was to quantify the content of photosynthetic pigments in biotypes of fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) susceptible and resistant to glyphosate, by two different methods, as well as a correlation between chlorophyll content obtained by portable and classical methodology (extractable chlorophyll). An experiment was conducted in greenhouse and laboratory, 2 x 5 factorial scheme, where factor A was equivalent to biotypes of fleabane (resistant and susceptible to glyphosate) and factor B to developmental stages plants (rosette vegetative I, II and III and reproduction). At all stages of development, fleabane plants were evaluated with the portable determiner (chlorophyll content) and then the same leaves were subjected to classical methodology laboratory (extractable pigments). The resistant biotype of fleabane showed higher contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoids, inferring a greater competitive potential regarding the susceptible population to the herbicide. The portable determiner of chlorophyll showed high correlation with the classical method of determination of photosynthetic pigments, and can thus be used to accurately assess this, saving time and reagents.

Preparation of mitotic chromosomes of leaf-cutting ants from the genera Atta and Acromyrmex

Some modifications were made to the methodology of Imai et al. (Jpn. J. Genet. 63: 159-185, 1988) for cytogenetic analysis of the leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens piriventris and Acromyrmex heyeri (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), shortening preparation time and improving chromosomal preparations. The brain ganglia of prepupae were dissected in a 0.0025% hypotonic solution of colchicine, placed on a glass slide on a cold plate (4 ± 1oC) for 20 min. The material was fixed directly on the cold slide (with cold fixative I), macerated with a histological needle and fixed again with fixative I, followed by fixatives II and III, all of them cold. The slide was flame-dried right after the use of fixative III, and it was allowed to air-dry at room temperature for 2 h. The resulting metaphases presented less contracted chromosomes, with separated and well defined sister chromatids at a high frequency, when the material was processed in the manner described and stained with 3% Giemsa in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 15 min.

Influence of acute renal failure on the mononuclear phagocytic system

Several studies show the ability of macrophages to remove particles injected into the bloodstream. This function seems to be increased in the presence of acute renal failure. The objective of the present study was to assess the phagocytic function of the main organs (spleen, liver and lung) of the mononuclear phagocytic system in renal and postrenal failures. Fifteen rats (250-350 g) were divided into three groups (N = 5): group I - control; group II - ligature of both ureters, and group III - bilateral nephrectomy. On the third postoperative day, all animals received an iv injection of 1 ml/kg 99mTc sulfur colloid. Blood samples were collected for the assessment of plasma urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium concentrations and arterial gasometry. Samples of liver, spleen, lung and blood clots were obtained and radioactivity was measured. Samples of liver, spleen, lung and kidney were prepared for routine histopathological analysis. Plasma urea, creatinine and potassium concentrations in groups II and III were higher than in group I (P<0.05). Plasma sodium concentrations in groups II and III were lower than in group I (P<0.05). Compensated metabolic acidosis was observed in the presence of postrenal failure. Group II animals showed a lower level of radioactivity in the spleen (0.98) and lung (2.63), and a higher level in the liver (105.51) than control. Group III animals showed a lower level of radioactivity in the spleen (11.94) and a higher level in the liver (61.80), lung (11.30) and blood clot (5.13) than control. In groups II and III liver steatosis and bronchopneumonia were observed. Renal and postrenal failures seem to interfere with blood clearance by the mononuclear phagocytic system.

c-Myc protein expression is not an independent prognostic predictor in cervical squamous cell carcinoma

The c-myc protein is known to regulate the cell cycle, and its down-regulation can lead to cell death by apoptosis. The role of c-myc protein as an independent prognostic determinant in cervical cancer is controversial. In the present study, a cohort of 220 Brazilian women (mean age 53.4 years) with FIGO stage I, II and III (21, 28 and 51%, respectively) cervical squamous cell carcinomas was analyzed for c-myc protein expression using immunohistochemistry. The disease-free survival and relapse-rate were analyzed using univariate (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis for 116 women who completed the standard FIGO treatment and were followed up for 5 years. Positive c-myc staining was detected in 40% of carcinomas, 29% being grade 1, 9% grade 2, and 2% grade 3. The distribution of positive c-myc according to FIGO stage was 19% (17 women) in stage I, 33% (29) in stage II, and 48% (43) in stage III of disease. During the 60-month follow-up, disease-free survival in univariate (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis (116 women) was lower for women with c-myc-positive tumors, i.e., 60.5, 47.5 and 36.6% at 12, 36, and 60 months, respectively (not significant). The present data suggest that immunohistochemical demonstration of c-myc does not possess any prognostic value independent of FIGO stage, and as such is unlikely to be a useful prognostic marker in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Does the correlation between EBNA-1 and p63 expression in breast carcinomas provide a clue to tumorigenesis in Epstein-Barr virus-related breast malignancies?

Several investigators have identified Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) particles in breast carcinomas, a fact that supports a role for EBV in mammary tumorigenesis. The possible mechanism involved in this process is not clear. The present study was carried out in an attempt to determine whether there is a relationship between latent infection with EBV and p53 and p63 expression in breast carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry developed with 3.3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride was performed in 85 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas using anti-EBV EBNA-1, anti-p63, anti-p53, anti-estrogen receptor (ER) and anti-progesterone receptor (PR) antibodies. The cases were selected to represent each of the various histologic types: intraductal carcinoma (N = 12), grade I invasive ductal carcinoma (N = 15), grade II invasive ductal carcinoma (N = 15), grade III invasive ductal carcinoma (N = 15), tubular carcinoma (N = 8), lobular carcinoma (N = 10), and medullary carcinoma (N = 10). The ductal breast carcinomas were graded I, II and III based on the Scarff-Bloom and Richardson grading system modified by Elston and Ellis. One slide containing at least 1000 neoplastic cells was examined in each case. ER, PR, p63, p53 and EBNA-1 were positive in 60, 40, 11.8, 21.2 and 37.6% of carcinomas, respectively. There was a correlation between EBNA-1 and p63 expression (P < 0.001), but not between EBNA-1 and p53 (P = 0.10). These data suggest a possible role for p63 in the mammary tumorigenesis associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Correlation between symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome and the response to the food extract skin prick test

The relationship between the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and food intolerance is not clear. We studied the cutaneous response to food antigens in 43 volunteers who were students and employees of the Faculty of Medicine of Universidade Federal Fluminense. Subjects were divided into 3 groups after evaluation for Roma II criteria for functional disease of the gastrointestinal tract: group I, 14 volunteers with IBS; group II, 15 volunteers with functional dyspepsia; group III, 14 volunteers without habitual gastrointestinal symptoms. The subjects were submitted to the skin prick test with 9 food antigen extracts, for a total of 387 skin tests (9 per volunteer). Of the 126 tests applied to group I, 24 (19.4%) were positive (a 3-mm wider papule than the negative control) and of the 135 tests applied to group II, 3 (2.3%) were positive. Of the 126 tests applied to group III, 6 (4%) were positive. The number of positive responses obtained in group I (IBS) differed significantly from the other 2 groups (P < 0.01). None of the volunteers with IBS reported intolerance to any isolated food. The higher reactivity to food antigens in group I compared to groups II and III suggests that intestinal permeability may be increased in patients with IBS.

Lack of evidence for mutations or deletions in the CDKN2A/p16 and CDKN2B/p15 genes of Brazilian neuroblastoma patients

Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial tumor in childhood, has a wide spectrum of clinical and biological features. The loss of heterozygosity within the 9p21 region has been reported as a prognostic factor. Two tumor suppressor genes located in this region, the CDKN2B/p15 and CDKN2A/p16 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors 2B and 2A, respectively) genes, play a critical role in cell cycle progression and are considered to be targets for tumor inactivation. We analyzed CDKN2B/p15 and CDKN2A/p16 gene alterations in 11 patients, who ranged in age from 4 months to 13 years (male/female ratio was 1.2:1). The most frequent stage of the tumor was stage IV (50%), followed by stages II and III (20%) and stage I (10%). The samples were submitted to the multiplex PCR technique for homozygous deletion analysis and to single-strand conformation polymorphism and nucleotide sequencing for mutation analysis. All exons of both genes were analyzed, but no deletion was detected. One sample exhibited shift mobility specific for exon 2 in the CDKN2B/p15 gene, not confirmed by DNA sequencing. Homozygous deletions and mutations are not involved in the inactivation mechanism of the CDKN2B/p15 and CDKN2A/p16 genes in neuroblastoma; however, these two abnormalities do not exclude other inactivation pathways. Recent evidence has shown that the expression of these genes is altered in this disease. Therefore, other mechanisms of inactivation, such as methylation of promoter region and unproperly function of proteins, may be considered in order to estimate the real contribution of these genes to neuroblastoma genesis or disease progression.